FABRIC MANUFACTURING - I

Manikya Lal Verma Textile & Engineering College III SEM, Textile Technology
BY : Mr. KG BHADADA
Assistant Professor - Manikya Lal Verma Textile & Engineering College III SEM, Textile Technology

What is Weaving ?

Weaving is a process by which weft is interlaced with the warp to produce a woven fabric on a machine, called
“loom”.

Basic Mechanism of a plain loom The loom is a machine made up of several mechanism and motion which are timed
and are required to operate in a proper sequence. Classification of Motions

(1) Primary Motions :

A} Shedding - (formation of shed) The separation of warp threads into two layers (upper & lower) forming a shed or a
tunnel, through which the weft is passed.

B} Picking - The insertion of the weft through the shed. C} Beating up - Pushing the last inserted weft thread to the
cloth fell.

(2) Secondary Motions :

A} Warp let off - This motion delivers warp to the weaving area at the required rate and at a suitable constant
tension by unwinding it from weaver’s beam.

B} Cloth take up - This motion withdraws fabric from the weaving area at the constant rate that will give the required
pick-spacing and then winds it onto the cloth roller

(3) Auxiliary Motions - With the object of making the powerloom more automatic in action and to improve the
productivity and quality of fabric, various mechanisms are used, which are known as “auxiliary motion”.

The chief of which are :

A} Warp Protector Motion - Protecting warp threads, cloth and reed from damage, when shuttle traps in the shed
during weaving.

a. Loose reed type b. Fast reed type

B} Warp Stop Motions - It will stop the loom almost immediately a warp thread breaks.

a. Mechanical b. Electrical warp stop motions based on the principle of drop wires

C} Weft Fork Motions - It will stop the loom almost immediately a weft thread breaks or pirn is exhausted thus
preventing cracks & thin places in the cloth.

a) Side weft work b) Centre weft work

D} Brake - Arresting motion of crank shaft, when stoppage of the loom occurs.

E} Temples - Preventing width way contraction of the cloth at fell.

F} Drop Box Motion - To insert weft of different colour or count.

Passage of warp on loom :

General Terms Used In Weaving

1. Warp : The longitudinal threads in a loom running from a weaver`s beam over the back nest through the eyes of
healds and dents of reed, over the front rest to the cloth roller are termed warp .

2. Weft : The transverse threads running from one selvedge to the other selvedge of the fabric through the division
of warp threads are termed weft.

3. Heald Shaft : It is composed of two wooden or iron or aluminium laths upon which a series of twin cords or wires
are suspended. In the middle of each cord or wire there is an eye through which a warp thread passes.

The functions of a heald shaft may be summed up as :

a) It keeps the warp threads in proper order or sequence.

b) It forms shed.

c) Depending on the lifting plan & draft, it decides the design in the fabric.

d) It decides the warp density.

e) It helps to detect the broken ends.

4. Reed : Reed is a comb fixed in a slay with a reed-cap. The open space b/w two combs or wire is termed as dent.
The function of reed are as :

a) It keeps the warp threads in their respective position.

b) It acts as a guide of the shuttle to pass from one shuttle box to another.

c) It beats up the last pick of weft to the fell of the cloth.

d) The density of the combs (wires) of the reed, in conjuction with the set of healds determines the fineness of cloth;
and

e) The openness and closeness in a fabric may also be emphasized by special denting method.

REED SPECIFICATION

• REED COUNT STOCKPORT SYSTEM (SPS): • No. of dents per two inch • REED WIDTH • Width of reed from 1st to last
dent measured in inches.
5. Sley or Slay : The slay is wooden frame accomodating two shuttle boxes, a slay-race, a reed-cap and two sley-
swords, and swings forward and backward. At its forward motion the last pick of weft is beaten-up to the fell of the
cloth, at its backward motion shuttle is allowed to pass over the slay-race through the open shed.

6. Shuttle box : A shuttle box is a rectangular wooden-casing for the dwell of a shuttle between two successive picks
and is situated at both ends of the sleyrace . It provides a spindle and a picker, as an alternative the shuttle box may
be grooved inside length way to accomodate a picker.

7. Shuttle : The shuttle is vehicle for weft and passes through a shed.

8. Picker : The picker is a piece of leather or other material (like wood, iron, brass, canvas, rubber and plastic) placed
in grooves or a spindle inside the shuttle box and is used to give a blow to the shuttle to drive it from one box to
another. It sustains the force of shuttle while entering the box.

9. Treadle or Treddle : It is peddle or lever placed under the loom with which a heald is connected by means of cords.
In the reverse direction, the heald is connected in such a way that when the treadle is pressed down, the heald may
go down to form the lower layer of the shed. The motion imparted by means of a treadle is called shedding motion.

10. Beams : There are four beams or rollers on a loom, namely weaver`s beem, back beam, front beam and cloth
beam.

• Weaver`s beam or Warp beam :- The rollers upon witch the warp threads are wound and fitted at the bottom and
the back of the loom, is termed as weaver`s beam or warp beam.

• Back beam or Back rest :- It is a fixed bar or roller placed above the weaver`s beam and act as a guide for the warp
threads from the weaver`s beam to pass alternatively over and under the lease rods.

• Front beam or Front rest :- It is a fixed bar or roller placed in front of the loom above the cloth beam and act as a
guide for the cloth to wind it upon the cloth beam. The back rest and front rest keep the warp yarns and cloth
horizontal and under proper tension to facilitate weaving.

• Cloth Beam :- The roller upon which the cloth is wound and which is fitted in front of the loom below the front rest.

11. Lease rods :-

• The division of warp threads into one and one, two and two and so on is termed as “lease”. The two rods passed
between two divisions of the warp threads are called “lease rods”.

• Lease rods are placed between the back heald and the back rest but nearer to the back rest.

• The functions of the lease rods are the following : a) It places the warp threads in a sequence; b) It helps to detect
the broken ends; and c) It forms the last end of the divided warp.

12. Temple : Owing to the interlacement of the warp and weft threads, the cloth contrasts in width. The temple
prevents this contraction by extending the width of the cloth and prevents the reed from being damaged by the
selvedge-ends, and the selvedge-ends by the reed. The temple is an implement consisting of two pieces of wooden
or metal bars, with pins hinged at two opposite ends.

13. Selvedges : The warp way strips which forms both the edges of a piece of cloth is known as “selvedges”. It serves
following purposes :

a) To bind at least one of the extreme outer ends with the weft for preventing fraying of the cloth.

b) To provide extra strength in the region where the cloth is hold by clips or abraded in the subsequent finishing
process or use,

c) To provide ends capable of withstanding the greater abrasion by the reed occuring at the edges of warp.

d) To provide space for identification.

 WEAVING PREPARATION

WINDING -WARPING(SECTIONAL) LOOMING - IN (DRAWING-IN +TYEING-IN)

WINDING - WARPING(BEAM) - SIZING LOOMING-IN (DRAWING-IN +TYEING-IN)

WINDING :- Winding is the process of converting the yarn from a hank or ring bobbin to a cone or cheese suitable for
the further processes by a m/c called Winding m/c.

OBJECTS OF WINDING

• To remove all objectionable faults of yarn like thick, thin , weak places & slubs etc. which may cause break in the
next process or appear as a defect in fabric .

• To wind the yarn from a hank or ring bobbin to a more suitable package of desirable length ,thickness , smoothness
which facilitate smooth running of the subsequent m/c .

REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD WINDING :-

1) The package should have a yarn of required length .

2) Properties of yarn should not be disturbed .
3) Package should be built to give an easy runningoff the yarn in warping at a high speed .
4) Knot should be tied so strongly that it can run without any problem , at the time of warping .
5) Tension should be constant and regular .
6) Process must be efficient so that waste is as least as possible .

WARP OR CONE WINDING

Parts of Winding Machine Guide rod : It guides the yarn in upward direction from the supply package. Tensioner : It
is one of the main part of winding m/c. It is next to guide rod. It is adjustable to remove weak places, knots from the
yarn. A disk type tensioner is used in the winding m/c. The weight of disk and no. of disks which is applied on yarn is
called setting of tensioner.

For carded yarn - 1/8 th of single yarn strength

For combed yarn - 1/10th of single yarn strength

Traverse drum : The cone is supported and rotated by the drum and the grooves gives the required traverse
movement to the yarn which travels in these grooves. It is made of bakelite. Each grooved drum has 2 ½ revolution
on it.

Cone holder bracket : It is situated above the grooved drum made of either metal or Bakelite. It is used for picking up
or downing the cone during winding process.

WEFT (PIRN) WINDING

INTRODUCTION :- The efficiency of weaving depends to some extant on the nature of the weft package . The ring
bobbin obtained from spinning process cannot be directly used in weaving shed as weft supply package due to
frequent yarn breakages & stoppages of m/c causing production loss . That’s why pirns are introduced which are free
from yarn imperfections and have the property of compactness i.e. can accommodate more yarn length on a given
dia .

OBJECTS OF PIRN WINDING :-

1) Removal of objectionable inperfections such as weak places ,knot’s etc.

2)Smooth unwinding in shuttle without sloughing off .
3) Tension should be uniform during unwinding from full to empty pirn .
4)Compactness i.e. accomodation of more yarn length on given dia .

PASSAGE OF MATERIAL :-  The supply package in form of cones , cheese or ring copes are placed in vertical
positions on the m/c . The unwinding of yarn takes place over the end of the package . Yarn then passes through
tensioning devices , stop motion guide , through traverse guide and finally on pirn .

MECHANISM :- Three types of motions are required on pirn winder :

a) A rotary movement for winding of yarn .

b) A reciprocating motion for spreading coils .
c) A translatory motion to wind yarn on whole length of pirn Pirns are used as a weft package on shuttle looms . They
are cop built and are made of wood , paper , plastics or metal.
Tappet Shedding
DEFINITION :
• Shedding is a process of dividing the warp threads into two layers (top and bottom).
• It is the first primary motion of weaving.
• It is done by means of tappets, dobbies and jacquards, both in handloom and
powerloom. In handlooms, the treadles are operated by weaver’s feet, whereas in powerlooms mechanically by
shedding tappets.
• Healds are used in tappets and dobbies for shedding whereas jacquard controls warp threads separately for
producing sheds by means of hooks, needle, harness cords and knives.

TYPES OF SHEDDING MECHANISMS

There are three types of shedding mechanisms:-
1. Tappet shedding
2. Dobby shedding
3. Jacquard shedding

TYPES OF TAPPET SHEDDING MECHANISM

There are two types OF SHEDDING
1. Negative shedding
2. Positive shedding

NEGATIVE TAPPET SHEDDING

• Shedding is taken to be NEGATIVE when the healdshafts are either raised or lowered by the mechanism but
are returned by the action of some external device, such as springs, dead weights, pulleys, etc.
• These require the addition of pullers, stocks, and bowls, springs, or dead weights to reserve either pulls the
head down or lifts it. Which are-
• Ordinary plain tappet.
• Jamieson's tappet.
• The barrel tappet.
POSITIVE TAPPET SHEDDING
POSITIVE shedding Implies that the healdshafts are both raised and lowered by the cams or crank and lever system
of the shedding mechanism.
(These give both upward and downward movements to healds without the aid of any additional mechanism.)
 Lifting and lowering →Mechanically. Which are-
 Wood crofts section tappet.
 The oscillation tappet.
 Neutrals chain tappet.
 Scroll tappet.

TAPPETS & CAMS

These are irregular metallic pieces used to produce an up-and-down motion in followers and levers. The up-and
down motion is obtained by giving rotary motion to these pieces. If the follower and lever are required to produce a
continuous up-and-down movement , a cam is used. If the follower and lever are required to produce up-and-down
movement with regular intervals of rest, tappets are used. There are specific portions in tappets that correspond to
“dwell” periods, i.e. regular intervals of rest for the major parts involved in the motion.

Scope of Tappet Shedding

 The Tappet Shedding uses tappets and cams to control the up and down movement of heald shafts.
 The tappet shedding is the simplest shedding motion.
 Tappet shedding can control up to 8-10 heald shafts.
 Plain weave, simple twill and simple satin and sateen weave can be produced by using tappet Shedding.
 Tappet Shedding is the least versatile shedding motion.

NEGATIVE TAPPET SHEDDING

The principle of tappet shedding motion consists in using a tappet which strikes upon an anti-friction roller or bowl,
supported in a treadle, the heald shaft being directly or indirectly connected to the treadle from which it is operated.

NEGATIVETAPPET SHEDDING MECHANISM

CONSTRUCTION OF TAPPET SHEDDING MECHANISM
 The figure shows a negative Tappet shedding Mechanism. In this a pair of tappets A and B is fixed to the bottom
shaft C at 180° to each other. Two treadle levers D and E are connected to the loom and fulcrummed at F.
 The two treadles have teeth to carry the lamb rods G and H respectively. Two heald shafts J and K are connected to
the lamb rods. A top roller reversing shaft Q carry two rollers of different diameter.

The roller of small diameter N is connected to leather strap L to which the front heald shaft J is connected. The roller
P of large diameter is connected to the leather strap M to which the back heald shaft k is connected. The tappet A
and B touch the anti friction bowls R and S respectively. The heald shafts have heald eyes T and U through which the
warp threads passes. X is the warp sheet and y the cloth.

WORKING OF TAPPET SHEDDING MECHANISM

When the bottom shaft is rotated in the clockwise direction as Shown In the figure, the tappets are also rotated. The
tappet will depress the anti-friction bowl and the treadle. Being fulcrumed at one end, the front portion of the
treadle moves down. This action is transferred to the lamb rod, the heald shaft and the leather strap. So one heald
shaft is lowered and the threads connected to this heald shaft are lowered and form the bottom layer of the shed.

The leather straps attached to the reversing rollers are connected in opposite directions, i.e. when leather strap is
pulled down; it is unwound from its roller. The shaft therefore rotates in the clockwise direction and the other leather
strap is wound onto its roller. The heald shaft is raised and therefore the lamb rod and treadle lever are also raised.
The threads connected to the heald shaft are also raised and form the top layer of the shed.

For the next shed, the other tappet works with the other set of bowl, treadle, lamb rod, heald shaft, strap and roller
and the other heald shaft is lowered. The first heald shaft is raised by the top reversing rollers, and the positions of
the heald shafts are thus interchanged. Thus, for one rotation of the bottom shaft, two sheds are formed.

In this type of tappet shedding therefore, one tappet depresses the concerned treadle and the corresponding heald
shaft is lowered. But the other heald shaft is raised by means of the top reversing rollers. So this type of shedding
mechanism is known as “negative tappet shedding mechanism”

Top reversing roller

the bigger reversing roller P is connected to the back heald shaft K and the small N is connected to the front heald
shaft J. this is shown in fig.

TAPPETS
 Two tappets are connected to the bottom shaft at 180 degrees to each other because half a rotation of the bottom
shaft is equal to one pick, and for each pick, one tappet will lower the heald shaft. The tappets have a portion
corresponding to the dwell. it is used to arrest the movement of the heald shafts for a period of time. During this
time, the shuttle is traversing from one box to the other. This period is usually 1/3 of a pick, i.e.120 degrees.
THROW OF A TAPPET
Referring to the figure, it is clear that the difference between the heal s1 and toe s2 of a tappet is equal to its throw.
If the fig difference is high then the throw of tappet is also high. Higher-throw tappets apply more force to the
treadle lever. A higher-throw tappet is always connected to the back heald shaft. This is mainly to compensate for the
difference in leverage in the treadle levers.

Lift between the Back and Front Heald Shafts

This is due to the different connections of the heal shafts to the treadle levers, in Figure 2.6, d' represent the back
shaft connection to one of the treadle lever and d1 the front heald shaft connection to the other. Since d1 is greater
than d. the front heald shaft gets more lift than the back heald shaft. Depth of Shed Refer to Figure No.2.6 By altering
the positions of the lamb rod hooks on the treadle levers, the depth of shed is changed. By moving the lamb rod
towards the fulcrum (distance d1 ), the depth of shed reduced and moving it away from the fulcrum (distance d), the
depth of shed is increased. The depth shed is altered when a shuttle of a different height is used .
Advantages and Disadvantages of Tappet Shedding
Advantages
 1 It is robust, simple and cheap.
 2 It is capable of lifting a heavy weight with less wear and tear than other shedding mechanisms.
 3. It can move heald shafts at great speeds.
 4. It puts less strain upon the warp
 5. It consumes less power and gives greater output
 6. It requires less maintenance

Disadvantages
 1. If the weave is changed, it will be necessary to change the tappet and the change gear wheel in the counter shaft
arrangement. So work involved in changing the weave is more
 2. The capacity of a tappet to produce a pattern/weave is very much limited. A maximum of 8 or 10 tappets only
can be used.

Faults that may Occur in Tappet Shedding Mechanism

1. If the tappet is faulty, it imparts a jerky movement to the heald shaft.
2. The tappet should always touch the bowls. Otherwise a severe blow is applied to the bowl and the vibration is
transmitted to the heald shaft End breakages may occur as a result of this.
3. Over shedding: If the depth of a shed is too much, strain on the warp will be more and end breakages may occur.
4 Under shedding: If the depth of shed is too low. the shuttle will not reach the other end and may be trapped in the
shed or may fly out Hence end breakages will.
5. Uneven shedding : Uneven shedding is caused by lifting one end of the heald shafts more than the other so the
other so shuttle may move over some warp threads and fly out or get trapped in the shed. 6. If the shedding is
mistimed , then other motion like picking and beat-up cannot be done smoothly and end breakages may occur .

Timing of Shedding
 The shedding mechanism is set according to the picking and beat-up mechanisms . Timing of shedding is set with
respect to crank position.
In general there are three timings. These are:
 1. Normal shedding
 2. Early shedding
 3. Late shedding.

1. Normal shedding : If the heald shafts are at the same level when the crank comes to the top centre, that is, 0
degree or 360 degrees, then Figure 2.3 Timing of shedding it is known as normal shedding. See Figure 2.8.
2. Early shedding : A shed is said to be early when the pick insertion is effected after the shed is completely open. If
the heald shafts are at the same level when the crank comes to 355 degrees or 5 degrees before the top centre, then
it is known as early shedding .
3. Late shedding : If the heald shafts are at the same level when the crank comes to 5 degrees after top centre, then
the shedding is known as late shedding.

Advantages of early shedding

 1. Fabric cover is improved, because during beat-up, the warp yarns are evenly distributed.
 2 It assists in clearing the shed while weaving fibrous warp like woollen and worsted . So entanglements are
avoided.
 3. Heavy weft can be woven yarn can be easily inserted. So hard weaves like corkscrew weaves can be woven .

Disadvantages
 1. As warp yarns are open widely during beat up, strain on the warp yarn is high
 2. Early shedding causes chaffing of warp yarn (yarn abrasion) and end breakages may occur.
Advantages of late shedding Late
 shedding allows the weft to get beaten up before the shed has been properly crossed. During beat-up, opening of
the shed is minimal. So stram on the warp yarnis low:
 1. Late shedding can be used for weak warp yarn.
 2. It allows greater time for shuttle passage so it is suitable for synthetic yarn
 3. It is useful if pick of low strength is used.

Disadvantages
 1. It causes a very weak fell of the cloth because the weft may roll back.
 2. It causes less distribution of yarn. So it is not suitable for fibrous warp.
 3. As the warp yarns are not distributed evenly during beat-up, fabric cover is low.

TYPES OF SHEDS:- Shedding is broadly divided into two classes namely:

1) Closed Shedding and
2) Open Shedding. In closed shedding the mechanism employed places all the warp threads level after the insertion
of each pick of weft. In open shedding the warp is only moved when the pattern requires a change of position.

There are two methods of producing closed shedding,

1) Bottom Closed Shedding and
2) Center Closed Shedding.
Again, there are also two methods of producing Open Shedding,
1) open Shedding and
2) Semi-Open Shedding.

Bottom Closed Shedding: This kind of shedding is produced by giving motion only to threads that are to form the
upper line. Under this condition the warp is level on the bottom line. Hence in order to form a top shed, it is
necessary to move some threads through a space equal to twice the depth of a shed, once up and once down, before
a fresh selection is made. A shed of this kind is known as a stationary bottom with a rising and falling top. This is
illustrated in the figure. In the figure, A represents the bottom line of warp. B the rising and falling line and C an
arrow showing the space passed through

By reversing the order of bottom closed shedding, sometimes a shed is formed with a stationary top line imparting
motion to those warp threads which are to form the lower line of the open shed. This is called a Top Closed
Shedding. Advantages: The advantage of producing bottom closed shedding is that the alternate tightening and
slackening the warp threads produce a "Covered Cloth Demerits: The demerits of this kind of shedding are the
following: a) It takes a long time to make a change and is unsuitable for high speed; b). Great and unequal strain is
put upon the warp threads by moving it through an excessive space; and c). Power consumption and wear and tear
of the weaving machine are heavy. Uses : Certain tappets, single-lift dobby and single-lift Jacquard produce bottom
closed shedding, whereas top closed shedding is formed in handlooms by the use of ordinary springs, dead weights
and bows.

Centre Closed Shedding: This kind of shedding is produced by, imparting an upward movement to those threads
which are to form the top line and a downward movement to the threads which are to form the bottom line; then,
after inserting a pick, both the lines meet at the centre between the highest and the lowest lines of a divided warp as
shown in figure 3.b . In the figure, A,A1 is the closed warp line, B and C are respectively the upper and lower lines of
a divided warp and D and E are arrows which show the movement of each thread to equal the depth of a shed,
namely, half the distance in an upward and half in a downward direction.

Advantages:
The advantages of producing a centre closed shedding are the following:
a). Although in a centre closed shedding every thread is moved to form every shed yet the strain is less;
b). The time occupied in opening a shed is approximately half, for the distance travelled by a thread is 1:2;
c) A rising thread is partially balanced by a falling line, hence the speed is high; and
d). Consumption of power and wear and tear of the weaving machine are less. Demerits: The defect of this type of
shedding is that an unsteady movement is caused by the warp threads being in constant motion. In this respect it is
inferior to a bottom closed shedding.

Uses :
Many Woodcroft tappets, the Jamieson tappet, the Oscillating and certain other tappets, all centre shed dobbies and
Jacquards and most handlooms form centre closed shedding. Although a centre closed shedding is best adopted for
the manufacture of certain types of fabrics, an open shedding has wider application in powerlooms

Open Shedding:
In open shedding the warp threads form two stationary lines, the top line and the bottom line, and changes are made
by carrying threads from one fixed line to the other. The ascending and descending threads move simultaneously,
and form a shed in the minimum of time with comparatively less strain upon the warp because there is no
unnecessary movement given to it and the falling threads help to lift the rising ones. An open shedding is illustrated
in the figure A and B are the stationary lines of warp, and C and D are arrows which show the movement of rising and
falling warp to equal the distance between A and B. The fell of the cloth E and lease F form two ends of the open
shed .

Advantages :
An open shedding has all the advantages of a good shedding namely:
a) Strain upon the warp is less.
b) It is capable of running at a high speed
c) Ascending threads help the descending ones as they move simultaneously
d) it requires a minimum of time to form a shed and there is no unnecessary movement of warp threads:
e). Less power is consumed; and
f). Wear and tear of the weaving machine is reduced to a minimum.

Demerirs : This shedding has the following defects:

a). This shedding is troublesome to weavers because the two fixed lines make it more difficult to repair broken ends.
Some effective apparatus known as levelling apparatus should be added to all open shedding motions to place the
healds in one plane whenever repairs become necessary, and replace them in their original position before starting
the loom.
b), When the number of healds used is great, the warp in the back healds is strained and broken more than in the
front ones, and
c). As the shed always remain open, breakages may result specially when the yarn is weak.

Uses:
Open shedding is obtained by the use of ordinary tappets, the Hattersley, the Climax and the Knowles dobbies and
some double lift Jacquards. While an open shedding has wider application in powerlooms, a closed shedding has
extensive application in handlooms. 

Semi-open shedding Many Shedding motions form a shed which is compounded for the closed and open principles
and may be defined as semi open . In it the stationary bottom line is retained, but threads for the top line either pass
to the bottom at one movement, or are arrested midway and again carried to the top. Such a shed can be formed as
expeditiously as an open one, for the upward movement, begins and ends with the downward through movement,
and the arrested downward movement is converted into an upward movement immediately the falling threads are in
the same plane as the rising ones. They all reach the top together but the strain upon them is not equally distributed.
This is shown in figure,
A is the stationary bottom,
B the top line, and
C the point where downward movement ceases in the threads that are to form part of the top line for succeeding
pick.
D and E are arrow showing the movement of through healds, and F that of threads which are to lift for the next pick. .

Uses :
Many double-lift Jacquards and certain double-lift dobbies form a semi-open shedding. Summary : Shedding or
dividing warp is necessary for picking. In case of a bottom closed or centre closed shedding, the beating up of the last
pick of welt takes place when the shed is closed whereas, in case of an open or a semi-open shedding, the beat-up
takes place when the shed is open, the pick has a tendency to recede from the fell of the cloth; but beating-up this
pick while the shed is partially open, a good "Cover of Cloth" is obtained. This difference in beating-up makes a
difference in the quality of woven cloth. Thus the appearance and quality of a handloom fabric differ from that of a
fabric produced in a powerloom.

Picking motion

PICKING
Picking is the next process after shedding in the sequence of primary motion . It consists of passing of weft thread
through the shed of warp threads.
Objects of picking
The main objects of any conventional picking where fly shuttle is used as a weft carrier are as follow :-
 To deliver the shuttle along the correct flight path.
 To project the shuttle at a predetermined velocity.

The objects can be achieved by doing following arrangements:-

• The shuttle box back and the reed are in perfect alignment.
• The shuttle box base and the race-board are in perfect alignment.
• The shuttle delivered satisfactorily by the picker.
Otherwise there may be chances of shuttle fly off or trap.
Under pick motion :
In this motion the picking is done by the help of a picker from the underside of the warp sheet. Principle : It is based
on the principle of to and fro motion given by the rotary motion of the bottom shaft. In this the picker is mounted on
a picking stick which gets movement from the side lever and bottom shaft.

Side Lever Under Pick Motion :

Simplest motion use for weaving all fabrics.
All the parts fitted outside of loom so its maintenance is easy .

Construction :
• A wooden side lever ‘A’ fulcrummed at 0.
• A picking shoe ‘B’ is fixed on the side lever.
• A wooden picking stick ‘C’ is fixed to an iron shoe ‘D’. Now here the forward side lever is above the shoe.
• The picker ‘E’ is loose on the picking stick and is guided between the bottom groove of the shuttle box.
• An iron disc is mounted on bottom shaft on which a bowl is placed. Which is striking down the side lever with the
help of bowl.
• Spiral springs are attached at the back of side lever and at the bottom of iron shoe ‘D’.

Working :
The main parts which are responsible for picking is the bowl and picking shoe. The bowl is situated at rotary disk
which is fixed on bottom shaft. Due to revolution of bottom shaft , disk revolves so bowl will also revolve . When
bowl comes in contact with the picking shoe then it presses the picking shoe, due to this action the side lever which
are made of wood are pressed down which depresses the iron shoe. By this motion transfer, the picking stick moves
in forward direction. Due to this it will give the motion to the shuttle with the help of picker. When shuttle is passed
the picking arm comes to original position with the help of spiral spring placed beside the iron shoe. The same
assembly is situated at another side for insertion of next pick.

SETTING
The speed of shuttle can be increased & decreased by altering the height of fulcrum of the side lever. Raising the
fulcrum position will increase the shuttle speed.
Construction and working of over pick motion :
In this motion the picking shaft is mounted over the shuttle box that is why it is called as over pick motion.

Construction
• As shown in Figure, the picking tappet
A. is mounted on the bottom shaft
B. The picking tappet A consists of three parts, the boss A1 shell A2, and nose A3. The boss is keyed on to the bottom
shaft and it carries the shell portion. The shell is provided with two slots A4 that can be adjusted concentrically on
the bottom shaft for changing the timing of the picking. The nose portion of the tappet is bolted to the shell
(different sizes of noses may be used).
• The picking nose bit A3, touches a tapered cone C which is connected to a vertical shaft D by a stud.
• The vertical shaft D is held in the vertical position by two brackets namely the top bracket E and the foot step
bearing F. These two brackets are adjusted on the loom frame in such a way that the vertical shaft, when rotated, will
rotate freely and smoothly.
• The vertical shaft carries a collar G. which has a leather strap H and spring fixed to the loom side-frame by a hook.
• The top of the vertical shaft carries two corrugated plates J and K. The bottom plate J is fixed rigidly. The top plate K
is placed upon the bottom plate such that its position can be altered to change the strength of the pick.
• The picking arm or stick, made of wood, is fixed to the top plate by a grooved cap M and nut N.
• A picking strap or picking band O, made of leather, is connected to the stick or arm by a pin P.
• The band is wound around the arm two to four coils spirally and then around the slot provided at the front end of
the picking arm. From here, the picking band passes down and is connected to a picker Q which is loosely and freely
mounted on a spindle.
• The picker touches the tip of the shuttle R.
• A similar arrangement is provided on the other side of the loom. But the nose portion of the picking tappet is tilted
by 180 degrees.

Working
As seen in Figure , when the bottom shaft rotates, the nose of the tappet also rotates. When the nose comes against
the cone, it strikes the cone. This causes a partial rotary movement of the vertical shaft. The picking arm or picking
stick thus swings inward with sufficient velocity to drive the picker. The shuttle being in contact with the tip of the
picker is pushed across the shed. The picking arm is returned to its original position by the spring. The cone is always
kept in contact with the shell portion by the spring. For the next pick, the tappet on the other side is set in motion
and the shuttle will be pushed out of the other box. So, for every rotation of the bottom haft two picks are inserted.
Strength and Timing of Picking In Overpick Mechanism
• Intensity of pick or strength of pick or force of pick
• "Strength of pick" means the force with which the pick is delivered by the picking mechanism. In an overpick loom,
the strength of pick can be increased or decreased by the following ways:
1. By raising or lowering the tapered cone A in the slot B of the vertical shaft. If the cone is lowered, strength of pick
is increased and vice-versa.
2. By moving the tappet boss portion with the picking tappet towards the loom side frame, the strength of pick is
increased and vice-versa.
3. By moving the corrugated plate towards the loom centre or away from the loom centre. If it is moved towards the
loom centre, the picking stick is moved towards the loom centre and hence the strength of pick is increased and vice-
versa.
4. The intensity of the picking force also depends upon the length of stroke of the picking tappet. As shown in the
length of the picking tappet is the same for the two tappets shown, but in one case, the portion that strikes the cone
(angle AOB) is smaller than the other. The tappet with the larger portion of strike will hit the cone quicker and with
greater force.
5. By tightening the picking band, the strength of pick is increased. If the picking band is slack, the force will be low. In
this case, the strength of pick is increased only by a small amount.
6. The shape of the curve of the nose of the tappet also has a considerable effect on the picking force. Keep ing the
same striking angle of the tappet a deeper curve increases the force while a shallow curve reduces it. Again, if the
picking nose is short the pick is liable to be harsh. A fair length of nose gives a smoother and better-timed pick.

Picking Accessories

Picking Stick or Picking Arm

• This is a wooden stick used to carry the picker. The length of the picking stick is determined to some extent by the
reed space of the loom. Ordinarily, a 20"stick is used with a 45" reed space, which means that the reed space is 2 ½
times the length of the picking stick.

Picking Band or Picking Strap

This is a pliable leather strap, one end of which is passed through the slot of the picker while the other is coiled
around the picking stick and connected to a small pin on the picking stick. The band should not touch the spindle, or
else it will wear away rapidly.

PICKER
The function of a picker is to push the shuttle along the correct flight path. The picker must be of good quality .
Pickers are made by folding leather pieces one over the other, to the required thickness. Sometimes a thin strip of
steel is used in between two layers of leather pieces to prevent the picker from bursting. After delivering a pick the
shuttle enters the shuttle box and its sharp steel tip forcibly strikes the picker. If a loom works at 200-picks/min, the
picker is severely taxed 100 times a minute. Therefore pickers must be sufficient strong to withstand this force.
Durable pickers will also reduce the cost of replacement.

Shuttle
A shuttle is used to carry a pirn and to deliver the weft yarn through the shed. It is a rectangular piece of wood
tapered at each end to a tip A. The pointed tips enable the shuttle to easily enter the shed. The main body of the
shuttle is hollow and has a wide opening at the top and a groove at the bottom. There is a tongue B, which is fixed to
one end of the shuttle. The tongue holds the pirn C. Weft yarn D from the pirn is passed through the eye B, which has
an arrangement to control weft yarn tension as it is delivered from the shuttle. The shuttle has front and back walls.
These walls may be lined on the inside with fur or bristles or loops to control the yarn as it unwinds from the pirn. A
groove in the reduces yarn abrasion as the shuttle is traversing through the shed. Boxwood is the best for making
shuttles, but cornel or dogwood is largely used for this.
Kinds of shuttles used for different types of looms Various kinds of shuttles are used for different kinds of looms and
patterns. They are

1: Ordinary-loom shuttle
2. Auto-loom shuttle
3. Silk-loom shuttle
4. Drop-box-loom shuttle
5. Carpet-loom shuttle
6. Swivel shuttle
7. Grooved shuttle
8. Damask shuttle
9. Fustain shuttle.
a.Shuttles are divided into two types. They are a Right-hand shuttles
b. Left-hand shuttles
To determine the hand of shuttle, hold the shuttle with the grooved side facing the person holding it and the wide
opening at the top. In this position, if the tongue's fulcrum is to the left of the person then the shuttle is known as
"left hand shuttle" and vice-versa.

Spindle
The important parts namely picker, buffer and check strap are mounted on the spindle. The spindle guides the picker
while it is moving.

Buffer
A buffer consists of three or four pieces of leather each six inches long and one inch wide superimposed over one
another. The pieces are folded together to bring the ends together. A hole is made through the folded leather piece,
large enough for a spindle to be inserted in it. The buffer is used as a shock absorber for the picker and prevents it
from striking the spindle studs. Therefore wear and tear of the picker is minimised.

Box Flap
In all overpick looms there is a flap board at the back of the shuttle box close to its mouth. The flap is held in position
by means of a spring. The object of this flap is to save the selvedge threads from being damaged i.e. when the shuttle
is caught at the selvedge between the front of the box and the selvedge threads, the flap goes back with its spring
under the pressure of the shuttle and the fell of the cloth. As the flap goes back the selvedge threads are saved from
damage

Shuttle Checking Devices

The shuttle normally emerges from the shed and enters the shuttle-box with a velocity only slightly lower than its
velocity when it leaves the picker. It must be brought to rest (i.e. velocity =zero) reasonably smoothly over a short
distance in the shuttle box. So the shuttle is checked. To bring the shuttle velocity to zero, shuttle-checking devices
are provided in the loom
The following shuttle checking devices are provided in all the looms:
1. Swell and swell spring
2 Check strap

1. Swell and Swell Spring Functions of swell and swell spring:

a. It helps to reduce the velocity of the shuttle.
b. To operate fast-reed warp-protector mechanism.

Types of swell
The types of swells are the following.
a. Simple swell
b. Simple hinged swell with an auxilliary swell
c. Floating swell with an auxilliary swell.
Check strap
An increase in the speed of a loom requires a quicker movement of the shuttle, which in turn requires effective
means for checking its force in the box. The primary object of a check strap is to totally reduce the momentum of the
shuttle as it enters the box and thus to prevent it from rebounding. This strap should be pliable and durable and can
be replaced when it is worn out

Shuttle Flight and its Timing

The shuttle travels in a loom through a distance equal to the width of the loom plus the effective length of the
shuttle. The degrees of crank shaft rotation available for its passage should not affect shedding or the other
mechanisms. The flight of the shuttle should be carried out smoothly. In an overpick loom the following timings are
allowed for shuttle flight See Figure

Traverse of Shuttle over Race board

The mechanism of peopelling a shuttle is very simple in construction. But it is the least satisfactory working part in a
loom. The traverse of the shuttle over the race board is the greatest problem for the plain power loom Close
investigation reveals that the following factors affect shuttle traverse from one box to the other
a. Weight of the shuttle
b. Length of the shuttle box in relation to the shuttle
c. Swells
d .Alignment of the reed and the back of the shuttle box
e. Settings of the picker and the spindle
f, Type of shedding mechanism
g. Type of picking mechanism
h. Width of the loom
i Size of the pirn.

Drawbacks OF NEGATIVE PICKING :

1. It is the chief source of trouble and expense due to repairs and renewals of pickers shuttles , checks and other
strappings ;
2. It can increase or decrease to a great extent the utility and earning capacity of a loom owing to its faulty action .
3. The action of the picking motion being a negative one , the shuttle travel under no control and makes a heavy
noise in its course of journey , particularly while entering a box;
4 The backward and forward movement of the shuttles race render it difficult to prevent the shuttle from diverging
from a straight course .
5. The constant diminution of speed , the variation of the weight of shuttle , and a full or empty spool affect the pick
6. The tending of the shuttle to be drawn off the race is influenced by the amount of tension put upon the weft yarn
which varies according to the nature and quality of material used ; and
7. The position of the centre of gravity in a shuttle, with relation to the direction of force employed to propel it , has
an effect upon its motion . The centre of gravity in a shuttle does not occupy a fixed position . But is constantly
changing as every time it moves across the warp. An obstruction such as rough knotty or entangled warp will be
sufficient to set up a rotary motion to the shuttle.

Speed of shuttle :-
A shuttle weighing 10 oz. or 283 grams, is moved across a space of 60 inches or 1.524 meters in 1/3 of a pick and
makes 200 picks per minute. It is therefore, seen that in power looms the shuttle passes across the shed at a
considerable speed.

The high speed of the shuttle may, however be calculated by applying the following rule:--
Speed of the loom per minute X Width of loom in inches or metres X Revolution of crankshaft 360* /
Portion of revolution of crankshaft för passage of shuttle X 36 or 100 = Speed of shuttle in yards or metres per minute
respectively.
Example:-
• Find out the speed of the shuttle in yards or metres per minute, when passing across the sley race in a 40 inches or
101.6 Cm. wide loom, the speed of the loom being 240 picks per minute and the time taken for the passage of the
shuttle being 120 of a revolution of the crankshaft.

Therefore, using the above formula, the speed of the shuttle

240 X 40 X 360 / 120 X 36 = 800 yards per minute
or,
240 X 101.6 X 360 / 120 X 100 = 731.52 metres per minute

Power required in picking :-

• It is difficult to obtain the exact amount of power required to drive a shuttle, for the shuttle performs its duties
under variable conditions. There are differences in friction caused by small and large sheds, rough and smooth, close
and open warps, strong and weak swells, also difference in the weight of the shuttle; but the energy can be
approximately reached as follows:
• The work accumulated = Wv² / 2g
• where, W equals the weight of the shuttle in pounds, V its velocity in feet por second, and g-32.2 (g-Standard
acceleration of gravity expressed in feet per sq. second i.e. Standard acceleration of gravity (g)-32.17405 ft/sec² or
9.000665 mts/sec.³)

Example :-
• Assune a loom to make 200 picks per minute, and that a shuttle weighing 10 oz. is moved across a space 5 feet in
1/3 of a pick; then the average speed of such a shuttle is
• 200 X 60 X 8 /3 X 36 = 888.8 yards/minute = 888.8 X 3 ft./minute = 2666.4 ft/ minute. = 2666.4 / 60
• = 44.4 ft/second ,and the energy developed is,
• 10 X 44.4X44.4 / 16X2X32.2 = 19.13 foot its. par pick
• or.
• 19.13 X 200 / 33,000 = 0.116 of one horse power .

Timing of Overpick Motion :-

• This motion is set as the centre of the picking stud, positioned in the hole of the vertical shaft, is parallel with the
nose end, when the latter is at the centre of the cone. The nose end is then at right angles to the cone.
• The pick is set to act between 15 before the bottomcentres are reached, and 10 after they are passe.

Beating-up Mechanism

Beating up is the third primary motion in weaving. It consists in driving the last pick of weft to the fell of the cloth.
This is accomplished with the help of a reed fixed in the sley. The sley is given a sudden and quick movement towards
the fell of the cloth by the cranks in the crankshaft.

OBJECTS:

1. Beat-up last inserted pick -During forward motion of sley.

2. Provide path & time to pass shuttle through the shed -During backward motion of sley.

IMPORTANT PARTS
1. Crank + Crank arm. 4. Rocking shaft. 7.REED.
2. Connecting pins. 5. Sley, Sley race & Sley cap.
3. Sley swords. 6. Shuttle boxes.
SLEY :
It consists of wooden sley baulk or raceboard which is fixed on two sley swords fulcrummed on a rocking rail. A sley
cap is bolted at top of two sley swords and locks reed firmly to the sley. FUNCTIONS OF

REED :
1. Beats-up the last inserted pick to fell of the cloth.
2. Influences the appearance & design of cloth.
3. Helps to determine ends/inch in the cloth.
4. Guide shuttle across the sley.

REED :
A frame of wire which acts as a comb fixed in the sley. Construction of the mechanism:
1) The beating up mechanism is connected with crank shaft. Here crank shaft is connected with machine pulley.
2) The crank shaft contain crank. Each crank connected with crank arm by crank pin and it contain bearing for smooth
operation.
3) Crank arm and sley sword are attached with sword pin.
4) Position of the reed is top of the sley race.
5) Reed cap placed on the top of the reed.
6) The whole parts of the beating up mechanism are mounted on rocking shaft.

Working Principle:
1) Crank shaft receives motion from machine pulley.
2) When crank shaft rotate due to the structure of the crank it moves forward and backward.
3) Each crank connected with crank arm which is connected with reed. So when crank shaft rotates reed move
forward and backward.
 CONSTRUCTION OF SHEDDING TAPPET:

To design or construct a shedding tappet the following points and dimensions must be taken into consideration:-
1). Pattern to be produced in the fabric, that is, the number of picks in a repeat of the design and the lifting order.
2). Lift or stroke of the tappet;
3). Distance from the centre of the driving shaft to the nearest point of contact with the treadle bowl;
4). Dwell of the tappet - Time during which the healds will remain stationary, and
5). Diameter of the treadle bowl. The kind of movement to be given to the healds is very important, especially in
quick running looms.
The healdshafts should be moving quickest when they are level, and their speed should gradually decrease as the
shed opens. It is obvious that a movement of this kind will put as little strain as possible on the warp, and therefore
causes the fewest breakages.

The depth of the shed should only be sufficient to allow the shuttle to pass, therefore the "lift" or stroke of the heald
is dependent upon the depth of the shuttle used. The shed when opened should remain open only long enough to
allow the shuttle to pass through.

DETERMINATION OF TAPPET LIFT

Consider the following dimensions for designing the tappet .
All dimensions In 'mm'.
Sley sweep …. …. …. …. S = 140
Horizontal distance between cloth fell and front healdshaft …. …. F = 200
Horizontal distance between cloth fell and back healdshaft ...... …. B = 250
Shuttle base width ….. ..... …. W = 45
Shuttle front wall height …. …. H = 34

Distance between treadle lever fulcrum and

a). Bottom shaft centre …. …. …. M = 330
b). Treadle bowl centre …. …. …. N = 315
c). Front heald connection on treadle lever..... …. …. …. …. … P = 630
d). Back heald connection on treadle lever ….. …. ….. …. Q = 580
Treadle bowl radius …. ….. …. R = 34
Tappet shaft radius …. …. …. …. r = 19
It should be noted that for obtaining the above shed heights at the front and the back healdshafts , the movement of
the connection points at the treadle levers will be more than the calculated values for two reasons:
1). The warp threads in top shed remain in contact with the lower corner of the heald eye and those in bottom shed
remain in contact with the upper corner of the heald eye: Therefore, in top as well as bottom shed the movement of
the warp threads will be less than that of the healdshafts by a distance equal to the depth of the heald eye
2). The flexible connection elongate as the shed opens. Therefore , the movement of the healdshafts will be less than
that of the connecting points at the treadle levers. Giving an allowance of 8mm. for the former and 5mm. for the
later, the required.

movement of the treadle lever at the connecting points becomes (84.2 + 13.0) 97.2mm.
for the front shaft, and (105.3+ 13.0) 118.3mm, for the back shaft.

Construction of shedding tappet

The shedding tappets are constructed for producing different weaves. To construct a shedding tappet, the following
particulars are required: Weave or design to be produced in the fabric Diameter of the bowl Lift of the tappet
Distance from the centre of shaft driving the tappet to the bowl. Dwell time of the heald shafts (to remain in a
stationary position).
1.Construct the profile of a shedding tappet used for weaving plain weave or 1/1 weave with the following
particulars.
i) Lift of tappet-3”
ii) Dwell-120° or 1/3 of a pick
iii) Diameter of bowl-1.5"
iv) Distance from centre of the bottom shaft to the nearest point of contact with the anti-friction bowl-2"

1\1 Plain tappet

1.Draw a circle A of radius 2" with O as center Figure 2.33. This radius is taken as it represents the nearest point of
contact of the bottom shaft with the bowl.
2. Draw a circle B of radius 2.75" with O as centre. The additional 0.75"accounts for the radius of the bowl.
3. Draw a circle C of radius 5.75" with O as centre. 3" are added for the lift of tappet.
4. Draw a line EF to divide the circle into two equal parts to represent two picks.
5 Divide each semi circle into three equal parts by drawing lines GH and IJ. In the upper half circle EOG and FOI
represent working parts and GOI represents the dwell part (120° of crank shaft) for the first pick. In the lower half
circle EOJ and FOH represent working parts and JOH represents the dwell part (120" of crank shaft) for the second
pick.
6. Divide sectors GOJ and IOH into six equal parts, as shown in the figure.
7. Draw a semicircle on OI between circle B and circle C, as shown
8. Divide the semicircle into six 30" sectors. Draw perpendicular limes from each sector up to the base of the
semicircle and name the ends as 0 to 6
9. Draw arcs from the base of each perpendicular line i.e. from 1 to 5 of the semicircle to intersect the dividing lines
of the working parts. This is to represent the different positions of the bowl D during the rising and falling
movements.
10. Each point of intersection is taken as centre and the positions of the bowl are drawn as circles. This is repeated
for all the working areas.
11. Draw the positions of the bowl in the dwell parts also.
12. Draw a free hand curve touching all the antifriction bowls tangentially. gives the profile of the plain weave
tappet.
13. Two tappets of similar type are assembled and shown in the figure .
14. The weave shown represents plain or 1/1 weave.

2.Construct the profile of a shedding tappet used for weaving 1/2 weave with the following particulars.
i) Lift of tappet-3"
ii) Dwell - 120 or 1/3 of a pick
iii) Diameter of bowl-1.5“
iv) Distance from the centre of the counter shaft to the nearest pout of contact with the anti-friction bowl-2"

1/2 twill tappet

1. Draw a circle A of radius 2" with O as centre as in Figure 2.34. 2" is take as this is the distance of the nearest point
of contact of the bottom shaft with the bowl.
2. Draw a circle B of radius 2.75" with O as centre. 0.75" is added for the radius of the bowl.
3. Draw a circle C of radius 5.75" with O as centre. 3" are added for the lift of tappet.
4. Divide the circles into three equal parts by drawing the radial lines OE, OF and OG to represent three picks.
5. Divide EOF into three equal parts by drawing radial lines OH and OÍ. EOH and IOF represent working parts.
6. Draw a line OK so as to make an angle of 40° with the line OF. FOK represents.
7. Draw a line OJ so as to make an angle of 40° with the line OE. EOJ represents a working part . a working part.
8. Divide the sector JOH into ten equal parts by drawing radial lines from O.
9. Divide the sector IOK into ten equal parts by drawing radial lines from O.
Draw arcs from the ends 1 to 5 of the semicircle to intersect the divided lines of the working parts. This is to
represent the different positions of the bowl D during the rising and falling movements.
10. Each point of intersection is taken as centre and the positions of the bowl are drawn as circles. This is repeated
for all the working areas.
11. Draw the positions of the bowl in the dwell parts also as in the figure.
12. Draw a free hand curve touching all the antifriction bowls tangentially. This gives the profile of the twill tappet.
13. Four tappets of similar type are assembled and shown in the figure.
14. The weave shown represents 2/2 twill weave.

Construct the profile of a shedding tappet used for weaving or 3/1 weave with the following particulars.
i) Lift of tappet-3“ 2)
ii) Dwell-12 or 1 of a pick 3)
iii) Diameter o bowl 1.5“ 4)
iv) Distance from centre of the counter shaft to the nearest point of contact with the anti-friction bowl-2"

3/1 twill tappet

1. Draw a circle A of radius 2" with O as centre as in Figure 2.36.2" is taken is the distance of the nearest point of
contact of the bottom shaft with the bowl.
2. Draw a circle B of radius 2.75" with O as centre.0.75" is added for the bowl.
3. Draw a circle C of radius 5.75" with O as centre. 3" are added for the lift of tappet.
4. Divide the circles into four equal parts by drawing lines EF and GH to four picks.
5. Divide the first quadrant into three equal parts by drawing lines OI and OJ. JOH represents a working part. Divide
the fourth quadrant into the equal parts by drawing lines OK and OL. HOK and LOF represent working parts. In the
third quadrant draw a line OM so as to make angle of 30° with represents a working part.
6. Divide sectors JOK and LOM each into six equal parts by drawing from the centre O.
7. Draw a semicircle on OJ between circle B and circle C.
8. Divide the semicircle into six equal parts each of 30°. Draw perpendicular lines from each part up to the base of
the semicircle and name the ends, 0 to 6.
9. Draw arcs from the ends 1 to 5 of the semicircle to intersect the dividing lines of the the working parts. This is to
represent the different positions of the bowl D during the rising and falling movements.
10. Each point of intersection is taken as centre and the positions of the bowl are drawn as circles. This is repeated
for all the working areas.
11. Draw the positions of the bowl in the dwell parts also.
12. Draw a free hand curve touching all the anti-friction bowls tangentially gives the profile of the twill tappet.
13. Four tappets of similar type are assembled and shown in the figure.
14. The weave shown represents 3/1 twill weave.

TAKE – UP MOTION

• DEFINITION:-

It is the motion to withdraw fabric from

the weaving area at the constant rate
that will give required pick spacing and
picks per unit space and then winds it
onto the cloth roller. Texture of a fabric
largely depends on no. Of ends and picks
per unit space. Take-up motion in
conjunction with let off motion
determines the no. of picks per inch.
POSITIVE TAKE-UP MOTION:-

It is the motion in which the take-up roller is driven in a positive manner by suitable train of wheels or by other
means to ensure no. of pick per unit space .

NEGATIVE TAKE-UP MOTION:-

It is the motion imparted on cloth roller only due to force applied by reed to the fell of the cloth at the time of beat-
up. The amount of cloth drawn forward is determined by the force employed. The take-up roller is driven by dead
weights placed on a lever.

ADVANTAGES OF POSITIVE TAKE-UP MOTION OVER NEGATIVE TAKE-UP MOTION:-

1. In negative take-up motion, the amount of cloth withdrawn depends on the force employed by reed while in
positive motion amount of cloth withdrawn depends on the speed of wheels or other mechanical means.

2. In negative take-up motion only one taking up roller or cloth beam is employed, which performs two functions,
drawing the cloth forward as it is woven and winding it onto itself , while in positive take up motion taking up roller is
employed to draw the cloth forward and the cloth roller or beam is used on which the cloth is wound.

3. In negative take-up motion ,regular take-up of weft not ensured whereas, in the positive motion, the cloth is taken
up a small but regular distance at each pick, so the no. of pick per unit space can be regulated.

INTERMITTENT TAKE-UP MOTION:-

1. This motion acts by inermittently taking up cloth by driving the wheels as the sley falls backward or forward.

2. In this motion, a pawl and ratchet wheel drive is used to drive the take-up roller or emery roller. So the take-up
roller gets an inermittent motion and draws the cloth forward.

3. The positive intermittent take-up motions are of two types:-

a. FIVE WHEEL TAKE-UP MOTION

b. SEVEN WHEEL TAKE-UP MOTION

CONTINUOUS MOTION:-

In this motion, a worm and worm wheel drive is used to drive the take-up roller. The motion is continuous and draws
the cloth forward and winds it on the cloth roller by frictional contact with the take-up roller.

DIRECT TAKE-UP MOTION:-

When the cloth roller is driven by the take up roller, by means of a sprocket drive with a clutch arrangement. The
cloth roller speed is reduced by the clutch arrangement as its diameter increases. So uniform pick spacing is
maintained.

INDIRECT TAKE-UP
MOTION:-

When the cloth is

wound on a
separate cloth
roller and drawn
forward by
frictional contact
with a take-up
roller.
Negative Take-up Motion Construction

A cam A is fixed to the crankshaft B. A two-armed lever CE fulcrumed at D carries weights F. A catch G is held in
position immediately above the ratchet wheel H. The ratchet wheel is connected to a pinion J, which in turn is geared
to the cloth roller end wheel K. The cloth roller M carries the cloth roller end-wheel. Two holding catches L1 and L2
rest on the ratchet wheel. All these part are shown in Figure .

Working (Negative take-up motion)

When the cam rotates, it depresses the left arm C of the lever. This causes the right arm E to rise as the fulcrum is at
D; the catch also rises. As the cam rotate, the left arm rises, and the right arm lowers. So the catch engages with
teeth of the ratchet wheel, thereby imposing a drag or tension on the cloth.

The ratchet wheels turns, and through the pinion and the cloth roller end wheel, the cloth roller is driven. The cloth
is wound on the cloth roller .

The drag on the cloth can be controlled by dead weight or by moving the position of the dead weight towards or
away from the fulcrum. At the time of beat-up ,the catch is off the ratchet wheel and this causes the warp to slacken.

Here the amount of take-up also depends upon the thickness of the weft inserted.

Therefore a negative take-up motion draws the cloth forward at a speed determined by the tension of the warp, the
thickness of the weft and the weights placed on the lever.

Also, cloth is wound directly on the cloth roller. As the diameter of cloth roller increases, the drag on the warp also
changes. So a uniform no of pics per inch cannot be maintained in the negative take-up motion.

INTERMITTENT TAKE-UP MOTION

• FIVE WHEEL TAKE-UP MOTION

• SEVEN WHEEL TAKE-UP MOTION
CLOTH WIND-UP SYSTEM

The cloth is usually drawn forward by a take-up roller and then wound on a cloth roller. The take-up roller is always
covered with a material having a high co-efficient of fraction to prevent slippage. Perforated steel fillet is often used
for spun yarn fabrics. For delicate fabric, cork or relatively hard rubber with a rough surface is used. There are two
types of cloth winding system.

These are
1. Indirect type
2. Direct type

1.Indirect type In this type ,the cloth is usually drawn forward by

fractional contact with a take-up roller or an emery roller.

2. Direct type In this type, the cloth is directly wound on a cloth

roller.

As the cloth is wound directly, the rotation of the cloth roller has to
be reduced with build-up of cloth. Figure shows the three typical
arrangement of cloth winding system. All of them show the indirect
type of cloth winding system.

Fig.(a) shows the method commonly used for spun yarn fabric. The cloth roller has frictional contact with the take-up
roller The cloth s first drawn forward by the take-up roller F then passed over a guide roller G and finally wound on
the cloth roller D. In Fig(b) the cloth roller H is driven by the take-up roller F by means of a chain and sproket. The
cloth is passed around the take-up roller, the guide roller G, the anti crease bar I and then wound on the cloth roller
by a slipping clutch. This system is used for continuous filament yarn. In fig(c) two guide rollers G are used.

Positive Continuous Take-up Motion

Worm-and-worm-wheel type

In the intermittent take-up motions, the cloth roller is driven by using a pawl and ratchet mechanism. But in the
continuous type, worm and worm-wheels are used.

Construction
A positive continuous take-up motion is shown in Figure .

The method of driving a continuous take-up motion is quite different from that of an intermittent take-up motion. In
a continuous take-up motion the gearing requires as much time to draw one pick away as is needed to effect the
cycle of movement in weaving.
In the figure, the bottom shaft A carries a bevel B which engages the bevel wheel C. A side shaft D carries a single
worm E and the bevel wheel C. The worm engages with worm-wheel F, which is connected to a change wheel G. A
stud wheel H engages with the change wheel. The stud wheel is a compound wheel, which has stud pinion I. This
stud pinion engages with the emery-roller end-wheel J, which is at the end of emeryroller K. A cloth roller is driven
by surface contact with the emery roller
The worm is connected loosely on the shaft. Its boss consists of two parts forming a clutch. One part is fixed firmly on
the shaft and the other part is connected to the weft fork finger L. The worm drives the worm-wheel, which in turn
gives motion to the train of wheels that drives the emery-roller end-wheel and emery-roller.

The speed of the emery roller depends upon the dimensions of the wheels and the roller employed to drive it. When
the weft fork mechanism is actuated in the absence of weft, the clutch connected to the weft fork finger opens and
arrests the take-up of cloth. This device is positive in action if the cloth beam or emery roller is covered with card
clothing or with pins, in which case slipping is impossible.

Working
As the bottom shaft rotates, the roller is driven by the bevels, worm, worm wheel, change wheel, stud wheel, stud
pinion, emery-roller-endwheel and emery-roller. Changing the wheel alters the number of picks per inch. Here the
change wheel is the driver in the gear train. If a change wheel with a greater number of teeth is used, the rate of take
up is increased. So the number of picks per inch will be decreased .
The side shaft carries a finger connected to the weft stop motion. Whenever the weft stop motion acts, the finger
disconnects the worm from the side shaft. So the take-up motion is arrested. The cloth roller is stopped and cracks
are thus avoided. The finger acts like a clutch.

Advantages
1. In the positive take-up motion there is no chance of slipping of cloth.
2. In this type of take-up, if the loom is turned to run backwards, the cloths is also moved back.
3. This take-up motion is widely used for weaving continuous filament yarn
4. This ensures a more accurate rate of take-up and permits the weaver to adjust the cloth fell position to a fractional
number of picks.

sley eccentricity

DEFINITION
It is defined as the unequal spaces travelled by the sley in equal units of time. This means that the forward
movement of the sley is faster than its backward movement. The amount of eccentricity in the sley's motion depends
upon :
1) Length of crank
2) Length of crank arm
3) The relative heights of the crank shaft and connecting pin or sword pin.
4) The radius of the arc along which the axis of connecting pin or sword pin reciprocates.

Simple Method for Calculating Eccentricity of Sley Motion given to the connecting pin The connecting pin is driven by
the crank and crank arm. When the rotary motion is converted into a rectilinear motion by means of a crank, the
following two points are observed.
1. The angular movement of the crank
2. The rectilinear movement of the connecting pin. From the motion, it can be proved that equal angular spaces in a
crank circle will give unequal rectilinear movement to the connecting pin.

In Figure 4.8 (a) A is the crank, B the crank arm and C the connecting pin or sword pin. A circle with radius equal to
crank length is described to show the angular movement of the crank. This circle is divided into eight equal sectors.
C8 is the crank arm and C is the point to be moved in a horizontal plane.
1. At 1, the point C will travel from C to 1.
2. At 2, the print C will travel from 1 to 2.
3. At 3, the point C will travel from 2 to 3.
Similarly the point C will travel to the points 4,5,6, 7 and 8.
In Figure 4.8(b) it can be seen that all the spaces in C to 4 are unequal. 1 and 2 being the largest and 3 and 4 the
smallest. But the differences between the spaces 7 and 8 and 3 and 4 are of most importance.

Here the distance 6 to 8 represents the movement of sley from the top centre to the front centre, 2 to 4 represents
the movement of sley from the bottom centre to the back centre.

It is clear that the distance travelled from 6 to 8 is greater than that travelled from 2 to 4. But the angular space
traversed is constant i.e. 90 degrees. This difference in movement occurs because of the crank and crank arm.

From the above, for the same 90-degree traverse, (to move from 6 to 8, which is a greater length) the sley has to
travel at a higher speed. As the distance from 2 to 4 is less for the same 90-degree sweep, the speed of the sley in
moving backward will be less. Hence it is proved that:

1. In equal units of time the distances travelled by the sley are unequal.
2. The speed of the sley at beat-up is faster than its speed at the time of picking.

calculating the eccentricity

of sley
In Figure 4.9, the crank arm CD
and the crank ED are at the top
centre. The position of the
connecting pin is shown as A when
the reed is in contact with the fell
of cloth. The backward-most
position B of the connecting pin is
also shown, i.e. when the sley is at
the back centre. C is the position
of the connecting pin when the
sley is at the top centre and the
bottom centre. D’
conclusions can be drawn.

1. If the length of crank is increased, the eccentricity of the sley is increased and vice-versa
2. If the length of crank arm is increased the eccentricity is decreased and vice- versa.

For wide-width looms, a higher eccentricity is given to the sley for two reasons:
1. The time taken for the shuttle to move from one box to the other is greater.
2. When the sley moves backward it has to move slower than it does in narrow looms. For wide looms, a shorter
crank arm and a longer crank are used to get higher eccentricity.
For narrow looms, a longer crank arm and a shorter crank are used to get lower eccentricity. The eccentricity of the
sley can be altered by changing the position of the connecting pin. By raising or lowering it without altering the crank
shaft centre, the eccentricity can be changed. But practically this option is limited. The eccentricity of sley can also be
changed, by changing the position of the sword pin.

Sley Eccentricity Ratio 'e '

The sley eccentricity ratio 'e' is referred to as ratio r/l, where r is the radius of the crank circle and I is the length of
the crank arm. This eccentricity ratio can be changed according to the requirements of loom design. High sley
eccentricity facilitates the effectiveness of beat-up of weft. An increase in the eccentricity ratio would cause the sley
to remain longer nearer its most backward position and thus give more time for shuttle flight. However, increasing
the eccentricity ratio would increase the forces acting on the sword pins, cranks, crank arms and to some extent on
the loom frame itself, resulting in excessive vibration. It is, therefore, necessary to manufacture a more rigid loom
frame and robust loom parts. This would, of course, increase the cost of the loom.
REED COUNT
The reed count is a number which expresses the spacing of wires in the reed. The distance between two wires is a
space called dent. Reed Counting Systems
There are basically two systems;

i) Number of dents per unit space In this system, the number of dents in unit space of the reed expresses the reed
count.
Examples ;
a) In the Radcliff system, the reed count is defined as the number of dents per inch of reed space. If there are 40
dents per inch of reed space, the reed count is expressed as 40s Radcliff.
b) In the Stockport system, the reed count is defined as the number of dents per two inches of reed space. If there
are 30 dents per inch of the reed space, then there will be 60 dents per two inches. So the reed count is expressed as
60s Stockport.

ii) Number of groups of dents per unit space In this system, the number of groups of dents in unit space of the reed
expresses the reed count .
Examples;
a) In the Bradford system, the reed count is defined as the number of porters or groups of dents in 36 inches of reed
space and each group contains 20 dents .
For example 72s Bradford reed count means that there are 72 groups of dents in 36 inches of reed space and each
group contains 20 dents.

I.e. 72 x 20 dents in 36" of reed space. * Dents/inch = (72 x 20)/36=40

The conventional method of expressing reed count is 2/40 Stockport, 3/60s Radcliff, etc.
In this notation, the numbers 2 and 3 express the number of warp ends to be drawn per dent and 40s and 60s
express the reed count.
 WINDING

TYPES OF PACKAGES USED IN WINDING:

In winding machines two types of packages are used. They are

A)Supply packages
B) Delivery packages.

a) Supply Packages:
These are the packages supplied from spinning machine or doubling machine or reeling machine. Examples: i)
Spinning cop (ii) Doubler cop (iii) Hank

b) Delivery packages:
These are the packages produced by winding machines. Examples: I) Double flanged bobbin (ii) Cone (iii) Cheese or
spool

i)Double flanged bobbin: It is produced from double flanged bobbin winding machine. It is having two flanges
connected by a barrel. The length is 6” inches and flange dia is 3”. These type of packages are used in small weaving
factories where different coloured warps can be prepared. The warping machines are called sectional warping
machines and are slow speed ones,

ii) CONE: Cone is produced by a cone winding machine, It is a self supporting, cross wound package. Yarn is wound
on a conical tube. In the succeeding machines, yarns are easily withdrawn (Un wound) from cone. So these types of
packages are more suitable for dyeing, knitting and warping processes. Advantages of using cones:
1) Cones contain longer length. So succeeding machines production and efficiency are improved.
2) As the impurities like slubs, neps, thick & thin places are removed, quality of yarn and fabric are improved
appreciably.
3) In shuttleless looms, cones are directly used as weft packages and so pirns are eliminated.

iii) Cheese / Spool: Cheese is produced by a cheese winding machine. It is formed by having wooden or paper
parallel tubes. The difference between cheese and spool is that the spool is having narrow width but of large
diameter and cheese is having wider width and of smaller diameter.

Advantages of using cheeses / spools:

1) Cheeses contain longer length. So succeeding machines production and efficiency are improved.
2) As the impurities like slubs, neps, thick & thin places are removed, quality of yarn and fabric are improved
appreciably

TERMS AND DEFINITIONS USED IN CONE WINDING:

i)Traverse: Laying of yarn from one side to another side of the package. Length from LHS to RHS of the traverse is
called traverse length.

ii)Double traverse: Laying of yarn from LHS to RHS and then from RHS to LHS. It is two stroke of traverse Refer figure.

iii)Angle of cone: It is the angle between the side and axis of the cone (or) Semi Vertical angle of cone is called as
angle of cone.

This angle is of great importance because of its contribution during unwinding the yarn from cone. Various angle of
cone is used for warping, knitting and dyeing machines. Normally for warping 3o° 30’, for dyeing 4o° 30’ and for
knitting 9° 15’ cones are used. But the angle will vary according to the requirements.
For knitting machines, cones are wound with increasing taper. In this type of package initially the angle of cone is 9°
15’ and the final angle is 14°. As the diameter of package increases, the taper also gradually increases up to the full
size. These packages are called as ‘Foster cones’ or ‘Accelerated Cones’. These cones facilitate easy withdrawal of yarn
in knitting machine and so yam breakages are reduced in knitting Machines.

iv) Angle of wind: It is the angle between yarn on the surface of the package and a line drawn perpendicular to the
axis of the package. (or) Inclination of yarn to the vertical is called ‘Angle of wind’. Refer figure.
v) Number of winds: The number of winds may be defined as the number of rotations made by the package (cone)
for one stroke of traverse. Refer figure 15. Ex: No. 2 1/2 wind means 2 1/2 rotations are made by the package for one
stroke of traverse.

PRINCIPLES OF WINDING:
According to the methods of package drive, basically there are two principles involved in winding machines.
They are
1. Precision or spindle winding type
2. Drum winding type.

1. Precision or spindle winding type: In this type, package is driven directly by means of a spindle. The packages are
mounted on a spindle and are driven by a motor. Traversing is carried out by means of a thread guide with a
traversing arrangement. Refer figure, Yarn is wound by rotating the package and traversing is done by traverse guide.

Traversing arrangement may be of the following types

a) Single traverse guide rod and a traverse cam serving many spindles. (eg) Double flanged bobbin winding machine.
b) A traverse guide and cam set for every spindle. (eg) Precision type cone winding machine.

2. Drum winding type: In this type, package is driven by surface contact with a drum. The package is mounted on a
spindle or holder which is made to rest on the drum surface. Hence package is rotated by rotating the drum and the
yarn is wound.

Traversing of yarn is carried out by either

(i) groove in the drum or by
(ii) a traverse guide with cam arrangement. The grooved drum may be having a split type or cylindrical or
conical type.
(iii) The grooved drums are used for both winding and traversing the yarn. Hence the drums are called
“rotary traverse drums”. Because of these drums, power consumption and cost of the machine are
reduced and can run at higher winding speeds.
PASSAGE OF YARN THROUGH CIMMCO GWALIOR CONE WINDING MACHINE
Passage: Yarn from spinning cop-over balloon breakerthrough thread guide and tensioner through waxer and slub
catcher-over broken thread stop motion wire-through grooves in drum -on to cone. Spinning cops are mounted on
pegs of a creel consisting of a lengthy rod extending to the entire length of the machine. It is a double sided machine
having 120 drums. The yarn from spinning cop
(A) is passed over a balloon breaker B.

The objects of balloon breaker are:

1) To avoid snarls or loops. This is formed due to high speed unwinding.
2) To reduce tension in the material while unwinding at a high speed. When the yarn is passed over balloon breaker,
the successive balloons are broken and so snarls or loops are avoided. It also reduces tension in the yarn. The yarn is
then passed through tensioner C.

The objects of tensioner are:

I) To control package density. (Compact or Soft)
2) To remove the adhering impurities present in the the yarn.
3) To remove weak places or thin places present in the yarn.

The tensioner is of metal discs and are placed one over the other. The yarn is passed through the nip of discs. A short
spindle (D) is used to carry spare washers (E) for giving different tensions to different yarns. According to
specifications, 10% of single yarn strength is applied as tension weight. The washers are of different colours, so that
the winder can change different washers for different counts.

Genra1ly for coarse yarns more weight is applied. For finer counts less weight is applied. The spindle is bent in an
inverted ‘U’ form to carry the reserve washers.
Then the yarn is passed through a waxer (F). The waxer conists of two cups. The wax is placed on the bottom cup; the
cup is carrying a short spindle to carry the wax. Yam is passed between the wax and bottom cup and so a wax coating
is applied on the yarn. This is required for cones used for knitting machines.

The objects of waxer are

(1) To produce stronger, smoother yarn

(2) To produce rounder and regular yarn.

This enables the yarn to pass freely in knitting machine needles so that friction is reduced. Hence yarn breakages are
reduced. Then the yarn is passed over slub catcher (M) to arrest slubs, neps and thick places.

Then the material is passed over a broken thread stop motion wire (G). It is used to lift the cone from the surface of
revolving drum when an end breaks (or) exhausts. Then the yarn is passed through the grooves of the drum (H) and
then on to the cone (I). The grooves are used to traverse the yarn from one side to another side. Cone is placed on a
cone holder. Paper cone is normally used for winding yarn. A ring (J) at the top of the holder is used to find the full
cone.

These machines are running at low speeds up to 500 YPM. A conveyor is used to carry empty cops and is deposited
to a box at the end of conveyor belt. A carriage is used for holding full cops.

PASSAGE OF YARN THROUGH A HIGH SPEED CONE WINDING MACHINE (ROTOCONER)

Passage: Yarn from ring cop (or) Spinning cop-Through TensionersThrough slub catcher-over stop motion wire-
through grooves in grooved drum-on to cone. The Supply packages in the form of spinning cop (A) is mounted in an
upright position by means of a peg on the creel. The creel consists of a horizontal rod extends to the entire length of
the machine. At regular intervals according to number of drums, number of pegs are mounted. On the pegs, the cops
are placed. The yarn from the cop is passed through tensioner (B). But some high speed winders are having ballon
breakers. The object is to ‘break the balloons touching with each other when unwinding is carried out.

Otherwise there are chances of snarls or loop formation. In Rotoconer, the distance between the cop and the
tensioner is less and hence the ballooning is avoided.

The tensioning device consists of a pair of metal washers (or) discs fitted loosely on a short spindle. The amount of
tension imparted on the yarn is depending upon count of yarn processed. Generally for coarse yarns, more tension
weight is applied. For finer yarns, less tension weight is applied. This is mainly according to 10% of single yarn
strength .

The objects of tensioners are:

i) To control package density so that it will be suitable for unwinding in the next machine.
ii) To remove weak places.
iii) To remove adhering impurities present in the yarn.

The yarn is then passed through slub catcher (c) The slub catcher is having blades which are set according to the
count (or) diameter of yarn. The object of slub catcher is to catch slubs , neps and thick places present in the yarn.

The yarn is then passed over broken thread stop motion wire (D). When an end breaks (or) the yarn in the supply cop
becomes exhausted the stop motion works. This stop motion in turn raises the cone from the revolving winding
drum.

Lastly the yarn is passed through the grooves of the winding drum (B) and on to the paper cone. The drum shafts are
provided with ball bearings to get smooth rotations. Number of drums are mounted on drum shaft. The drum shaft is
driven by a motor. The drums are used to wind and the grooves are used to traverse the material. Since the winding
and traversing is carried out simultaneously by the drum, the drum is called Rotary traverse drum. The shape and
depth of grooves governs the shape of cone. The grooves can be shaped to give higher traverse at the base of the
cone than at the nose end. The paper cones are made of hard paper and are mounted on cone holders (F).
Whenever the cone increases in dia , a ring (G) measures the correct weight of cone i.e., when yarn feels the ring, the
winder will remove the cone from cone holders. There are up to 120 drums per machine. It is a double sided
machine. All the 120 units having creel, tensioner, slub catcher, broken thread stop motion etc. The machine is
further fitted with conveyor to carry empty cops and the cops are deposited on to a suitable container kept at the
end of the machine.

AUTOCONER

Introduction

The main objective of spinning is to produce yarn from fiber in textile industry, a bigger package of yarn is formed at
the end with winding machine. It will ultimately lead to loss in production if efficiency or speed of cheese and cone
forming process (ie. winding) is slower. Thus autoconer needs to run efficiently to fulfill all the requirements.

OBJECTS AUTOCONER

 To prepare the bigger package from ring bobbin.

 To remove yarn faults.

 To improve the quality of yarn.

 To wax the material.

Autoconer is a high speed rotary traverse (random winder) produces cones/cheese. Winding speeds 500-1800
mt/min. It is automatic cone/cheese winding machine. Splicer (for knot free yarn) or knotter (fishermen knot) joins
the yarn in case of

a. Yarn break by tensioner

b. Yarn cut by electronic yarn clear
c. Ring tube exhaust
d. Cone/cheese is full.

TYPES OF WINDING

There are two types of winding

1. Spindle drive: Where the spindle upon which the package is placed is driven directly.

2. Friction drive: Where the spindle upon which the package is placed is free to rotate and package is driven through
friction by contact with a driven drum.

WINDING MECHANISM

Each winding unit drums are driven by individual frequency control motors for gradual start-up when setting in
motion. Reverse drive at slow winding speed for searching end during splicing. Pkg. cradle is spindle less with spring
loaded oil damping for min. pkg vibration and pkg. pressure compensation for uniform pkg. density throughout wdg.
A VSS-variable speed system maintains constant yarn tension. Yarn layer displacement of 2 mm reduces hard edges.

PARTS OF THIS MACHINE

Cradle: Its function to provide setting to cone having package holders, it lies on upper part of machine on drum.

Drum: It a polished surface metallice drum slightly cone type. It has cut marks or grooves cut in to it at its surface to
help the cross winding of packages.
Yarn clearer: Its function is to removes the faults such as thin and thick places, neps, hairiness according to the set
value.

Waste suction pipe: During yarn cutting and splicing it suck the waste yarn.

Bobbin plate: The function of plate is to rotate the bobbins one by one.

Bobbin holder: It is a disk type wheel, its functions is to hold the filled bobbins for unwinding process

Wax motor: Its function is to run wax bush continuously.

Wax bush: To provide smooth surface to yarn wax is applied especially to the yarn intended for knitting, the function
of wax bush is to apply wax to yarn to make its hairs sticky.

Suction mouth: When ever yarn breakers during winding the package move in opposite direction with slow speed
during that time it sucks the broken yarn end from the package and take it for splicing.

Retie pipe: It take the yarn end from bobbin toward splicing mechanism.

Splicer: The splicing mechanism performs the knot free joining of the two yarn ends after yarn breakage. Now a days
air splicing is used.

Dust removal unit: It collects the dust and fiber fly.

Traveling cleaner: It moves from one end to another end of machine to remove and suck the dust, fly and other
contaminant particles and keeps winding unit clean.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

• Drum speed – 1300 rpm

• Cone weight (Full) – 2 to 3 kg.
• Cone weight (Empty) – 30 to 35 g.
• Magazine Creel capacity – 6 Ring tubes
• Drum diameter – 3.14 inch

REQUIREMENTS
Winding process should be accurate for accelerate the next fabric manufacturing process. Winding process should
fulfill the following requirements….
• Winding process should be easy.
• Characteristics of the yarn should not be change.
• Winding process should be economical.
• Winding faults should be minimize.
• Yarn package size and shape should be suitable.
• Yarn package should be cheep in cost.
• Avoid excess in looseness or tightness.
• Exact package hardness.
• In winding, yarn knots should be smaller in size and amount of knots should be minimum.
ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS OF AUTOCONE DEPARTMENT
In auto cone department the humidity and temperature are maintained according to the requirements throughout
the year.

CONCLUSION
The aim of the autoconer is to make the wound package as uniform as possible along with achieving higher
production, better quality, and lower power consumption per kg of product and flexibility.