 Significance of managing site and construction equipment's

 Repair and maintenance

 Maintenance types
This Element focuses on three principal goals:
1. Maintain compliance with existing regulations, rules and
performance standards beginning with the site planning process and
extending through the completion of construction.
2. Train staff and the development community, including architects,
engineers, contractors and developers, and others who may perform
tasks, about new regulations, standards and procedures.
3. Ensure program effectiveness through management and
enforcement.
Site management is a key element of the integrated project team.Why:
Access control of workforce. Poor security control ties up the
workforce at the front gates waiting to get in to work
Site management controls the intake and reception of material
deliveries. No materials, no construction
Site management provides facilities (Refreshment, break areas,
work assembly) that allow the workforce to function
Site management provides for the removal of wastes from the site
and provides general cleanliness. (First check for a well-run project
is housekeeping)
Site management coordinates safety among all the participants.
 Good project management in construction must vigorously pursue
the efficient utilization of labor, material and equipment.
 Proper use of the appropriate equipment contributes to economy,
quality, safety, speed and timely completion of a projects.
 15%-30% of total project costs has been accounted towards
equipment and machinery.
 It is therefore important for site manager and construction planner
to be familiar with the characteristics of the major types of
equipment most commonly used in construction.
Use of equipment in construction-
1. Works are progressed efficiently,
2. Quality can be ensured as stated in the specification,
3. Less nos. of workers involved and thereby safety regarding labors is
easier,
4. Wastage of materials is less,
5. Disruption due to labor demands may be less,
6. Precision works can be done,
7. Certain works that needs compaction etc can be obtained without
extra expense as in earth filling,
8. Dangerous works to human can be done safely,
Disadvantage of equipment-
1. It needs operators trained,
2. It cost foreign currency,
3. People become dependants,
4. Environment can be disrupted,
5. Employments can be hampered, because the equipment usually
do more and faster works, whereby labor intensiveness
decreases,
6. Fuels shortage may hamper the construction,
7. Accessible to the site can be a problem for equipment,
8. Equipment transport is difficult in Nepal,
 Economic Consideration
 Company Specific
 Site Specific
 Equipment Specific
 Client and Project Specific
 Manufacturer Specific
 Labor Consideration
 Earthwork Equipment

 Concreting Equipment

 Hoisting Equipment
1. Power shovels.
 Backhoe.
 Front shovel.
2. Dragline.
3. Dozers.
4. Roller Compactor.
5. Scraper
6. Dumper
7. Grader
Backhoe: Backhoe are
mainly used to clean-up
construction areas, to dig
holes in the ground, to
smooth uneven ground, to
make trenched, ditches and
to remove deep roots of the
trees.
Front Shovel: Front shovel
are mainly used for
excavation purpose above
its own track or wheel level.
They are suitable for heavy
positive cutting in all types
of dry soil.
Dragline: Dragline are
used for bulk excavation
below its own track or
wheel level in loose soils,
marshy land and area
containing water and load
into hauling units, such as
trucks or tractor-pulled
wagons, or to deposit it in
levees and spoil banks near
the pits from which it is
excavated.
Dozers: They are used
for moving earth up to
a distance of about
100m and act as a
towing tractor and
pusher to scraper
machine. They can be
track-mounted or
wheel mounted.
WHEEL- CRAWLER
MOUNTED MOUNTED
Advantages claimed for crawler-mounted bulldozer-
a) ability to deliver greater tractive effect, especially operating on soft
footing, such as loose or muddy soil.
b) ability to travel over muddy surface.
c) ability to operate in rocky formation, where rubber tired may be
seriously damaged.
d) ability to travel over rough surfaces, which may reduce the cost of
maintaining haul roads.
e) greater floatation because of the lower pressure under the tracks.
f) greater use versality in jobs.
Roller Compactor: Roller
compactor is mainly used for
compaction of earth and
other materials in large work
of highway, hydropower,
canals and airports .
Three-wheel Roller-
Sheep footed roller-

Sheep footed roller

surface
Scraper: Scraper are used for site levelling, loading, hauling over
distance varying between 150m-900m. They may be towed, two axel
or three axel.
Dumper: It is used for horizontal transportation
of the materials on and off sites. Large capacity
dumpers are used in mines and quarries.
1. Size and type of engine – gasoline, diesel, butane, propane etc,
2. Nos. of gears,
3. Kinds of drives,
4. Nos. of wheels and axles and arrangement of driving wheels,
5. Methods of dumping loads – rear dumps, side dumps,
6. Class of materials hauled – earth, rock, coal ore etc,
7. Capacity in tones,
8. Methods of dumping the loads for rear dump hydraulic or cable.
REAR
LOADING FRONT
LOADING
Grader: It is used for grading and finishing upper surface of the
earthen formation and embankment. They usually operate in the
forward direction.
The selection of earthwork equipment is mainly depends on the
following factors:

 Quantity of materials to be moved

 The available time to complete the work, the job condition

 The prevailing soil types, the swell and compaction factors, etc.

 The job conditions include factors such as availability of loading

and dumping area, accessibility of site, traffic flows and weather

condition at site.
1. Concrete batching and mixing plant

2. Concrete mixers

3. Concrete transit mixers

4. Concrete pumps

5. Concrete vibrators
They are mainly used for weighing and mixing large quantity of
concrete constituents. Capacity:- 20cum/hr-250cum/hr.
They are mainly used for
mixing small quantity of
concrete constituents. Mixer
with hooper lift also available
which helps in mixing and
lifting mixture to concreting
location
Capacity:- 0.2 cum/batch
(Small mixers), 0.2-
0.7cum/batch (large mixers)
They are mainly used
for transporting
concrete from
batching point to
concreting location
Capacity:- 3cum-
9cum
They are used for horizontal
and vertical transportation
of large volumes of
concrete in short duration.
Capacity:- 30cum/hr.
(ordinary construction)
120cum/hr. (specialized
construction).
A device which is used
Needle
to compact concrete
Vibrator
before set. A vibrator is
a construction tool
typically used on
concrete pouring sites.
Types:-
 Internal Vibrator
 Form Vibrator
 Surface Vibrator

Surface Form Vibrator

Vibrator
Selection of concreting equipment can be complicated and difficult.
The decision will involve many issues that have to be analyzed. The
following factors are noteworthy:
1. Site characteristics such as boundary condition, noise limitations
and other restrictions.

2. Equipment availability-local availability of equipment, whether the

contractor owns that equipment
3. Continuity of operation.
4. Effect of permanent work
5.Weather conditions
6. Temporary works
7. Time restrictions
8. Concrete specifications
It constitutes a group of equipment which are employed mainly for
lifting or lowering of unit load and others. This group of equipment’s
can be further sub classified into:-

A. HOISTS B. CRANES
1. Boom hoists 1. Derrick Crane
2. Chain hoists 2. Mobile Crane
3. Electric hoists 3. Tower Crane
4. Tractor hoists
Boom hoists are used to lift weights
on the hooks that are attached to
the special metal ropes designed
to bear maximum loads.
Boom hoist is mostly used as
industrial machine where it loads
the weight on containers.
Chain hoists are quite common
example of hoist system and it can be
seen at most of the construction and
industrial purposes. Basically, chain
hoist consists of chain rope and pulley
that is used to move the load from up
to down.
Electric hoist is modernized from of
chain and boom hoist mostly used in
the industries for fast working.
It is very much popular in material
handling industries because it saves
labor costs by handling maximum
loads at a time with no damage
threats.
Tractor hoist consist of a
boom that is attached with
base of tractor and a hook
with rope is installed on
this boom that can
operated through driver
control.
 Preferable for high-rise
and apartment building.
 Can be used for both long
term and short term
projects.
 Cheaper than mobile and
tower cranes.
 This crane is composed of
a tower that pivots at the
base. The tower is
generally made up of a
web work of steel pipes
and braces, creating a lot
of strength.
 Adequate for all types of
structures (up to 107m).
 Used for shorter projects
duration (less than 4
months).
 Can operate in muddy
terrain but required good
ground conditions.
 Needs adequate
operating clearance.
 Preferable for high-rise (over
107m).
 Used for long projects
duration.
 Considered to be very safe
due to the presence of limit
switches.
 Can operate where ground
conditions are poor.
 Does not need adequate
operating clearance.
Factors affecting the section of cranes 4. Economy
are:-
• Cost of move in, setup, move
1. Building Design out
 Building Height • Cost for rent
 Project Duration • Productivity
2. Capability 5. Site conditions
 Power supply • Soil stability and ground
 Load lifting frequency condition
 Operators visibility • Access road requirement
3. Safety and site accessibility
 Initial planning and engineering • Operating clearance
1. Machine used to
excavate tunnels
with a circular cross
section through a
variety of soil and
rock strata.
2. TBMs have the
advantages of
limiting the
disturbance to the
surrounding ground
and producing a
smooth tunnel wall.
 Sunkoshi Marin Diversion
Multipurpose Project

Bheri Babai Diversion

Multipurpose Project
A construction company can acquire a construction plant and
equipment through

Cash or outright purchase

Renting

Leasing
It is the art of getting things done related to maintenance of
• Plants
• Machineries
• Systems
Maintenance management is an activity to acquire full life utilization
of a facility or equipment at its normally running condition.
Maintenance management for a facility or equipment is required to
prolong its life at running condition. The maintenance at the
beginning may be less required but as the utilization goes on it
requires frequent maintenance to complete its service life.
OBJECTIVES
• Maximizing the life span of plant, machineries or systems and
minimizing wear and tear and deterioration.
• Provide safety measures
• Efficient use of plants and machineries
The following are the importance of maintenance management-
 Preserving company’s investment and prolonging the lives of
aspects to increase the time over which investment provides
service.
 To minimize the loss of productive time and the cost because of
malfunctioning of equipment
 Minimizing the loss of productive time and cost because of
maintenance effects Efficient use of maintenance personnel and
equipment, and
 Preserving company’s investment and prolonging the lives of
aspects to increase the time over which investment provides
service
MAINTENANCE
1. Regular and routine maintenance
• To keep system function efficiently
• Repair and maintenance is carried out on a regular basis
through out the year
• Small repairs are taken out quickly after identifying them.
• Well-routine maintenance saves scarce resources for future
maintenance.
2. Periodic Maintenance
• For the large scale to medium scale works –eg. Repair of houses
• It is carried out by preparing drawings and estimates after
close supervision on repair and maintenance work listening me
3. Diagnostic maintenance
Without proper management, failure may occur therefore, the
following points should be taken into consideration:
• Categorizing maintenance work
• Prioritization
• Planning for maintenance work- routine months work
• The provision work must be completed before planning future
work
• Use of optimum cycle of maintenance for cost effectiveness
Budgeting of maintenance work
• Every year budget is prepared for the coming year and some
maintenance work can be deferred. Items not falling on critical path
can be categorized into deferred maintenance
• Regular budget is prepared for regular works like painting, fuel etc.
• Budget for periodical maintenance
• 10% budget is reserved for emergency maintenance.

TYPES OF MAINTENANCE
1. Break down or corrective maintenance
2. Preventive maintenance
3. Project maintenance
4. Scheduled maintenance
 TYPES OF MAINTENANCE

1. BREAK DOWN OR CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE

 Without prior notice, sometimes machine may breakdown, in such
cases breakdown must be notified and should be taken to prevent
such failure
Causes
 Failure to replace workout parts under maintenance
 Lack of lubrication
 Vibration
 Improper cooling system
 External factors such as too low or high voltage
 TYPES OF MAINTENANCE

Effects of plant breakdown

 Loss of production time
 Wastage of material
 Failure to recover overhead
 Higher overtime payment needed for maintenance staff sub-
controlling and temporary work survey is needed for
overcoming such breakdown.
 TYPES OF MAINTENANCE
2. PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
 Before arising any damages, the machine is inspected timely with
preventive repairs thus avoiding any serious machine failure and
maintaining the continuity of production.
 Preventive maintenance includes routine inspection includes
adjustments, minor & major replacement, schedule or non
schedule maintenance, diagnostic, maintenance cost,
management & financing
Importance
 To keep costly equipment in good running condition
 To avoid breakdown of machine which would otherwise cause
loss in production
 Avoid frequent repairs causes by improper maintenance
 TYPES OF MAINTENANCE
3. PROJECT MAINTENANCE
The efficiency and productivity of the machine adds to its reliability
in cost effective management.
 Maintenance planning + control
 Keep standard by using appropriate maintenance system. Reduce
man hours 10-12 % by planned maintenance
 Complete plan for maintenance
 Scheduling,
 method of evaluation
 Recording results
 TYPES OF MAINTENANCE

4. SCHEDULED MAINTENANCE
It is a predetermined/planned periodic overhaul to avoid or minimize
breakdown. It includes
 Inspection
 Lubrication
 Repairs
 Overhauling of equipment
 MAINTENANCE
PLANT MAINTENANCE PROCEDURE
 Program planning
 Maintaining scheduling
 Work specification
 Requisition
 Ratio of planned and unplanned work
 Reliability
 Trend of spare part, equipment failure pattern

Inspection report and internal audit

• Safety-guard, protective measure
• Planned maintenance & repair
 MAINTENANCE
COST OF MAINTENANCE
 Spare Parts
 Labor
 Downtime(Production Time)
 Overhead
 Consumables
 Hand Tool, power tools and Equipment.

COST OF MAINTENANCE & REPAIR

 Depends upon different types of equipment on total service
assigned and care it receives.
 Annual cost of maintenance and repair is expressed in % of
annual cost and depreciation.
 END
OF
CHAPTER SEVEN