STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME

[S.I.W.E.S]

REPORT OF WORKDONE

AT

APEX CONSTRUCTION COMPANY

17. BUSTOP GATE IMMIGRATION OFFICE, IBADAN OYO STATE.

BY

OKE VICTOR OLUSEGUN

2023233090017

SUBMITTED TO

THE POLYTECHNIC IBADAN

DEPARTMENT OF QUANTITY SURVERING

IBADAN,

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

NATIONAL DIPLOMA (N.D) IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

15th AUGUST TO DECEMBER 2024

 DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to Almighty God who gave me the strength, Health and knowledge to

complete this Industrial Training.

 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this report was carried out by OKE VICTOR OLUSEGUN with matric

number 2023233090017. In the Department of QUANTITY SURVEYING, The Polytechnic,

Ibadan, Ibadan Oyo state under the supervision of

______________________ ____________________

QS ALLIM Date

Supervising lecturer

______________________ ____________________

QS ABIDOYE Date

Head of Department
 DEDICATION

This SIWES report is dedicated to Almighty God, the author and Finisher of my faith for giving

me the opportunity to undergo this training successfully.

It is also dedicated to my parents on person of Mr. and Mrs. Oke who is always there for me.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This four months training was completely a success and this would not have been

without some people whose initial and constant support was the key to the success of my

program. I hereby wish to acknowledge the following people for their immense support

through the period of training.

Secondly, My Training Supervisor Ar-rayyan who did not stop helping me at

professional level but was like a father to me.

His patience, Will to teach, and understanding was key to a training full of valuable

experiences as our close relationship enabled me to ask questions regularly and get answers

despite His very busy work schedule.

His support was highly invaluable to my training and I pray that God will forever

continue to bless Him.

Thirdly, All the workers I met at the various sites I worked, their open mindedness and

willingness to answer questions and explain terms was very helpful in understanding the

building construction process and meaning of terms in construction as used by

nonprofessionals.

Finally, the entire staff of Apex Construction Company and all my friends who were always

encouraging and advising me, May God bless them all.

 ABSTRACT

This technical report is written on the knowledge acquired during the four months student

industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) at The Polytechnic, Mechanic Workshop, The

Polytechnic poly road Ibadan, Oyo state.

The report started with the introduction to SIWES, its aims and objectives, the Institute’s profile.

Thereafter, it discusses the theoretical and technical background of the various training

undergone, Knowledge acquired and the contributions made to the institute, the conclusion and

recommendation to the authority and my fellow student were also highlighted.

 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 SIWES INTRODUCTION

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF SIWES

1.3 BENEFITS OF THE SIWES
1.4 SIWES GUIDELINES
1.5 The Quantity Surveying Profession
1.6 QUANTITY SURVEYING
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ATTACHMENT
2.2 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE ESTABLISHMENT
2.3 CONSTRUCTION WORKERS
2.4 STAFF CADRE
2.5 VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS/UNITS AND THEIR FUNCTION
2.6 SPECIFIC PLACES POSTED DURING THE COURSE OF ATTACHMEN
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE
3.1 SETTING OUT
3.2 CONSTRUCTION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBER
3.3 SLAB
3.4 COLUMN
3.5 BEAM
3.6 CONSTRUCTION OF STAIRS
3.7 CONSTRUCTION OF UNDERGROUND WATER TANK
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 CONCLUSION
4.1 RECOMMENDATIO

4.2 PROBLEM ENCOUNTER

 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 SIWES INTRODUCTION

The students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a Skills Training Programme

designed to expose and prepare students of Universities, Polytechnics/Colleges of

Technology/Colleges of Agriculture and Colleges of Education for the Industrial Work

situation they are likely to meet after graduation. The scheme also affords students the

opportunity of familiarizing and exposing themselves to the needed experience in handling

equipment and machinery that is usually not available in their Institutions.

Before the establishment of the scheme, there was a growing concern among our

Industrialists that graduates of our Institutions of Higher learning lacked adequate practical

background studies preparatory for employment in Industries. Thus, the employers were of the

opinion that the theoretical education going on in higher institutions was not responsive to the

needs of the employers of labour.

It is against this background that the rationale for initiating and designing the scheme by the

Fund during its formative years – 1973/74 was introduced to acquaint students with the skills

of handling employers’ equipment and machinery.

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF SIWES

The industrial training is a training which forms part of the approved minimum academic
standards for the various degree programmes in Nigerian universities.
The programme is aimed at bridging the gap between theory and practice in learning, and
helps students to gain practical experience in their different fields of study.
The training exposes students to work methods, work safety, and equipment’s in their different
fields. This experience also helps prepare the student for ready absorption into the labour
market.
The objectives and importance of industrial training attachment is as follows:
Objectives:
o To enable students acquire industrial skills and experience in their course of study so as to
comprehend the knowledge already obtained in class.
o To prepare students for the work situation they will be facing after graduation.
o To strengthen employers involvement in the entire educational process of preparing
university graduates for employment in industry.
o Gives students opportunity to appreciate what they have learnt in class by allowing them
apply theoretical knowledge in real life.
o Helps students better understand different work methods and get insight about professional
practice.
o Enhance student’s understanding of organizational and group processes

Importance:
o Helping students with gain inter-personal skills, such relationship with co- workers.
o It provides students the opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in real life
situations.
o It strengthens the relationship between employers, universities and industrial training fund.
o It also prepares students for labour market after graduation.

 Provide an avenue for students in institutions of higher learning to acquire industrial skills
and experience in their course of study, which are restricted to Engineering and
Technology including Environmental studies and other courses that may be approved.
Courses of NCE (Technical), NCE Agriculture, NCE (Business), NCE (Fine and
Applied Arts) and NCE (Home Economics) in Colleges of Education are also included.
 Prepare students for the industrial work situation they are to meet after graduation.
 Expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and machinery that
may not be available in their institutions.
 Make the transition from school to the world of work easier, and enhance student’s contacts
for later job placement;

1.3 BENEFITS OF THE SIWES

Below are the highlights of some of the benefits derived from SIWES;
 The scheme also provides opportunity for industries to evaluate the prospective employers
and give healthy feedback to Institutions.
 Many students also have been gainfully employed through this method as students with
exceptional good skills and experience could be recalled to take on employment through the
scheme which in turn reduces the number of unemployed graduates in the country.
 The successful operations of the SIWES provide an opportunity for the government to
reduce the importation of expatriate Engineers, Technologist and other Professional
Personnel.

1.4 SIWES GUIDELINES

By the Federal Government of Nigeria through the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) lists’ the
qualities that any selected industrial attachment station must;
 Provide satisfactory working environment.
 Provide experience which is in line with the student course of study.
 Provide supervisors from the employer.
 Provide opportunity to gain experience in various ways.
 Use various facilities and equipment’s appropriate for the various works.

1.5 The Quantity Surveying Profession

Quantity Surveying is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design,
construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works
like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings. It is traditionally broken into several sub-
disciplines including environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, geophysics,
geodesy, control engineering, structural engineering, transportation engineering, earth science,
atmospheric sciences, forensic engineering, municipal or urban engineering, water resources
engineering, materials engineering, offshore engineering, quantity surveying, coastal
engineering, surveying, and construction engineering. Civil engineering takes place on all
levels: in the public sector from municipal through to national governments, and in the private
sector from individual homeowners through to international companies.

1.6 QUANTITY SURVEYING

In general, Quantity Surveying is concerned with the overall interface of human created fixed
projects with the greater world. General civil engineers work closely with surveyors and
specialized Quantity Surveying to fit and serve fixed projects within their given site,
community and terrain by designing grading, drainage, pavement, water supply, sewer service,
electric and communications supply, and land divisions. General engineers spend much of
their time visiting project sites, developing community consensus, and preparing construction
plans. General civil engineering is also referred to as site engineering, a branch of civil
engineering that primarily focuses on converting a tract of land from one usage to another.
 CHAPTER TWO

2.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ATTACHMENT

ADEX CONSTRUCTION COMPANY is a distinctive all-encompassing Quantity Surveying

and construction, located at No 17, Bus- stop gate immigration office Ibadan Oyo State

ADEX has been involved in the construction of impressive structures all over this great

country

ADEX professionals are very meticulous in the accurate interpretation of Architect’s design

and also pay strict attention to details, these coupled with our prompt completion delivery of

project has earned us a good name in the industry.

2.2 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE ESTABLISHMENT

ADEX CONSTRUCTION COMPANY
ADEX CONSTRUCTION. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
2.3 CONSTRUCTION WORKERS
Construction on site normally falls into three categories: skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled
workers. The skilled workers, or trades people, are employees who have training in specific
areas of construction like plumbing, electrical, concrete and carpentry work. The semi-skilled
workers, often referred to as apprentices, work alongside the skilled workers to learn a specific
trade and provide a helping hand. The unskilled workers, or laborers, perform a lot of the grunt
work on a job site. These workers do tasks such as keeping the site clean and moving
equipment and supplies to where the skilled workers have easy access to the materials they
need to perform their jobs.

2.4 STAFF CADRE

ADEX CONSTRUCTION COMPANY presently has staff strength of 60 at the ongoing
construction of warehouse which can be analyzed as follows;
STRENGHT OF SITE STAFF
SITE PERSONEL/WORKMEN
Project Engineer 1
Site Engineer 2
Site Quantity Surveyor 1
Store Keeper 1
Foremen 1
Machine Operator 6
Electrician 1
Mechanic 1
Surveyor 2
Masons 8
Carpenter 8
Iron bender 6
Labour 20
Security guards 2
Total 60

2.5 VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS/UNITS AND THEIR FUNCTION

Quantity surveying (Site Engineer): The construction Site engineer will oversee the
construction activities that take place on the worksite and will be involved in the supervision of
general contractors, subcontractors and community partners.

FUNCTION
I. Meets operational standards by contributing construction information to strategic plans and
reviews implementing production, productivity, quality, and customer- service standards:
resolving problems; identifying construction management system improvement.
II. Meets construction budget by monitoring project expenditures; identifying variances;
implanting corrective actions.
III. Accomplishes construction project results by defining project purpose and scope;
calculating resources required; establishing standards and protocols; allocating resources;
scheduling and coordinating staff and sub-contractors; evaluating milestone assumption and
conclusions; resolving design problems; evaluating and implementing change orders.
IV. Approves construction projects by conducting inspections at critical phases; obtaining
approval buyers.
V. Make suggestions and recommendations for repair.
 Quantity Surveying: A quantity surveying is a profession working within the construction
industry concerned with construction costs and contracts.

FUNCTION
I. Cost planning and commercial management during the entire life cycle of the project from
inception to completion.
II. Value engineering
III. Risk management and calculation
IV. Procurement advice and assistance during the tendering procedures
V. Commercial management and contract administration
VI. Cost management process
VII. Claim the extra cost of the design variation
 Building Surveying: otherwise known as “lay-out” or “setting-out” is to stake out reference
points and markers that will guide the construction of new structures such as roads or
buildings. Surveying equipment, such as levels and theodolites, are used for accurate
measurement of angular deviation, horizontal, vertical and slope distances.
The builder’s or dumpy level measures neither horizontal nor vertical angles. It simply
combines a spirit level and telescope to allow the user to visually establish a line of sight along
a level plane. When used together with a graduated staff it can be used to transfer elevations
from one location to another.

FUNCTION
I. Construction design and building works.
II. Building surveys and measured survey.
III. Handling planning applications
IV. Building inspection to ensure compliance with building regulations.
 Masonry unit: is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together
by mortar; the term masonry can also refer to the units themselves. The most common
materials of masonry construction are brick, stone, marble, granite, travertine, limestone, cast
stone, concrete block, glass block, stucco, tile, and cob.
FUNCTION
I. Laying of blockwall.
II. Casting of reinforced concrete.
III. Rendering/plastering of wall, slab etc.
 Carpentry unit: this is a skilled section in which the primary work performed is the cutting,
shaping and installation of building materials during construction of buildings, ships, timber
bridges, concrete formwork etc.

FUNCTION
I. They shape or cut materials to specified measurements, using hand tools, machines, or power
saw.
II. Study specifications in blueprints, sketches or building plans to prepare project layout and
determine dimensions and materials required.
III. Assemble and fasten materials to make framework or props, using hand tools and wood
screws, nails, dowel pins, or glue.
IV. Verify trueness of structure, using plumb bob and level.
V. Measure and mark cutting lines on materials, using ruler, pencil, chalk, and marking gauge.
 Iron bending & welding unit: the welding units are specialize in welding materials together.
The term welder refers to the operator; the machine is referred to as the welding power supply.
The materials to be joined can be metals (such as steel, aluminum, brass, stainless steel etc).
While iron bending units are specialize in cutting, bending and tightening of iron bars together,
with the use of a hacksaw, disc cutting machine etc

FUNCTION
I. Cutting and binding of iron bars in slab, beams, and columns.
II. Square up and weld various geometries of components.
2.6 SPECIFIC PLACES POSTED DURING THE COURSE OF ATTACHMENT
Quantity Surveying Department
ROLES
 Calculating the total numbers of iron bars needed in slab, beams and columns.
 Supervising the laying and binding of iron bars in slab, beams and columns.
 Supervising the casting of slab, beams and columns.
 Supervising the setting out and laying of block walls.
 Quantity surveying Department

ROLES
 Measuring the volume/area of work done.
 Quantify the value of work.
 Building surveying Department
ROLES
 Taking levels and slopes.
 Setting out of foundation trenches.
 Marking out of windows and doors opening.
 Marking out of columns.
 Masonry unit

ROLES
 Laying of block walls.
 Casting of slab, beams and columns.
 Rendering/plastering of walls, slabs, beams and columns.
 Carpentry unit
ROLES
 Preparing the form work for slab, beams and columns.
 Verify trueness of structure, using plumb bob and level.
 Measure and mark cutting lines on materials, using ruler, pencil, chalk, and marking guage.
 Iron bending and welding unit
FUNCTION
 Arrangement and binding the iron bars/reinforcement in slab, beams and columns.
 Cutting and welding of iron bars.

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE

As a student who underwent Industrial training at Apex Construction Company. I was exposed
to a standard Quantity Surveying practices during the construction of a 3 bay warehouse. Some
projects executed at Apex Construction Company ensured that staff worked in teams; hence, I
acquired the ability to be
a good team player.
The various activities which I undertook in the course of my industrial training are majorly
Construction Activities. During the course of my training, I was opportune to take part in the
following activities under the strict supervision and guidance of my immediate supervisor who
took it upon himself to ensure the success of the programme. Below are the analysis of my
construction activities and experience gained:

3.1 SETTING OUT

Before excavating for foundations, forming building platforms or removing topsoil to cleared
ground level, the proposed building must be ‘set out’. This involves working out the location
and relative height and size of the building on site.
Procedure
I. From the plan, the centre line of the walls is calculated. Then the centre lines of the rooms
are set out by setting perpendiculars in the ratio 3:4:5. Suppose the corner points
are: a, b, c, d, e, f and g which are marked by pegs with nails on top.
II. The setting of the corner point is checked according to diagonals ac, bd, cf and eg.
III. During excavation, the centre points a, b, c, d, e, f, g may be removed. Therefore the
centre lines are extended and the centre points are marked about 2m away from the outer edge
of excavation. Thus, the points A1, A2, B1, B2 and likewise, are marked outside the trench.
Centre line is shown clearly by stretching string line. The centre points fixed 2m away from the
excavation are marked with sit out pegs.
IV. From the plan details, the width of exaction to be done is also marked by string line with
pegs at appropriate positions.
V. The excavation width is then marked by lime or by with furrow with spade.
VI. If the plan is much to complicate and follows a zigzag pattern, then the centre pegs are kept
at suitable positions according to site conditions.

3.2 CONSTRUCTION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBER

A reinforced concrete structural member may be subjected to any (or all, in worst condition) of
the structural failures – flexural, buckling, shear or torsion – depending on the type of member
it is and its location in the structure. Thus, it is imperative to understand the
importance/necessity of the various structural members, which are briefly outlined in this
section as follows:

3.3 SLAB
A slab is a reinforced concrete member that, more often than not, is subjected to shear
(Oyenuga,
op. cit.). Because slab is generally a horizontal member, its design centres more on flexure
rather than direct shear.
Generally, slabs are similar to beams except that:
 a width of 1.0m is generally assumed to as to make for a simplified design
 the section is usually rectangular, hence no flanges
 Shear is generally not considered unless where concentrated or point loads predominate,
and the slab is thicker than 200mm.
There are various types of slab, and the type to be preferred may depend on: (i) the span of the
slab, (ii) the use of the space, which may determine the span, (iii) the load to be carried, and
(iv) the architectural aesthetics required.
The various types include:
 Solid slab (cantilever, simply-supported, continuous, one-way, and two-way)
 Ribbed slab
 Flat slab
 Waffle slab
Slab directly carries the load imposed on it and its own self-weight (all in the form of
uniformly distributed loads) and is supported by walls, beams and/or columns. Solid slabs are
the commonest, especially in residential areas.
Procedure for Construction of Slab
A concrete slab may be prefabricated or in situ. In situ concrete slabs are built on site using
formwork – a type of boxing into which the wet concrete is poured. If the slab is to be
reinforced, the rebars are positioned within the formwork before the concrete is poured in.
plastic tipped metal, or plastic bar chairs are used to hold the rebar away from the bottom and
sides of the formwork, so that when the concrete sets it completely envelops the reinforcement.
For a ground slab, the formwork may consist only of sidewalls pushed into the ground. For a
suspended slab, the formwork is shaped like a tray, often supported by a temporary scaffold
until the concrete sets.
The formwork is commonly built from wooden planks and boards, plastic or steel. On
commercial building sites today, plastic and steel are more common as they save labour. On
low- budget sites, for instance when laying a concrete garden path, wooden planks are very
common.
After the concrete has set the wood may be removed, or left there permanently.

3.4 COLUMN
Primarily, columns are compression members, although some may be subjected to bending
either due to their slenderness or due to their asymmetric loading from beams (Oyenuga, op.
cit.). Reinforced concrete columns are generally either rectangular in cross-section with
separate links, or circular – and, in some cases, polygonal.
Fundamentally, columns can be categorised as:
 Axially loaded column – when it supports approximately symmetrical beam arrangement.
 Uniaxial column – when it supports direct loading and bending in one direction.
 Biaxial column – when it supports a concentric loading and bending acting about two axes
that are mutually at right angles.
Also, columns can be classified based on its end conditions as:
 Braced column – when wall, bracing or buttressing, designed to resist all lateral forces in
that plane, laterally supports it.
 Unbraced column – when it is not laterally supported by wall, bracing or buttressing.
Procedure for Construction Column
I. Foundation:
The construction process of foundation is as follows:
 Excavating the earth from foundation.
 Laying of cement concrete in foundation (blinding).
 Placing steel bar net in footing as per design and also placing vertical bars of column in
footing on the steel bar net as per design.
 Laying form work in footing.
 Laying cement concrete 1: 1.5: 3 or 1: 2: 4 in footing up to required height as per design.
 Curing work and refilling of earth around footing.
(See Appendix C)
II. Super Structure:
After the construction of footing and pedestal the construction of column is started. The
process of construction is following:
 Tie up all rings around and into vertical steel bars according to design.
 Fix form work of required size with vertical steel bars.
 Lay cement concrete in formwork according to design.
 Take proper curing of RCC column.
(See Appendix C)

3.5 BEAM
This is a horizontal member of the whole structure with a rectangular cross-section usually. It,
in most cases, supports the loads on the slab, the self-weight of the slab, and its own self-
weight – all of which are transmitted to the nearest vertical member, such as column or wall
(load- bearing). Beams, generally, resist flexural loading.
Procedure for the Construction Beam
The ground beam construction will be started after a column stump has finish. After the
column stump has ingrained in foundation and has corpulent on level as wanted. Beam
formwork will put and pointed stake set in the ground with tidy so that it will look tough and
strengthened.
Strength of formwork is important to ensure that formwork will not expand when a concrete
will instill. If formwork is not good, it will give a problem and the construction work will have
much time.

3.6 CONSTRUCTION OF STAIRS

Procedure in the Construction of stairs
 Calculate the Stairs' Dimensions Stairs consist of a riser, the vertical face, and the tread, the
part you step on. Calculate the elevation, the height of one floor to the other. This number is
the total riser to the stairs. Measure the horizontal distance the staircase will span. Measure the
width of each step from left to right in the area where the staircase will go.
 Determine the Dimensions of the Staircase's Foundation When building concrete steps, you
will need a foundation: a slab of concrete poured to a depth of several inches below the grade
level (check local building codes).

3.7 CONSTRUCTION OF UNDERGROUND WATER TANK

Procedure
 Excavation of pit for the construction of the water tank.
 Installation of formwork/shutter ready to receive concrete
 Construction of the reinforced concrete raft foundation, columns, walls and roof slab with
ready-made concrete transported to site as required.
 Steel reinforcement fixing in accordance with the design details provided by the client and
to approval.
 Effective water proofing treatment – provide details of the proposal
 Water supply and distribution pipe connections including to the existing electrical pumps.

CONSTRUCTION OF SEPTIC TANK AND SOAK AWAY

Procedure
 Determine the location and depth of your septic tank. The local building codes will
establish the fall of the sewage pipe that runs from the house to the intake outlet on the septic
tank. In addition, comply with the required fall of the water discharge pipe from the septic tank
to the lateral leech fields. A survey crew will assess the property grade to determine the
location.
 Excavate the pit where you will pour the concrete tank. A backhoe will remove the soil
from the pit and will dig trenches to install the piping to and from the septic tank.
 Fill the bottom of the pit with at least 6 inches of sand or gravel. This will stabilize the base
beneath the septic tank to reduce the possibility of shifting or cracking.
 Form and pour the floor of the tank first, inserting steel reinforcement to meet or exceed
your local codes. During the floor pour, install the vertical steel rebar that will reinforce the
tank walls. By inserting the bars into the wet concrete floor, you provide a strong structural
connection between the walls and the floor.

Activities carried out:

Working under a quantity surveyor who also happens to be the contractor in the various
projects I was maximally exposed to quantity surveying techniques and building construction
process.
I was assigned to supervise works at the construction sites, this involved making sure that work
starts at the right time, there is no wastage of material, labour is being fully utilized. And I was
obliged to give work report to my supervisor who is also the contractor when he comes to site,
this helps him ascertain what happened in site so as to know how to address any issue. I was
also assigned sometimes to payment of workers at the end of each day, payments are normally
done on site at the end of the day. Payments are done on the basis of either fixed (day pay) or
per unit work completed.
At the later stage of my training I was transferred to the office where i was involved in the
process of preparing of bills of quantities, Exact tasks carried out included measurement of
building works, Squaring of bills of quantities, entering of rates into unpriced bills and
preparing of unpriced BOQ.
The works I measured included fence works, a bungalow and a one story office block. In each
case I was given the necessary drawings and I was also required to prepare an unpriced bill of
quantity for each one. Below are some of the works I measured and their corresponding units
of measurement.
 Trench excavation ..............m 3
 Blockwork ..........................m 2
 Reinforcement .....................m
 Concrete work .....................m 3
 Formwork ...........................m 2
The tools I used in carrying out tasks both in site and office includes:
o Drawings
o Measuring tape
o Calculator
o Pen and paper
o Scale rule
o BESMM/SM
M
o Meter rule

Building construction terms and techniques:

Setting out:
Setting out of building is the process of transferring what is on plan to ground. Setting out
comes after site must have been cleared and over site excavation completed. It is usually the
contractors responsibly to carry out the setting out activity.
During my training i was opportune to witness the setting out of a 1 story building
Excavation: Excavation in construction means the removal of earth to form a cavity in the
ground, the basic types of excavation as seen during training are;
a) Oversite excavation: this is the removal of topsoil which includes plants, animals and
decaying matter which makes the soil compressible, thus unsuitable to support building. Its
depth can vary, but usually 150mm is the minimum used. b) Reduce level excavation: this is
the excavation done below oversite to get a uniform level on which to build, this is called
formation level and can include both cutting and filling operation.
c) Trench excavation: this is the excavation done normally for strip foundation, its depth can
range from 450-2000mm and its width is always 3times the size of block. 150mm block for
450mm width excavation and 225mm bock for 675mm width excavation.

Block work:
This is the process of laying concrete masonry units to form either external walls or internal
walls as partitions. These masonry units are commonly hollow sand- crete blocks which are
much economical per unit of wall area.
Load bearing walls are usually 225mm while non-load bearing walls are usually
150mm.
Concrete works:
 Concrete: this is a mixture of cement, sand, aggregate and water in a measured and
controlled proportion, concrete can be of different mixes, the mixes used on site during
training includes 1:2:4, 1:3:6, and sometimes 1:3:5.
 Formwork: formwork is a temporary mould in which concrete is casted and is removed
after the concrete sets:
 Reinforcement bars: Concrete has no useful tensile strength and is limited in its structural
uses. Steel reinforcement bars are used in concrete columns, beams, and slabs. Reinforcement
bars have various diameter sizes. They come in 12mm, 16mm 18mm, 20mm 24mm 30mm and
32mmdiameter sizes.
 Casting: casting is the process of pouring concrete mix into a mound or form laid with
reinforcement bars to form a solid mass structure.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 CONCLUSION

During the period of this Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme {SIWES} training, I am
able to connect a distribution board, connect a prepaid meter, erect and wire a pole, and also to
repair electronics gadgets.

4.1 RECOMMENDATION

1. School should make SIWES compulsory for every student.

2. Student should defend their SIWES after completion.
 3. Supervisor should always visit student monthly in their various places of attachment.
4. Student must be paid at the end of their SIWES .
5. SIWES should be made a four unit course.

4.2 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTER: NONE