Presented By:

GAZMEN MAYLENE
TRINIDAD HYDIE
CIMATU PRINCES
 BY THE END OF THIS LESSON, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

B. aims to recognize C. By studying artworks,

art as a form of viewers can gain insights
A. Explore how art
cultural expression into universal themes such
reflects and shapes as love, loss, identity,
that conveys emotions,
cultural identities and resilience, fostering
beliefs, and
and histories perspectives across empathy and understanding
different societies of diverse human
and historical periods experiences.
Humanities, those branches of
knowledge that concern
themselves with human beings
and their culture or with
analytic and critical methods
of inquiry derived from an
appreciation of human values
and of the unique ability of
the human spirit to express
itself.
 UNDERSTANDING ART DOES NOT MEAN
YOU HAVE TO ENJOY IT OR LIKE THE
ART AT ALL. UNDERSTANDING THE ART
INVOLVES UNDERSTANDING THE WORLD
VIEW OF THE ARTIST. THIS IS
CRUCIAL BECAUSE KNOWING THE WORLD
VIEW OF A PERSON (THEIR
COMPREHENSIVE CONCEPTION OF THE
WORLD) HELPS US INTERPRET WHAT
THAT PERSONS SAYS AND DOES.
These are the arts that meet the eye and evoke an
emotion through an expression of skill and imagination.
They include the most ancient forms, such as painting
and drawing, and the arts that were born thanks to the
development of technology, like sculpture, printmaking,
photography, and installation art.

Literary art refers to written or oral works

considered an art form, especially prose,
fiction, drama, and poetry. Literature
encompasses all compositions in writing that
preserve observations, thoughts, or
imagination.

Are arts or skills that require a

performance in front of a public
audience. Examples are acting,
singing, and dancing.
1.Personal Function
Are the vehicles for the artists’ expression of their feelings and
ideas. The arts also serve as means of expression for us

2. Social Function
One cannot conceive of a society without art, for art is closely
related to every aspect of social life.

Arts perform a social funtion when:

1.INFLUENCES SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
• It seeks or tends to influence the collective behavior of a
people. (Guernica by Pablo Picasso)

2. DISPLAY AND CELEBATION

• It os crreated to be seen or used primarily in public situation.
3. SOCIAL DESCRIPTION
• It expresses or describes social or collective aspects of
existence as opposoed to individual and personal kind of
experiences.
1.Physical Function
The physical functions of art are often the easiest to understand.
Works of art that are created to perform some service have physical
functions. If you see a Fijian war club, you may assume that however
wonderful the craftsmanship may be, it was created to perform the
physical function of smashing skulls.

A Japanese raku bowl is a piece of

art that performs a physical
function in a tea ceremony.
Conversely, a fur-covered teacup
from the Dada movement has no
physical function. Architecture,
crafts such as welding and
woodworking, interior design, and
industrial design are all types of
art that serve physical functions.
 1. REALISM
Art style that depicts the actuality of what the eyes can see.

Used to describe the works of at which, in revealing a

truth, ay emphasize the ugly or sordid.
Fernando Amorsolo
• He is the most important artist in the history of painting in the
Philippines. He’s works presented “an imagined sense of nationhood in
counterpoint to American colonial rule.”

EXAMPLE:
Filipinos celebrating a
Planting rice Tinikling in Barrio
town fiesta
 2. ABSTRACTION

ABSTRACT- “to move away or separate”

ABSTRACT ARTS is art that does not attempt to represent an accurate depiction
of a visual reality but instead use shape, colours, forms and gestural marks
to achieve it’s effect.

TYPES OF ABSTRACTION
• DISTORTION- is the alteration of the original shape of something.
-it means twisting, stretching, deforming the natural shape of the
object.
• ELONGATION- refers to that which is being lengthened, protraction or
an extension.

• MANGLING- objects are cut, lacerated, mutilated or hacked with

repeated blows.
 3. CUBISM

• it stresses abstract form through the use of cone, cylinder, or spere

that the expense of other pictorial element.

2 MAIN TYPES OF CUBISM

1.Synthetic- is much more energetic, and often makes use of collage, normally
playing cards for musical notation paper.

2. Analytical- is very simple, with dark, almost monochromatic colours.

SYNTHETIC CUBISM ANALYTICAL CUBISM

 ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM

• it is a style of painting in which the painter shows his personality

through spontaneity.
• it is not a painting of an object or image, but instead study in
color and brush stroke.

TYPES OF ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM

1.Action Painting- strives to show paint texture and the movement of the
artists.
2. Color field painting- is concerned with just color the shape

3. SYMBOLISM

• means the systematic use of symbols or pictorial

conventional to express an allegorical meaning

• ”Symbol” is a visible sign of something invisible as an idea or a quality.

4. FAUVISM

• The name Fauves, French for “Wild Beasts”. was given to artists
adhering to this style because it was felt that they used intense
colors in a violent uncontrolled way.
• its aim is to express emotion through color choices.

• Tried to point pictures of comfort, joy and pleasuire.

5. DADAISM

• Dadaism is an art movement which arose in 1916 in Zurich, Switzerland,

and lasted until the mid 1920s. The movement was firmly planted within
the avant-garde, and staunchly rejected any norms of the artistic world
at the time. Pure Dada rebuffs reason, logic, and rationality in favor of
chance. The movement is explicitly political, representing extreme
leftist views, primarily anarchism.
 6. SURREALISM

• is an art and cultural movement that developed in Europe in the

aftermath of World War I in which artists aimed to allow the
unconscious mind to express itself, often resulting in the depiction of
illogical or dreamlike scenes and ideas.

7. EXPRESSONISM

• a style of painting, music, or drama in which the artist or writer seeks

to express emotional experience rather than impressions of the external
world.

8. IMPRESSIONISM

• describes a style of painting developed in France during the mid-to-late

19th century; characterizations of the style include small, visible
brushstrokes that offer the bare impression of form, unblended color and
an emphasis on the accurate depiction of natural light.
 AT THE END OF THIS LESSON, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

B. Write a feature
article about an C. Demonstrate
A. Distinguish artist artist/artisan who appreciation on the
from artisan. has dedicated his/her contribution of an
life to the artist or artisan in
cultivation of the the community.
arts; and
 WHO IS AN ARTISTS?

• Artist work in the fine arts, including painting, illustration, and sculpture.

• Artist transfer their vision to canvases or other medium, and this may mean working
in oil, watercolor or pastel.
• Generally, an artist is defined as an art practitioner who produces or creates
indirectly-functional arts with aesthetic value using imagination.

They produce us pieces s the means of provoking our thought, ideas and emotions that
are necessary to discover ourselves and our feelings.

Job responsibilities of an artist include:

a. Developing ideas for a canvas or product
b. Selecting a medium for a final work, including texture or size, or area
c. Collecting work for a portfolio
d. Applying for grants financial support.
 WHO IS AN ARTISTS?

• Artist work in the fine arts, including painting, illustration, and sculpture.

• Artist transfer their vision to canvases or other medium, and this may mean working
in oil, watercolor or pastel.
• Generally, an artist is defined as an art practitioner who produces or creates
indirectly-functional arts with aesthetic value using imagination.

They produce us pieces s the means of provoking our thought, ideas and emotions that
are necessary to discover ourselves and our feelings.

Job responsibilities of an artist include:

a. Developing ideas for a canvas or product
b. Selecting a medium for a final work, including texture or size, or area
c. Collecting work for a portfolio
d. Applying for grants financial support.
1.FERNANDO CUETO AMORSOLO is one of the
most important artist in the history of
painting in the Philippines. Amorsolo
was a portraitist and painter of rural
Philippine landscapes. He is popularly
known for his craftmanship and mastery
in the use of light.

• A closer look at this work will reveal

brush strokes executed with the ease of
a virtuoso. The featured painting is
considered a masterpiece for the
subtlety of its encoded messages, which,
in this case, has been described as
national pride. This work is a fine
example of this National Artist’s
favorite subject and setting.
2. JUAN LUNA is considered one of the greatest Filipino
artists in Philippine history with masterpieces such as
Spolarium, The Death of Cleopatra and Blood Compact.
Not only did he excel in artistry, but he was also a
political activist during the time of the Philippine
Revolution during the late 19th century. His close
friendship with National Hero Jose Rizal has sparked
Philippine Nationalism and pride. Juan Luna was mostly
known for his works as being dramatic and dynamic,
focusing on romanticism and realism styles of art.

• This is the “Spolarium” by Juan Novicio Luna, as

masterpiece created in 1884. It is one of the prize
possessions of the Philippine National Museum today.
 WHO IS AN ARTISAN?

• Artisan are craftsmen who work in textiles, pottery, glass and other areas. They
are craftsmen who make practical artistic products, such as earrings, urns, stained
glass and other accessories. They gain their knowledge by studying under master
craftsmen and then with continued study.
• Artisans are craftsmen who produce directly functional and or decorative arts. They
help us in meeting our basic needs such as food, clothing, dwelling furniture,
kitchen utensils and everything that makes our life easy are crafted by artisans.

Job responsibilities of an artist include:

a. Using and mixing mediums like paint, metal, glass or fabric.

b. Shaping, gluing sewing, testing and producing products
c. Displaying work at various sites including auctions, craft shows or online markets
d. Estimating costs and material need.
One featured artisan who intended to showcase
Filipino craftsmanship is Tina Maristela Ocampo.
When she first thought of the concept for
Celestina, what she really want was to “bring
whatever here in the Philippines out to the world.
Hence, Celestina would produce find handmade bags
using local indigenous products crafted by
Filipino artisans.
HOW DID GAMBABA ORIGINATE?

• Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan Awards or GAMABA is an award that acknowledges folk

and indigenous artists who despite the modern times, remain true to their
traditions.

• GAMABA began as a project of the Philippine Rotary Club Makati-Ayala. In 1992 it

was adopted by the government and institutionalized Republic Act No. 7355.

• The Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (GAMABA) or the National Living Treasure Award
gives recognition to Filipino traditional craftsmen or artisans whose skills have
reached a high level of technical and artistic excellence and who are tasked to
pass on to the present generation knowledge threatened with extinction.
 WHAT IS NATIONAL ARTISTS?

Who is National Artist?

• A National Artist as a Filipino citizen who has given the rank and title of
National Artist in recognition of his or her significant contributions to the
development of Philippine arts and letters.

What is the Order of National Artists?

• Those who have been proclaimed National Artists are given a Grand Collar
symbolizing their status. Recipients of this Grand Collar make up the Order of
National Artist. The Order of National Artists (Orden ng Gawad ng Pambansang
Alagad ng Sining) is thus a rank, a title, and a wearable award that represents
the highest national recognition given to Filipinos who have made distinct
cntributions in the field of arts and letters,
 Here are some of the more well-known National Artists of the
Philippines

Leandro V. Locsin
(Architecture, 1990)

• A man who believes that the true Philippine Architecture

“is the product of two great streams of culture, the
oriental and the occidental to produce a new object of
profound harmony,”

• Leandro V. Locsin is the man responsible for designing

everything you see at CCP (Complex the cultural center)
of the Philippines, Folk Arts Theatre, Philippine
International Convention Center.
Lino Brocka (Cinema,
1997)

• Catalino “Lino” Ortiz Brocka is known to many as one of, if

not the greatest Filipino director of all time. He espoused
“freedom of expression” throughout all his films, injecting
each and everyone with a social activist spirit. Some of
his well-known works include “Tinimbang Ka Ngunit Kulang
(1974), Maynila sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag (1975) and Insiang
(1976)”, the latter being the first Filipino film to be
shown at Cannes.
 Carlos “Botong”
Francisco (Visual Arts,
1973)

• Hailing from the Art Capital of the Philippines, Angono

native Carlos “Botong” Francisco is known for single-
handedly reviving the modern art of murals through
works that showed slices of the past. He was such a
prolific muralist that he became its most well-known
practitioner for almost 30 years.
 Levi Celerio
(Literature and Music,
1997)

• Levi Celerio, a prolific lyricist and composer, is known for

having effortlessly translating or rewriting lyrics of
Traditional Filipino melodies like “O Maliwanag na Buwan”
(Iloko). “Ako ay may Singsing (Pampango), and “Alibangbang”
(Visaya). He’s also been immortalized in the Guinness Book
of World Records as the only person to make music using just
a leaf.
Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero
(Theater, 1997)

• Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero is a teacher and theater artist who in

his 35 years of teaching, has mentored some of the country’s
best Filipino performing artist, including Joy Virata and
Joone Gamboa. He is also the founder and artistic director
of the UP Mobile Theater, leading the way to the concept of
a theater campus by bringing theater closer to students and
audiences in the countryside.
Leonor Orosa Goquingco

• Leonor Orosa Goquingco is a pioneer Filipino choreographer

known to many as “The Traiblazer,” The Mother of Philippine
Theater Dance,” and “Dean of Filipino Performing Arts
Critics.” She has produced stunning choreographies during
her 50-year career, highlighted by “Filipinescas:
Philippine Life, Legend, and Love, “which elevated native
folk dance to its highest stage of development.
The Order of National Artists is the highest recognition
given by the government to Filipinos who have made
significant contributions to the development of
Philippine arts. The Philippine President names them
based on the recommendations of the National Commission
for Culture and the Arts and the Cultural Center of the
Philippines (CCP).
1. Larry Alcala, National Artist for Visual Arts

• Editorial cartoonist and illustrator Alcala’s pen brought to life the cartoon
series Slice of Life in the Weekend Magazine, Mang Ambo in the Weekly Graphic,
and Kalabog en Bosyo, the first comic strip where characters spoke in Taglish.

2. Amelia Lapeña Bonifacio, National Artist for Theater

• For her work in writing plays, promoting children’s theater, and puppetry,
Bonifacio has been called the “Grande Dame of Southeast Asian Children’s
Theater.”

3. Ryan Cayabyab, National Artist for Music

• “MR. C” is perhaps the most famous Filipino composer in recent history. He has
composed musical scores for award winning films, 10 full-length Filipino
musicals, full-length ballets, a major opera, and a plethora of songs,
including beloved classics like “Tuwing Umuulan at Kapiling Ka” and “Da
Coconut Nut”.
4. Francisco ‘Bobby’ Mañosa, National Artist for Architecture
• If Mañosa is a name unknown to you, the same likely cannot be said of his
iconic works. The architect known for his modern interpretation of Philippine
architectural design and use of indigenous materials is behind the Coconut
Palace, world- famous Amanpulo Resort in Palawan, Pearl farm in Samal Island,
Shangri-La Hotel in Mactan, and the San Miguel building in Mandaluyong, among
others.

5. Resil Mojares, National Arts of Literature

• Mojares is a multi-awarded writer, historian, and literary critic. His works

include “Origins and Rise of the Filipino Novel, The war against Americans,
and books about eminent Filipino such as Vicente Sotto, Pedro Paterno, Isabelo
delos Reyes, and Trinidad Pardo de Tavera.

6. Ramon Muzones, National Artist for Literature

• Muzones is the preeminent name is West Visayan fiction. He is best known for
his Hiligaynon novel Margosatubig: The Story of Salagunting, about a fictional
Muslim state in Mindanao and the struggles of its hero, Salagunting to wrest
it from the clutches of userpers.
7. Kidlat Tahimik, National Artist for Cinema

• Widely regarded as the father of independent Philippine Cinema, kidlat Tahimik

(real name: Eric de Guia) is known for creating films that humorously but
evocatively critique neocolonialism.
 AT THE END OF THIS LESSON, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

A. Distinguish B. Discuss the C. Present a research

representational from different subjects work
non representational used by an artists;
art; and
• Subject in art refers to any person, object, scene, or event described or
represented in a work of art. In the case of a story, poem, or music,
subject is the main idea, character or theme of a composition.

In viewing art, there are clues that mediate between the artwork and the
viewer, allowing the viewer to more easily comprehend what he is seeing.
These clues are the three basic components of a work of art:

• Subject- the visual focus or the image that may be extracted from
examining the artwork; the “what”

• Content- the meaning that is communicated by the artist or the

artwork; “the why”

• Form- the development and configuration of the artwork how the elements
and the medium or material are put together; the “how”
REPRESENTATIONAL ART

• These types of arts have subjects that refer to objects or event occuring in the
real world.
• Also termed Figurative Art because the figures depicted are easy to make out and
decipher.

• Despite not knowing who Mona Lisa is, it is clear

that the painting is of a woman that is
realistically-proportioned;
• Only the upper torso is shown;

• A beguiling and mysterious smile is flashed;

• The background is a landscape

NON-REPRESENTATIONAL ART

• Artforms that do not make a reference to the real world, whether it is a person,
place , thing, or even a particular event.
• It is stripped down to visual elements, such as shapes , lines, and colors that
are employed to translate a particular feeling, emotion, and even concept.

Number 1A
Jackson Pollock
(1948)
 • The meaning or message that is expressed or communicated by the artwork.
• In understanding the content of art, it is important to note that there
are various levels of meaning:

FACTUAL MEANING

• Is the most rudimentary level of meaning. Extracted from the identifiable or

recognizable forms in the artwork.

CONVENTIONAL MEANING

• Pertains to the acknowledged interpretation of the artwork using motifs,

signs, and symbols and other cyphers as bases of its meaning.

SUBJECTIVE MEANING
• When subjectivities are consulted, a variety of meanings may arise when a
particular work of art is read.
• Meaning may not be singular, rather, multiple and varied.
1.Landscape, seascape, and cityscape 2. Still Life

4. Portraits 5 Human Figures

3. Animals
6. Everyday Life 8. Religion and Myth
7. History of Legend

9. Dreams and Fantasies

 AT THE END OF THIS LESSON, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

C. Demonstrate your
A. Distinguish salient B. Create a collage
appreciation of the
characteristics of capturing the way of
different pre-
artworks produced by life of the pre
historic artworks
pre-historic people historic people; and
through
from different
differentiated
countries;
activities.
Prehistoric Arts from the Different Parts of the World

• The prehistoric period covers the three periods of Stone Age (roughly from
14,000-2,000 BCE) which include Paleolithic (Old Stone Age), Mesolithic
(Middle Stone Age) and the Neolithic (New Stone Age).

• Archeological artifacts reveal magnificent artworks found in caves such as

the Hall of Bulls in Lascaux, France during Paleolithic Period. Contours
of animal’s body can be seen in the drawings evoking naturalism. Some sat
that these kinds of caves also found in other parts of the world served as
a kind of sanctuary where religious rituals are performed.

• Development in the civilizations are also seen in the Stonehenge located

in Southern England which until now is a mystery. It purpose is yet
unknown.
1.Chinese Art
• Prehistoric art in China emerged during period 7500BCE to 2000BCE
characterized by a more settled lifestyle based on farming, rearing of
domesticated animals which led them to create crafts such as pottery and
weaving.

2. Egyptian Art
• Egyptian prehistoric art can be described as spiritual and religious.
Tombs were ejected for the pharaohs which shelter them as they journey to
the afterlife.

3. Philippine Art
• The Philippines is known for its Manunggul jar, a burial jar, found in
Palawan in the New Stone Age dated 895-775 BC. It represents the artistry
and understanding of early Filipinos about their belief in the journey
that a soul travels in the so called life after death or “kabilang buhay”.
4. Greek Art
• Prehistoric Greek paintings bear motif of sea and nature during the pre-
Greek period. In the next period Egyptian influence can seen. Prehistoric
sculptures were figures of nude male statues in Daedalic period.

5. Roman Art

• The Roman important contribution to the development of architecture are:

its structural engineering particularly in developing concrete reinforced
by embedded brick arches and powerful materials for creating new vaults.
 As Filipinos, how well do we know about our indigenous art? Do e still traces
of our indigenous designs and motifs in our contemporary arts?

• The Philippine’s unique topography and diverse cultural environment with

the distribution of mixed and indigenous groups resulted to cultural
heterogeneity. The climate (wet or dry), location (sitio, barrio, or
poblacion, cities), topography (mountains, plains, riverbanks, coast)
religion of various beliefs and sects, and membership to cultural groups
from all over the country, all of these have influences in the material
culture that are produced including art.

• Indigenous art are created by the people in the community which often uses
materials found in the locality. These art forms are still created in the
community and has survived as industries for the locals.
1.Pottery

• Pottery is one of the oldest arts which combine design and

function. The Manunggul jar, a burial jar, excavated in
Palawan is an artwork having design of two men rowing a
boat expressing the beliefs of Filipinos that spirits of
the dead travel to the afterlife also expressed in the
Filipino expression “sumakabilang buhay”. More of these
burial jars were also excavated in Cagayan Valley and other
parts of country.

2. Basketry and Mat-Making

• Basketry in known to be older that pottery tradition but

because it is highly perishable most of artifacts cannot be
found in museum displays. With the abundance of materials
such as bamboo, rattan, pandanus, nito and other materials
in the country this is done in almost all parts of the
country. Mats are used to sleep on or to wrap the deads.
While Baskets of different shapes and sizes are used for
activities in the household and in the economic activities
of the Filipinos.
3. Carving

• The carving tradition in wood and metal has existed a long

time ago when our ancestors learned to use small hand tools
to engrave and carve details in wood and metal. The
earliest pieces of materials with carvings are found in on
the boat-shaped coffins in Palawan.

4. Weaving

• Textile weaving is one of the indigenous art that Filipinos

have grown up with. Different indigenous group all over the
country produce their piece of textile embellished with
intricate geometric design, symbols and color. Tapis,
malong, abel are some pieces of textile which shows that
this indigenous art is still surviving.
5.Jewelry

• It is an indigenous art made only for adornment. In the

Filipino culture it also reveals the status of the wearer
in the community. Datu and his family wear vaious jewelry
with intricate design made of beads and even precious
metals that symbolizes their high stature in the community.
1.Western Art and its Influence to the Philippine Architecture

• In the latter part of the 19th century, it can be observed that the Philippine
art is westernized with the exposure to European liberal and secular ideas
where artistic creations became highly specialistic, separate from everyday
life and focused on the assertion of individual ego and driven by commercial
success.
• Western art influence could be seen in many art forms in the Philippines. They
can be seen in painting, sculpture installations and architecture. It is
notable to see the Western influence in the Philippine architecture especially
in the churches and buildings that were erected where western influence fused
with the indigenous Filipino designs.
2. Greek

• The Greek art development evolved during the four periods

namely: Geometric, Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic.
Artworks in Geometric period used geometric shapes and
patterns while human figures are given importance in the
Archaic Period. The Greeks significant contribution to
architecture are the three famous columns form the Doric,
Ionic and Corinthian Orders.

3. Roman
• The Roman art especially in sculpture has influences from
the Greek which has humanistic basis. Roman art though
produced realistic portraits showing the specific and
individual. I
4. Christian

• Christian art emerged oriented to represent spiritually and

developed into stylized abstractions which are
characteristics of Byzantine Art. Christian architecture
flourished adorned by sculptures in the Romanesque and
Gothic eras.

5. Byzantine

• Byzantine architecture (4th-15th century) basically focuses

in interior rather than the exterior. Churches are
characterized by impressive dome ceiling, are eclectic and
irregular and uses vaults and round arches. Byzantine
masonry uses bricks for the entire wall. Interior decor
uses fresco, mosaics and engraved marbles on the walls and
ceilings.
6. Renaissance

• The Renaissance period showed the development of naturalism

as recognized in the various sculptures produced during
that time. There is a strong interest in perfecting the
anatomical interest and correctness of structure. Paintings
bear clear details that affects its viewers.

7. Baroque

• The Baroque age in the 17th Century opened up to diverse

styles of arts seen in large-scale mural and ceiling
paintings. Characterized by subtle, intimate and revealing
works in painting and sketches are very evident.
8. Neoclassicism

• Neoclassicism is a movement in Europe in late 18th century

to early 19th century. This is a reaction opposed to
Baroque Period or Rocco style giving emphasis on elegance
and sophistication which gives importance to symmetry and
basic classical geometrical style.
What is Visual Arts?
• Visual arts refers to art forms that express their message, meaning, and
emotion through visual means.

1.Categories of Visual Arts

DRAWING

• Drawing is creating a picture with a variety of tools, in most cases pencils,

crayons, pens or markers.

PAINTING

• Painting is often called the most important form of visual art. It is about
putting colours on a canvas or a wall.
PRINTMAKING

• Printmaking is art that is made by covering a plate with ink and pressing it
on the surface of another object.

PHOTOGRAPHY
• Photography is making pictures by letting light through the lenses of a
camera onto a film.

FILMMAKING
• Filmmaking is a captivating art form that combines story telling, visual
aesthetics, and technical expertise to create a powerful medium of
expression.

SCULPTURE

• Sculpture are three-dimensional pieces of art that are created by shaping

various kinds of material. Among the most popular are stone, steel, plastic,
ceramics and wood.
MEDIUM
• Refers to the materials which are used by an artist.
• A means by which he communicates his ideas
• Very essential art.

2. Mediums of the Visual arts

PAINTING
• The art of creating meaningful effects on a flat surface by the use of
pigments.
• Each medium exerts a pronounced effect on the finish product, is capable of
varied treatment and determines its own stroke.
• The materials of the painter are pigments applied to wet plaster, canvas,
wood or paper.
Mediums of Painting

WATERCOLOR
• Water color is difficult to handle because it producing warm and rich
tones using this medium proves to be a challenge.

FRESCO
• Fresco is a painting method done on a moist plaster surface with colors
ground in water or a limewater mixture.

TEMPERA
• These are mineral pigments mixed with egg white and ore.

PASTEL
• Is a stick of dried paste made of pigment ground with chalk and compounded
with gum water.
ENCAUSTIC
• Is one of the early mediums used by the Egyptians for painting portraits on
mummy cases

OIL
• Is one of the most expensive art activities today because of the prohibitive
cost of materials.

ACRYLIC
• Is a medium used popularly by contemporary painters because of the
transparency and quick-drying characteristics of watercolor
3. TWO DIMENSIONAL ARTS

What is two-dimensional arts?

• Two-dimensional arts refers to any form of artistic expression that takes
place on a flat plane or surface, such as canvas, paper, walls, or panels.

Characteristic of two-dimensional arts

Visual Plane
• two-dimensional art is presented on a visual plane, which means it has no
perceptible depth. Artists use techniques such as perspective and colour to
create the illusion of depth flat on a surface

Composition
• The arrangement of elements within two-dimensional space is crucial to the
composition of a work. Artists play with the contribution of shapes, lines,
colours and textures to create balance, harmony or visual tension.
Colour and Texture
• Colour and texture are fundamental elements in two-dimensional art. Artists
can use a wide range of colours and application techniques to convey
emotion, establish atmosphere or emphasise themes in their work.

Personal style
• Each artist develops a unique style that is reflected in their two-
dimensional work. Whether abstract, realist, impressionist or contemporary,
an artist’s style influences how their work is perceived and interpreted.

Example of two-dimensional artwork

4. THREE-DIMENSIONAL ARTS

What is three-dimensional arts?

• Three-dimensional arts is described as any form of art that occupies three-
dimensional space. It occupies enough three-dimensional space that it can
be viewed from multiple angles.

Characteristic of three-dimensional arts

Carving

• Carving creates a three-dimensional work of art through subtraction. This

means that material is removed from something to give it shape. Carving has
been used to create things like bas relief sculptures, fully in-the-round
sculptures, and ornamentation like masks.

Casting
• Casting is an additive method that involves pouring liquid materials into
molds that are then left to dry or cool, hardening into a solid structure.
Materials include resin or epoxy, concrete, clay, plaster, and metals like
bronze.
Welding
• Welding is a creative method of blending two metal pieces to create a
sculpture element. This technique is common in constructing three-
dimensional pieces combining different elements.

Glass art techniques

• Glass art techniques involve handling hot, warm, or cold glass to shape and
model this medium. There are various techniques applied in this creative
process, including glass blowing, casting, and sculpting. Common cold glass
techniques are engraving, rubbing, sandblasting, and acid etching.

Example of three-dimensional artwork

Understanding Visual Arts: Identifying Theme, Mood, Tone
and Composition

THEME
• Relates to the meaning of a painting, rather than the subject, which is
specific and basic. A theme is deeper and broader and conveys something more
universal.

MOOD
• Is the atmosphere in a painting, or the feeling expressed. The mood is
studied through elevating the emotional reaction or response of the viewer or
evaluating the overall mood of the artwork
TONE
• Refers to lightness or darkness of colors used, which can help create a sense
of depth or distance in art. The tonal values of an artwork can be attuned to
modify its expressive appeal. Tone can be used to create a contrast of light
and dark, to create the illusion of form, to create a dramatic or tranquil
atmosphere, to create a sense of depth and distance, and to create a rhythm
or pattern within a composition.

COMPOSITION

• Is the underlying structure of the art that refers to where the artist placed
the subject matter. It is considered as exactly the same as the layout of a
piece of artwork. It is not the actual subject of the art but where the
subject is placed.
Elements of Visual Arts
• Are the visual components of color, form, line, shape, space, texture, and
value.

LINE
• Is an element of art illustrated by a point moving in space. It may be two-
or-three-dimensional, descriptive, implied, or abstract Liens may be
straight, curved, angular, flowing, horizontal, vertical, diagonal, contour,
thick, thin, implied, etc.

SHAPE

• Is an element of art that is two-dimensional, flat, or restrained to height

and width. Shape can be geometrical or organic.

FORM
• Is an element of art that is three-dimensional and encloses volume; includes
height, width, and depth (as in a cube, sphere, a pyramid, or a cylinder.)
SPACE
• Is an element of art by which positive and negative areas are defined or a
sense of depth achieved in a work of art.

COLOR
• Is an element of art composed of three characteristics: hue, value, and
intensity. It can be primary, secondary, mixed, complimentary, monochromatic,
decorative, warm, cool, dark, etc.
i. Hue is the name of color.
ii. Value is hue’s lightness and darkness (a color’s value changes when
adding white or black to it.
iii. Intensity is the degree of brightness and purity (high-intensity-the
color is sharp and bright; low-intensity-the color is faint and dull)

TEXTURE
• is an element of art that indicates to the way things feel or look as if they
might feel if touched. Texture can be rough, smooth, real, implied,
repeating, etc.
Principles of Visual Arts
• is the means an artist uses to organize elements within a work of art.

HARMONY
• is a way of combining similar elements in artwork to accent their
similarities (achieved through the use of repetition and subtle, gradual
changes).

RHYTHM
• is a principle of design that indicates movement, created by the careful
placement of repeated elements in a work of art to cause a visual tempo or
beat.

BALANCE

• is a way of blending elements to add a feeling of equilibrium or stability to

a work of art. Major type of symmetrical and asymmetrical.
PROPORTION
• is a principle of design that refers to the relationship of individual
elements to the whole and each other

EMPHASIS
• is a way of mixing elements to stress the differences between those elements.

VARIETY
• is a principle of design concerned with diversity or contrast. It is achieved
by using different shapes, sizes, or colors in a work of art.

MOVEMENT
• is a principle of design applied to create the look and feel of action and to
guide the viewer’s eye throughout the work of art.
 AT THE END OF THIS LESSON, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

A. Discuss the B. Explain the C. Demonstrate a

characteristics of significance of genuine appreciation
literature and its literary arts and of literary arts
major forms appreciation
1.What is Literature?
• Definitions of the word Literature tend to be circular. The 11th edition of
Meriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary considers literature to be “writings
having the excellence of form or expression and expressing ideas of permanent
or universal interest.

2. Literature as an Art
• As an art, literature might be described as the organization of words to give
pleasure. Yet, through words, literature elevates and transforms experience
beyond “mere” pleasure. Literature also functions more broadly in society as
a means of both criticizing and affirming cultural values.
3. Major forms of Literature

PROSE
• This form of literature has no formal metrical structure. It is so called
“ordinary writing” since it is a literary piece which is written in the
pattern of ordinary spoken language and within the common flow of
conversation.

POETRY
• This is form of literature is a vast subject, as old as history and older,
present whenever religion is present, possibly-under some definition- the
primal and primary form of languages themselves.

4. Genres of Literature

A. POETRY
• A masterpiece that evokes a concentrated imaginative awareness of experience
or a specific emotional response through language chosen and arranged for its
meaning, sound and rhythm.
B. PROSE OF FICTION
• A literary work that is wholly or partly imagined or theoretical.

C. DRAMA
• Is a mode of fictional representation through dialogue and performance It is
one of the literary genres, which is an imitation of some action. Drama is
also a type of a play for theater, television, radio, and film.

D. NON- FICTION PROSE

• A literary work that is mainly based on fact, though it may contain fictional
elements in certain cases. It is a writing that gives information or
describes real events, rather than telling a story. Non-fiction or nonfiction
is content whose creator, in good faith, assumes responsibility for the truth
or accuracy of the events, people, or information poresented.
5. General Elements of Literature

1.HUMANISTIC VALUE
• This element of literature can be attained in the masterpieces when the
readers will be able to enhance their understanding about themselves and be
able to value their essence as a rational human being in the society.

2. INTELLECTUAL APPEAL
• A literary piece which you can gain knowledge and information has this kind
of element.

3. EMOTIONAL APPEAL
• One of the important elements of literary art is to appeal to the emotions of
the readers. A literary artworks has its emotional appeal when it can
persuade and be able to arouse the feelings of the reader.
 1.What is Poetry?
• Poetry is art by means of words. The word itself is of Greek origin and its
etymological meaning is “making” (to say that someone is a poet is to call
him or her a “maker”). The word also shares an ancestor with the Sanskrit
word “cinoti”, meaning “he gathers, heaps us.” This old art form was first
evident in the song (and dance).

2. Elements of Poetry

THEME
• the particular idea or issue that is discussed or described in the poem.

Persona/Speaker
• A persona, from the Latin for the mask, is a character take on by a poet to
speak in a first-person poem. A dramatic character, distinguished from the
poet, who is the speaker of a poem.
Tone
• refers to the atmosphere, feeling, attitude, stance or the way the poet looks
at his subject or the world. It is generally conveyed through the choice of
words, or the viewpoint of a writer on a particular subject.

Imagery

• is the term for figures of speech or words that create strong mental pictures
and sensations. Imagery includes figurative and metaphorical language to
improve the reader’s experience through their senses.
 BY THE END OF THIS LESSON, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

C. State the individual

contributions of the
A. Identify the B. Classify music different composers
composers of the based on the period
different ages of they belong.
music.
MUSIC
• Is a collection of coordinated sound or sounds. Making music is the
process of putting sound and tones in an order, often combining them to
create a unified composition.

• is made of sounds, vibrations and silent moments, and it doesn’t always

have to be pleasant or pretty. It can be used to convey a whole range of
experiences, environments and emotions.
• is made with endless combinations of instruments, voices and sounds, often
produced by bands or ensembles.
 • The word Baroque is derived from the Portuguese word "barroco” which means
"pearl of irregular shape". Some of the great composers of this time were
George Friedrich Handel, Johann Sebastian Bach, Claudio Monteverdi, and
Antonio Vivaldi.

CHARACTERISTICS OF BAROQUE MUSIC

• Melodies sound elaborate and ornamental

• Melodies are not easy to sing or remember
• Primarily Contrapuntal textures with some homophony
• Dynamic contrast- alteration between loud and soft
• Music genres- operas, oratorios, suits, tocatas, concerto grosso, and
fugue
• Harpsichord and organ are the keyboard instruments that are commonly used.
• orchestra consists of strings and continuo.
MUSIC GENRES OF BAROQUE MUSIC

• CONCERTO- a form of orchestral music that employs a solo instrument

accompanied by an orchestra.
• CONCERTO GROSSO- a form of orchestral music during the Baroque wherein the
music is between a small group of solo instruments called concertino and
the whole orchestra called tutti.
• FUGUE- a contrapuntal piece, developed mainly by, imitative counterpoint.
The entire piece grows mainly from a single brief tune of strong musical
character
• TOCCATA- a piece of music for the piano or a similar instrument that is
played very quickly.
• ORATORIO- a large scale musical composition for orchestra and voices that
incorporates narratives on religious themes.
• OPERA- a drama set to music made up of vocal pieces with orchestral
accompaniment and orchestral overtures and interludes.
• CHORALE- musical compositions that resemble a harmonized version of hymnal
tunes of the protestant church during the Baroque era.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF BAROQUE MUSIC
• Origin in Italy:
The early Baroque era of music centered in Italy. Italian composes
based in Rome and its surroundings composed music that drew on the traditions
of the Renaissance era but also expanded its harmonic and ornamental
boundaries. Notable Italian Baroque composers include Alessandro Scarlatti
(and his son Domenico Scarlatti), Antonio Corelli, and Claudio Monteverdi.
Antonio Vivaldi was the last major Italian Baroque composer.

• German Influence:
As musicians traveled throughout Europe, the Baroque style caught on,
and new composers added new elements. The English composers Henry Purcell and
French composers like Jean-Baptiste Lully and Jean-Philippe Rameau made
marks, but it was the German school of Baroque music that was most
influential.
• End of an era:
The Baroque period's end is tied to the death of Bach in 1750. The
second half of the eighteenth century and early nineteenth century marked the
Classical period, where composers like Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and foundation
Joseph Haydn built on the foundation laid by Baroque composers
4 CHARACTERISRICS OF BAROQUQE MUSIC
1. Emphasis on Dynamics: During the Baroque era, the pianoforte (an early
version of the piano) replaced the harpsichord as the primary keyboard
instrument. The pianoforte (called a klavier in German) struck strings with
felted hammers, whereas the harpsichord plucked the strings.

2. Embrace of instrumental music: Prior to the Baroque era, a great amount of

music was vocal music used in liturgical settings. While Baroque composers
still embraced singing in the form of chorales, cantatas, and opera,
instrumental music became increasingly popular.

3. Ornamentation: Much like Baroque architecture and sculpture, Baroque music

embraces flair. Even the simplest melodies were often embellished with
ornamentations like trills, acciaccaturas, appoggiaturas, mordents and turns.

4. Basso continuo: Basso continuo notation became popular during the Baroque
era. This form of music notation includes a complete bass line, which is
usually played by a cello in a Baroque ensemble. A player of a keyboard
instrument like a harpsichord or piano then improvises schords using figured
bass notation. Solo organ players often play basso continuo notation entirely
on their ow.
3 NOTABLE BAROQUE COMPOSERS
1.Johann Sebastian Bach:
No composers better defines the High Baroque era than J.S. Bach. Based
largely in Leipzig, Germany, Bach was a master organ player (among many other
instrumental talents) and a composer who created both liturgical and secular
music
2. George Frideric Handel:
Born in Germany but notably a Londoner, Handel composed Baroque
landmarks like Water Music and the opera Rodrigo. Yet he is most remembered
for Messiah, an English Language oratorio composed in 1742. His music for the
Royal Fireworks commissioned by King George II and firmly established his
place in British music history.
3. Antonio Vivaldi:
A venetian composer, Vivaldi was famed for his mastery of violin. His
musical compositions reflect his instrumental virtuosity. The most famous of
these is Four Seasons, a series of violin concertos that is widely performed
by today's classical musicians.
3 NOTABLE BAROQUE COMPOSERS
1.Johann Sebastian Bach:
No composers better defines the High Baroque era than J.S. Bach. Based
largely in Leipzig, Germany, Bach was a master organ player (among many other
instrumental talents) and a composer who created both liturgical and secular
music
2. George Frideric Handel:
Born in Germany but notably a Londoner, Handel composed Baroque
landmarks like Water Music and the opera Rodrigo. Yet he is most remembered
for Messiah, an English Language oratorio composed in 1742. His music for the
Royal Fireworks commissioned by King George II and firmly established his
place in British music history.
3. Antonio Vivaldi:
A venetian composer, Vivaldi was famed for his mastery of violin. His
musical compositions reflect his instrumental virtuosity. The most famous of
these is Four Seasons, a series of violin concertos that is widely performed
by today's classical musicians.
 • The Classical Period was an era of classical music between roughly 1750
and 1820. A young Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, a representative composer of
the Classical period, seated at a keyboard. The classical period falls
between the Baroque and Romantic periods.

HISTORICAL BACKGORUND
• The classical era, also called " Age of Reasons"
• The term "classical period" is generally used to refer to the post-
baroque and pre romantic era of music composed between 17750 and 1820,
which covers the development of the classical symphony and concerto.
• Music of this period was generally of an orderly nature, with qualities
of clarity and balance, and emphasizing formal beauty rather than emotion
expressions.
• The term classical denotes conformity with the principles and
characteristics of ancient Greece and Roman literature and art which were
fomral, elegant, simple, freed, and dignified.
CULTURAL BACKGROUND

• Cultural life was dominated by the aristocracy, as patrons of musicians

and artist who generally influenced the arts.

• The birth of classical civilization was deeply rooted in the adventurous

social, economic and constitutional restructuring that look place in the
Archaic period.

COMPOSERS
Franz Joseph Haydn
(1732-1809)
• One of the most prominent composers of the classical
period.
• He is known for his “rag-to-riches” story.
• He came from poor family and his music led his rise in
social status.
• He became a musical director for the Esterhazy family
for 30 years.
HAYDN’S COMPOSITIONS

• Most of his symphonies have nicknames such as the “Surprise Symphony” ,

“The clock” , “The Military”
• Symphony No. G major “ Surprise” 2nd movement
• Symphony No. 101 in D major, “The Clock”
• Symphony No. 100 in G major “Military”

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
1756-1791
• He is a child prodigy and the most amazing genius in
musical history.
• At age thirteen, he had written sonatas, concertos,
symphonies, religious works, and operas and operettas.
• He experimented in all kinds of music and composed
over 700 works.
• Unfortunately, due to mismanaged finances he lived his
life in poverty, died young and was buried in an
unknown grave.
MOZART’S COMPISITION

• He composed wonderful concertos, symphonies and operas such as:

“ The Marriage of Figaro” (1786)

“Don Giovanni” (1789) and
“ The Magic Flute” which became popular.

Ludwig Van Beethoven

Ludwig Van Beethoven
1770-1827
• He was born in Bonn, Germany to a family of musicians
and studied music at an early age.
• He was the composer who bridged the late Classical era
and the early Romantic era.
• His famous compositions include 32 piano sonatas, 21
set of variation, 9 symphonies, 5 concertos for piano,
16 string quarters and choral music.
• His works include the “Missa Solemnis” (1818-1823) and
opera “Fidelio” (1805)
Characteristics of Beethoven’s works

• His music veered toward larger orchestra

• Sound was centered on the violas and lower registers of the violins and
cellos to give his music a darker mood.
• All themes in a piece are tied together by one motif.
• He developed musical themes and motifs extensively by means of modulation.
• He uses more brass instruments and dynamics.

Beethoven’s Compositions

• Piano Sonata no. 14 in C sharp minor (Moonlight)

1stmov. Op. 27 no. 2
• Piano Concerto no. 1 in C major Op 15
• Piano Concerto no. 5 “Emperor” in E flat major op. 73
• Symphony no. 5 Op.67. C minor
• Symphony no 9, Op. 125, d minor “Choral”
 • 1820-1900
• Continued to use the musical forms of the preceding classical era
• the emotional intensity associated with ROMANTICISM was already present in
the work of MOZART and particularly in that of BEETHOVEN, who greatly
influenced composers after him.

CHARACTERISTICS:

• Use of extreme expressions and emotions.

• A freedom in composing.
• Expansion of the orchestra
• Emphasis on lyrical melodies.
• Love, nature, religion, and nationalism are its main themes.
• It focused on the meaning and purpose behind the music and its main
objective was to get an emotional reaction from its audience.
NATIONALISM AND EXORTICISM: Romantic Period Main Features

• In nationalism, composers used materials from the history of their native

country to highlight their culture.
• In exoticism, on the other hand, uses influences from foreign lands in
their compositions.

ROMANTIC MUSIC in terms of...

MELODY & HARMONY
• Lyrical, poetic, emotional and expressive.
• chromatic

RHYTHM & TEMPO

• Compound rhythm
• Free rhythm
• Extensive use of accelerandos and ritardandos
• Rubato or the subtle and nuance became popular.
DYNAMICS
• frequent use of crescendos and decrescendos
• Extreme use of ff (very loud) to ffff (as loudly as possible) and
• pp (very soft) to pppp (as softly as possible)

TONE COLOR (TEXTURE)

• Diverse mood and emotions

• Enlargement of orchestra to a richer tone color.
VOCAL FORMS

ART SONG
• a composition for solo voice piano
• vocal piece or work that place great importance on the written text or
symbolic meaning of the text.

SYMPHONIC POEM
• Also called “Tone Poem” developed by Franz Liszt.
• An orchestral piece that portrayed a story or had a
literary or artistic background.
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
PIANO
• Invented by BARTOLOMEO CRISTOFORI.
• It can produced both soft and loud sound unlike the
harpsichord.

STRING INSTRUMENTS
• Classical instruments were still used
• Grew in number to balance the sound from the other
group of the instruments.

WOODWIND INSTRUMENTS
• Composers added the flute, clarinet, oboe, Englush
horn and piccolo

BRASS INSTRUMENTS
PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS
• gongs, bass drum and snare drums were added.
• Timpani is always used in the orchestra.
Modern/20th Century
1900-Present

• Seen as a rebellion
• More refined, vague in form, delicate, and mysterious atmosphere
• Didn’t fit into any category that people had seen before
• Many new styles written
• Technology became very important

Trends
• Impression- 1st to move away from romantic
- Vague in form
- Delicate in nature
- Had mysterious atmosphere
• Expressionism- emotional and had a Romantic feel
- atonal and dissonant
• Neo-Classicism- the new classical movement
-Still popular today
 • Jazz- Dominated the 1900's
- Mainly American form
-Ragtime, Blues, Swing, Bop, Boogie-Woogie and Rock
and Roll

• Aleatory and Chance Music- extremely random style of

music (no rules)
-Randomly picked musical materials
-Improvises to make more strange

• Electric-newest trend
- Electronically generated sounds turned to music
-Composed on either a synthesizer or computer
-Combo with Jazz
TECHNIQUES
• Melody
• Harmony
• Rhythm
• Meter
• Texture
• Tonality
• Sonority
WOODWIND INSTRUMENTS
• Composers added the flute, clarinet, oboe, Englush
horn and piccolo

RHYTHM
• New time signatures- odd such as 5/8
• Asymetrical Grouping - grouping of notes within a
measure to yield new rhythmic effects
• Non-metric-meter- took out the bar line
• Polymetric meter- 2 or more meter used at the same
time
• Multimetric bar line- frequent changes in meter
• Displaced bar line- made the bar line seem misplaced
or it had shifted
THE ROLE OF MEDOLY
• Not as important
• Scale Bases- barrowed from old Church modes
• Texture- Contrapuntal textures dominated
• Serialism- repeating series of rhythms, dynamics,
tones or timbres
• Twelve-tone music- series of twelve different pitches
called a tone row

COMPOSERS
• Leonard Bernstein (1918-1990)
-most influential composers of the 20th century

• Aaron Copland (1900-1990)

-One of the first major composers asked to write a
piece of music for the radio

• George Gershwin (1898-1934)

-Wrote Rhapsody in Blue an Porgy and Bess
 • Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971)
-Did a lot of Neo-Classicism

• Ralph Vaughn Williams (1872-1958)

-Composer in almost every category of music

• Benjamin Britten (1913-1976)

- Wrote War Requiem

• Bela Bartok (1881-1945)

-Wrote Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion

• Charles Ives (1874-1954)

-Typical characteristics of his new was of-key singing,
squeaky and out of tune violin playing, and the wheeze of
the harmonium.
 AT THE END OF THIS LESSON, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

A. Define performing B. Analyze the C. Identify distinct

arts importance of characteristics of
performing arts in performing arts.
the preservation of
culture and arts.
PERFORMING ARTS

• Performing art was defined by Merriam Webster as a “types of art

(such as music, dance or drama) that are performed for an audience.
“ In this kind of arts the artists use their voices, bodies, or
inanimate objects to convey artistic expression. It is different
from visual arts, which is when artist use paint, canvas or various
materials to create physical or static art objects.
ELEMENTS OF MUSIC

RHYTHM
• Rhythm is the element of "TIME" in music. When you tap your foot to the
music, you are" keeping the beat" or following the structural rhythmic pulse
of the music. There are several important aspects of rhythm:

• TEMPO: the speed of the BEAT. (Note: Tempo indications are

often designated by Italian terms):
• Largo = "large" or labored (slow)
• Adagio = slow
• Andante = steady "walking" tempo
• Moderato = moderate
• Allegro = fast ("happy")

• Other basic terms relating to Rhythm are:

• Syncopation: an "off-the-beat" accent (between the counted
numbers)
• Ritardando: gradually SLOWING DOWN the tempo
• Accelerando: gradually SPEEDING UP the tempo
• Rubato: freely and expressively making subtle changes in
the tempo. (a technique commonly encountered in music of
the Romantic era).
DYNAMICS

All musical aspects relating to the relative loudness (or

quietness) of music fall under the general element of
DYNAMICS.
The terms used to describe dynamic levels are often in
Italian: pianissimo [pp] = (very quiet)

• piano [p] = (quiet)

• mezzo-piano [mp] = (moderately quiet)
• mezzo-forte [mf ] = (moderately loud)
• forte [f ] = (loud)
• fortissimo [ff ] = (very loud)

Other basic terms relating to Dynamics are:

• Crescendo: gradually getting LOUDER
• Diminuendo (or decrescendo) : gradually getting QUIETER
• Accent: "punching" or "leaning into" a note harder to
temporarily emphasize it.
MELODY
• Melody is the LINEAR/HORIZONTAL presentation of pitch (the word
used to describe the highness or lowness of a musical sound).
Many famous musical compositions have a memorable melody or
theme. Melodies can be derived from various scales (families of
pitches) such as the traditional major and minor scales of
tonal music, to more unusual ones such as the old church modes
(of the Medieval and Renaissance periods: c. 500–1600), the
chromatic scale and the whole tone scale (both used in popular
and art-music styles of the late 19thand 20th-century periods),
or unique scale systems devised in other cultures around the
world.

• Melodies can be described as:

• CONJUNCT (smooth; easy to sing or play)
• DISJUNCT (disjointedly ragged or jumpy; difficult to sing or
play).
HARMONY
• Harmony is the VERTICALIZATION of pitch. Often, harmony is
thought of asthe art of combining pitches into chords (several
notes played simultaneously as a"block"). These chords are
usually arranged into sentence-like patterns called chord
progressions.

TONE COLOR (or TIMBRE-pronounced :TAM-BER”)

• If you play a "C" on the piano and then sing that "C", you and
the piano have obviously produced the same pitch; however, your
voice has a different sound quality than the piano. Although
the scientific principles of musical acoustics are beyond the
scope of this course, it is safe to say that each musical
instrument or voice produces its own characteristic pattern of
“overtones,” which gives it a unique "tone color" or timbre.
Composers use timbre much like painters use colors to evoke
certain effects on a canvas. For example, the upper register
(portion of the range or compass) of a clarinet produces tones
that are brilliant and piercing, while its lower register gives
a rich and dark timbre. A variety of timbres can also be
created by combining instruments and/or voices.
FORM

Musical design

• Theme - A melody that assumes importance in the development of

a composition because of its central and continued use.

• Sonata- Allegro Form- A large A-B-A form consisting of three

sections: exposition, development and recapitulation.
MUSIC
• Music is a form of art whose medium is silence and sound. The word "music"
was derived from the Greek word "mousike" which means the art of the muses.
The common elements of music include rhythm, pitch, dynamics, timbre and
texture. The performance, creation, significance and definition of this art
depend on the social context and culture. Music can range from organized
composition up to improvisational music to aleatoric forms

DANCE
• Dance is a form of performing arts that refers to the art of moving the body
rhythmically and usually in accordance to music. It is used as a form of
social interaction and expression, or itis commonly presented in a
performance or spiritual setting. It is also seen as a form of nonverbal
communication, a type of communication where words are not used. Definitions
of what dance is really all about usually varies in each culture, society or
person.
OPERA
• Opera is a form of performing arts wherein musicians and singers perform a
dramatic work that combines text, which is called the libretto and musical
score. This form of art is a popular part of the Western classical music
tradition. The art incorporates a lot of elements of spoken theatre,
including scenery, acting and costumes. Sometimes it also includes dance. The
performance in an Opera is usually done in an opera house. It is also
accompanied by either a musical ensemble or an orchestra. Opera originated in
Italy by the 16th century and it soon spread to the rest of Europe as it
gains popularity. Various musicians in Europe developed a lot of ways in
flourishing this form of art and made it even more popular.

THEATRE
• Theatre is the branch of performing arts concerned with acting out stories in
front of an audience, using a combination of speech, gesture, music, dance,
sound, and spectacle. Any one or more of these elements is considered
performing arts. In addition to the standard narrative dialogue style of
plays, theater takes such forms as plays, musicals, opera, ballet, illusion,
mime, classical Indian dance, kabuki, mummers' plays, improvisational
theatre, comedy, pantomime, and non-conventional or contemporary forms like
postmodern theatre, post dramatic theatre, or performance art.