L-C-R Series and parallel Resonance

To study the frequency response and to find resonant frequencies of L-C-R

series
Aim :-
L-C-R series circuit.
and parallel circuits. Also to find the quality factor and band width in

Apparatus :- A variable non-inductive resistor, a variable capacitor, a variable

inductor, a signal generator, an a.c. milli- ammeter and the connecting wires.

Hz
Formula:- The resonance frequency
2 )LC
Where L= Self inductance (mH)
C=Capacity of the capacitor (pF)

Quality factor
R

Where R=Resistance ( S2)

Band width =(f-f) (Hz )

Also Quality factor

fi-f
Where f, and f; are the frequencies at the half power points.

Description and theory :- (Series L-C-R) When the resistor R, inductor L and capacitor C are
connected in series with a source of emf E.the circuit is called as the series resonant or series
flow
tuned circuit ( figure-1). This is an acceptor circuit, that means it allows maximum current to
through it at a particular (resonant ) frequency and at all
other frequencies it allows less current.

In A.C. circuits the voltage and the current are usually out of phase, Across the
inductor, the current lags behind the voltage by 90", where as across the capacitor, the
are in
current leads the voltage by 90°. But across the resistor the voltage and current both
 phase. Under certain conditions, the voltage and current are in phase, even though the circuit
consists of L,Cand R and the circuit behaves as a pure resistor. This phenomenon is called
resonance. This occurs at a single frequency known as resonant frequency. At this frequency the
capacitive reactance( X,- 1/oC) and the inductive reactance( X, =oL) are equal and opposite in
direction. So they get cancelled each other
and only resistance acts.

The impedance of the circuit is given by Z=R+j (oL -1/oC)

At resonance the reactive term disappears oL - 1/oC= 0

The impedance is minimumn i.e. Z=R

The current is maximum I= E/R

So oL= 1/oC

At this frequency the current is maximum and this frequency f, is called resonant
frequency. The circuit has selective properties. To compare selectivity or sharpness of
1
resonance, a band of frequencies is chosen at which the current falls to times ( half

power points ) of its maximum value. The frequency difference (f,-f) between the half
power points is called the bandwidth.

L-C-R parallel :- Parallel resonant circuit (figure-2 ) is one in which one branch consists of an
inductor L with associated resistor R and the other branch consists of a capacitor C. This is a
rejector circuit, that means it rejects the current or allows minimum current to
flow through it, at a particular (anti- resonant ) frequency and it allows more current at
 all other frequencies. So the circuit is not selective. But it is highly selective when
energized from a high impedance generator.

The impedance of the circuit is given by

1=

R+jo L
jo C

At resonance the impedance is maximum.

L
The impedance at resonance Z =
CR

The anti-resonance frequency _Ra H2

1
If R-value is smal1, then fo = Hz
2r VLC

Procedure :- For L-C-R series, the circuit is connected as shown in the figure-1.The source
resistance and the series resistance should be small. The out put voltage of the signal generator
is adjusted to be around 5V. The frequency of the signal generator is changed in steps and the
corresponding current values are noted from the a.c. milli- ammeter. The readings are tabulated.
The current values increase with the increase of frequency, up to the resonant frequency, further
increase of frequency causes the decrease of current. The L,C and R values are noted to
calculate the resonant frequency f, and Q
factor, using the above formulae.

Note :- The experiment may be repeated with a different values of R.Here the f, value
is un changed, but Q- factor value is changed.
 Table-1 Table -2

L-C-R Series L-C-R Parallel

S.No. Frequency Current S.No. Frequency Current

(Hz) (mA) (Hz) (mA )
1. 1

2 2.

3. 3.

20. 20.

Fig-l

R L

L-C-R Series

mA

Fig2
R L

L-C-R Parallel
 LCR-Series

LCR-Parallel
C
C

f1 X
2

Frequency Frequency
Graph :- A graph is drawn for current
against frequcncy. The frequency
maximum current is noted and it is the corresponding to
resonant frequency fo. The frequencies f, and f,
corresponding
to half power points is noted and from it the
bandwidth, (f, - f, )is noted. From
the values of fo, f and f, the
quality factor, Q iscalculatcd.
For L-C-R parallel, the circuit is
connccted as shown in the figurc-2. The frequency of the
signal generator 1s changed in steps and the
corresponding current values are noted from the
a.c. milli- ammeter. The readings are
tabulated. But here, the current values decrease with the
increase of frequency up to the anti- resonant frequency, further
increase of frequency
causes the increase of current. The anti- resonant frequency f, is noted
corresponding to the
minimum current in the circuit.

Graph:- A graph is drawn for current against frequency. The frequency corresponding to
minimum current is noted and it is the anti- resonant frequency fo.

Precautions :- 1) The internal resistance of the source and series resistance should be small.
2)Before going to the experiment the resonant frequency should be calculated from L and C
values so that to select the range of frequencies for observation.

Results: