1) Define software and explain its role in modern computing systems.
Software refers to a collection of instructions, data, or programs used to operate computers and perform specific tasks.
Software plays a crucial role in modern computing systems. The role of software can be categorized into different types:
1. System Software: This includes operating systems like Windows, macOS, or Linux, which manage hardware
resources, provide user interfaces.
2. Application Software: This refers to programs designed to carry out specific user-oriented tasks, such as word
processing (e.g., Microsoft Word), web browsing (e.g., Google Chrome), or graphic design (e.g., Adobe
Photoshop).
3. Programming Software: They are essential for coding, testing, and debugging software programs.
4. Middleware: Middleware acts as a bridge between different applications or systems.
In modern computing systems, software is fundamental for:
● Resource Management: The operating system allocates and manages the hardware resources, such as memory,
CPU, and I/O devices.
● User Interaction: Through graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and other input mechanisms, software allows users to
interact easily with their devices.
● Automation: Software automates repetitive tasks, from simple ones like data entry to complex processes like
financial transactions or scientific simulations.
● Connectivity: Network software allows computers to communicate with each other, supporting the Internet, cloud
services, and various forms of digital collaboration.
● Data Processing: Software processes large volumes of data, making it possible for businesses to analyze trends,
make decisions, and generate insights.
2) List and describe three key characteristics of software.
Three key characteristics of software:
1. Intangibility: Software has no physical form; it exists as digital code.
2. Complexity: Software can be highly complex with numerous components and interactions.
3. Maintenance and Evolution: Software requires regular updates for bug fixes, enhancements, and new features.
3) Describe the Waterfall Model. What are its advantages and disadvantages?
Waterfall Model: A sequential software development process where each phase (requirements, design, implementation,
testing, deployment, maintenance) must be completed before moving to the next.
Advantages:
● Simple and easy to understand.
● Works well for small, well-defined projects.
● Clear documentation at each phase.
● Well-structured process with clear milestones.
● Easy to manage due to the rigidity of phases.
● Good for projects with fixed requirements.
Disadvantages:
● Inflexible; difficult to make changes once a phase is complete.
● Limited user involvement until late stages.
● Not suitable for complex or evolving projects.
● High risk and uncertainty due to lack of flexibility.
4) Explain the Incremental Process Model with an example of how it might be applied
in a software project.
Incremental Process Model: A development approach where software is built and delivered in small, functional parts called
increments. Each increment adds new features until the complete system is developed.
Example: Building a to-do list app. The first increment allows adding and viewing tasks. The next increment adds editing
tasks, and the third adds task reminders. Each increment adds more features until the app is complete.
5) Compare the Prototype Model with the Spiral Model in terms of their approach to
handling risks in software development.
Aspect Prototype Model Spiral Model
Focus User feedback and requirements Continuous risk assessment and management
clarification
Risk Handling Reduces risks by addressing user Identifies, evaluates, and mitigates risks at
misunderstandings early each cycle
Iterations Involves creating multiple prototypes as Involves multiple spirals or cycles with risk
needed analysis in each
Flexibility Allows changes based on user feedback Highly flexible, adapts to new risks throughout
development
User Involvement High user involvement for feedback User feedback integrated into each iteration
Complexity Simplifies complex requirements through Manages complexity through iterative risk
Management prototypes analysis and development
Documentation Less formal documentation, focuses on More extensive documentation due to ongoing
prototypes risk analysis
