FEM MINI PROJECT

NAME : HIMANSHI MANOJKUMAR PANJWANI

CLASS : D2C
ROLL NO :37
APPLICATION OF
MATRICES IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE
AND ENGINEERING
DEFINITION OF A MATRIX

• Matrix is an ordered rectangular arrangement of numbers (real or complex)

or functions which may be represented as

• Matrix is enclosed by [ ] or ( )
Matrices are essential for various computations. They allow data representation, mathematical
equations, and efficient calculations. Matrix theory supports fields like image processing, genetic
analysis, graphics, and digital sound processing.
APPLICATIONS OVERVIEW

• Computer Graphics
• Cryptography
• Wireless Communication
• Data Representation and Machine Learning
• Image Processing
USE OF MATRICES IN COMPUTER GRAPHICS
• Earlier, architecture, cartoons, and automation were done by hand drawings but nowadays they
are done by using computer graphics. Square matrices very easily represent the linear
transformation of objects. They are used to project three-dimensional images into two-
dimensional planes in the field of graphics. In graphics, a digital image is treated as a matrix to
start with. The rows and columns of the matrix correspond to rows and columns of pixels and the
numerical entries correspond to the pixel’s color values.
• Using matrices to manipulate a point is a common mathematical approach in video game
graphics. Matrices are also used to express graphs. Every graph can be represented as a matrix,
each column and each row of a matrix is a node and the value of their intersection is the strength
of the connection between them. Matrix operations such as translation, rotation and sealing are
used in graphics.
USE OF MATRICES IN CRYPTOGRAPHY
• Cryptography is the technique to encrypt data so that only the relevant person can get the data
and relate information. In earlier days, video signals were not used to encrypt. Anyone with a
satellite dish was able to watch videos, which resulted in the loss for satellite owners, so they
started encrypting the video signals so that only those who have video cyphers can unencrypt
the signals.

• This encryption is done by using an invertible key that is not invertible then the encrypted signals
cannot be unencrypted and they cannot get back to their original form. This process is done
using matrices. Digital audio or video signal is firstly taken as a sequence of numbers
representing the variation over time of air pressure of an acoustic audio signal. The filtering
techniques are used which depend on matrix multiplication.
USE OF MATRICES IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
• Matrices are used to model the wireless signals and to optimise them. For detection, extractions
and processing of the information embedded in signal matrices are used. Matrices play a key role
in signal estimation and detection problems. They are used in sensor array signal processing and
the design of adaptive filters. Matrices help in processing and representing digital images.

• We know that wireless communication is an important part of the telecommunication industry.

Sensor array signal processing focuses on signal enumeration and source location applications
and presents huge importance in many domains such as radar signals and underwater
surveillance. The main problem in sensor array signal processing is to detect and locate the
radiating sources given the temporal and spatial information collected from the sensors.
DATA REPRESENTATION AND MACHINE LEARNING
• Representation of datasets as matrices
• Matrix operations for training machine learning models
• Example: Gradient computation in neural networks
APPLICATION IN IMAGE PROCESSING
• Image representation as matrices (pixel intensity values)
• Filters applied using convolution matrices

REAL WORLD EXAMPLE

• facial recognition using matrix computations
APPLICATION OF
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
CONCEPTS, REAL-WORLD USE CASES, AND EXAMPLE ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION

• What are Differential Equations?

Definition: A mathematical equation involving derivatives of a function.
Purpose: Models dynamic systems and real-world phenomena.

• Classification:
Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs)
Partial Differential Equations (PDEs)
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
• Neural Networks and Machine: DEs are used in backpropagation algorithms in neural networks for gradient descent
optimization. This enables machine learning models to minimize errors during training
• Simulation of Physical Systems: DEs model physical phenomena like cooling, oscillations, and wave propagation, which are
essential in simulations for engineering applications
• Traffic Flow Analysis: Ordinary differential equations (ODEs) model and analyze network traffic dynamics, optimizing flow and
reducing congestion in systems like computer networks
• Game Development: DEs simulate real-world physics, such as character movements, collisions, and environmental effects in
video games
• Data Science and SVMs: Differential equations contribute to support vector machines (SVMs), aiding in pattern recognition and
classification problems
• Modeling Nonlinear Phenomena: DEs capture complex and nonlinear interactions in systems, providing insights into problems
like robotics control and signal processing
CONCEPTS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

• Order: Differential Equations are classified on the basis of the order. The order of a
differential equation is the order of the highest derivative (also known as differential
coefficient) present in the equation.
CONCEPTS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

• Degree: The degree of the differential equation is represented by the power of the highest
order derivative in the given differential equation. The differential equation must be a
polynomial equation in derivatives for the degree to be defined.
CONCEPTS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

• General vs. Particular Solutions:

General: Includes arbitrary constants.
Particular: Obtained by applying initial/boundary conditions.
• Formation of Differential Equations: From basic functions.
REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE: POPULATION
GROWTH
• Model: Exponential Growth Model

• Assumptions:
• Constant growth rate.
• No external limiting factors.
PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION

•X-axis: Time t.
•Y-axis: Population P(t)
The population of a city in 2016 estimated to be 35,000 people with an annual rate of increase
of 2.4%.

Solution: Now let us find the growth factor,

After one year population would be = 35,000 + 0.024(35,000)

By factoring above equation becomes = 35,000 (1 + 0.024)

The growth factor is b = 1.024 (Remember that it is greater than 1)

Now, The general formula for exponential growth is y = abx

Substituting the value in above formula y = 35,000(1.024)x

Consider, that we are using this estimate of the population in 2020 to the nearest hundred
people.

Y = 35,000 (1.024)4≈ 38,482.91 ≈ 38,500

So, the estimated population of the city in 2020 is 38,500.

ENGINEERING EXAMPLE: RC CIRCUIT

• Equation:
CONCLUSION

• Differential equations are essential tools for modeling real-life phenomena, offering
insights into how variables change over time or space.
• By modeling systems mathematically, differential equations facilitate predictions,
optimizations, and deeper understanding of complex systems, making them invaluable
across disciplines.
• By leveraging differential equations, computer scientists and engineers can solve problems
involving dynamic and continuous processes in a systematic way.
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