2 DepED Physical Science Quarter 1 - Module 10: Limiting Reactants and the Amount of Products Formed CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS Module 10Physical Science Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 — Module 10: Limiting Reactants and the Amount of Products Formed First Edition 2024 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government ofthe Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (ie., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. 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This will tell you if you necd to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher's assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these. In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning. Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task. If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Thank you.&) What I Need to Know This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you to use the stoichiometric calculation to determine excess and limiting reactants in a chemical reaction. Also, it helps you to understand on how to perform calculation in product formation. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using. After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. recall the meaning of chemical reactions, products and reactants; 2. review how to balance equations of chemical reactions; 3. recall the possible conversions in chemical reactions; 4, analyze a chemical reaction in order to determine which reactant is the limiting reactant and which is the excese reactant; 5. caleulate the theoretical yield of a reaction when the available amounts of each reactant are known; and 6. calculate the percent yield of a reaction based on the theoretical and actual yields. ) What I Know Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper. 1. In the equation Mg + O2(g) > MgO, how many molecules of Mg on the reactant side do we need to make our equation balance? al e3 b.2 a4 2. Use the following BALANCED equation: 2CaHs + 70: 4CO2 + 6120 If 15 g of Calis react with 45 g of Oz, how many grams of water will be produced? a 22gH.0 ©. 27g H.0 b. 23. ¢H0 d. 28 gH: ‘CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS Module 103. What is the limiting reactant in the equation in item number 2? a. O2 c. HO b. CoH Co, 4. What is the excess reactant in the equation in item number 2? a. Oo . HO b. Cote Co, S. Consider the following reaction: 2Al + 6HBr >2AIBr5 + 3H. When 86.9 grams of Al reacts with 401 grams of HBr, how many Ho are formed? a 501g © 801g b. 701g 4.10.01 g 6. iting reactant in item no. 5? . HBr dH 7. For the excess reactants, how many grams are left over at the end of the reaction? a 42.3¢ c474g b. 44.32 4.48.48 8. Ivis reactants that are not used up when the reaction is finished. a. reactants b, limiting reagents b. solute d. excess reagents 9. It deals with the process that involves rearrangement of the molecular or ionic structure of a substance to form a new substance or product. fa. chemical equilibrium ¢. chemical reaction . chemical symbol d. stoichiometry 10, Which of the following is the correct sequence of a chemical equation? a. Reactant > Product c. Reactant * Product b. Product > Reactant 4. Product + Reactant 11. Write the equation for the reaction of iron (lll] phosphate with sodium sulfate to make iron (Ill) sulfate and sodium sulfate 12.1f | perform this reaction with 25 grams of iron (Ill) phosphate and an excess. of sodium sulfate, how many grams of iron (Ill) phosphate can I make? 13.1f 18.5 grams of iron (Ill) phosphate are actually made when I do this reaction, what is my percent yield? 14.[s the answer from problem #3 reasonable? Explain. 15.If I do this reaction with 15 grams of sodium sulfate and get a 65.0% yield, how many grams of sodium phosphate will I make? ‘CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS Module 10Physical Science: Limiting Reactants and the Amount of Products Formed Chemical equations give the ideal stoichiometric relationship among reactants and products. However, sometimes the amount of reactants used are not mixed in exact or proper ratio, Thus, there are instances that some reactant will be excess and the others will be completely used up. In a chemical reaction, reactants that are not used up when the reaction is finished are called excess reagents. The reagent that is completely used up or reacted is called the limiting reagent, because ite quantity limits the amount of products formed. CHEMICAL REACTION REACTANTS pRopucts Fig Figure shows the parts of chemical reaction. We have two elements in the reactant side that will undergo chemical reaction to produce a product: A + B > AB. An example of a synthesis reaction is the combination of two molecules of H and two molecules of Oxygen gas to produce one molecule of water. ® What’s In Chemical reaction deals with the process that involves rearrangement of the molecular or ionic structure of a substance, as opposed to a change in physical form or a nuclear reaction. A chemical equation shows the starting compound(s)—the reactants—on the left and the final compound(s|—the products—on the right, separated by an arrow. In & ‘CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS Module 10balanced chemical equation, the numbers of atoms of each element and the total charge are the same on both sides of the equation, For example: The figure shows the combustion of hydrocarbons like CH4 (methane) will produce carbon dioxide and water. ove cH, + 20, —p co, + 24,0 Notes to the Teacher ‘This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you in guiding the learness. As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners’ progress while allowing them to manage their own learning. You are also tasked to review them on the fundamentals of balancing chemical equation. Furthermore, you need to explain the importance of reactants and reagents in solving different problems involving stoichiometry. ‘CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS Module 10Se —) What’s New Key Terms + Stoichiometry is a section of chemistry that involves using relationships between reactants and/or products in a chemical reaction to determine desired quantitative data. © Excess reagent is a reactant that is not used up when the reaction is finished, «+ Limiting reagent is a reagent that is completely used up or reacted. Activity 1: Sweet Balance In this activity, you will be introduced to simple stoichiometry. Stoichiometry is the chemical term to describe calculations that allow us to find the amounts of chemicals involved in each reaction. In stoichiometry, you must always start with a balanced equation. We will use the following balanced material (equation): 2EG+1EP 31ToTa Where: ee EP 28, egaplant ToTa= Tortang Talong 1. Notice that to make this recipe you have three pieces (reactant) to the left of the arrow and one piece (product) to the right. This is supposed to represent a balanced equation, so how can 3 = 1? It’s because the pieces combine to form one whole. This would represent a synthesis 2. Ifeach student is to make one Tortang Talong, and I have 20 students, how much of each ingredient will I need? Explain your logic — using a chemical equation. QEG+1EP 31ToTa (Use the ratio of the coefficients) 40-20-20 Let's look at a simplified view of the Tortang Talong example. She starts out with six Eggs and four Eggplant. eee eee crete ry pheriadacune ® ® Sere eenennrerreerre See cretcs C2} e Sere eee ere’ ‘CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS Module 10Ler’s ask Professor F: Hi there, let me help you! ‘The correct answer is THREE. WHY? ‘The six eggs would require three eggplant to make three Tortang Talong. Which of the two ingredients run out first? Answer: Egg Since she has four eggplant (a greater supply than what is needed), the egg will limit the number of Tortang Talong she can Alternatively, you could look at the number of eggs that would be needed. Suppose wanted to make Tortang Talong using the available £ » ingredients earlier, how many graham crackers would I need if I ~/ have four Eggplant? aan Great, the four eggplant would require cight eggs to make four Tortang Talong. Since there are only six eggs (a supply less than what is needed), the cggs will limit the number of tortang talong she can make. You can see that the conclusion reached was the same regardless of the ingredient (or reactant) chosen, Let's Try This! Fer) ie hae fie Ho ops andor ot dog ns, How many comple hot ‘7 dogs can we make? en ==s9I9I ‘CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS Module 10i) What is It PROBLEM SOLVING TIP: 5 to start $B Hest and mot important stp for any stschiometie eaeulton— Ft, such as finding the limiting reagent or theoretical yield with a balanced reaction. Since our calculations use ratios based on PT the stoichiometric coefficienta, our answers will be incorzect if the stoichiometric coefficients are not right. te? Here are the steps on how to balance a chemical equation: Step 1: Count the number of atoms of each clement in the reactants and the products. List each element and how many atoms are there in the reactants and products side. Example: HCL + NaS + H2S + Nacl Reactant Step 2: 1. Example 1: Finding the limiting reagent For the following reaction, what is the limiting reagent if we ye start with 2.80g of Al (Aluminum) and 4.25g of Cl (Chlorine)? 7 Mh RZ } 2Al + 3Claig) > 2ANCI¢5) First, let’s check if our reaction is balanced: we have two Al atoms and six Cl atoms on both sides of the arrow, so we are good to gol In this problem, we know the mass of both reactants, and we would like to know which one will get used up first. In the first step, we will convert everything to moles, and then we will use the stoichiometric ratio from the balanced reaction to find the limiting reagent. Step 1: Convert amounts (grams) to moles. » We can convert the masses of Al and Cl; to moles using molecular weights: ite Imol Al Shee ay = 1.04 x 10°! mol 36.985 At— bt * 10"! mol AL moles of Al = 2.80g-AT x (Convert g Al to mol Al) ‘CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS Module 10Amol Cl; 70.90. moles of Cly = 4.25 45 99 < 10"? mol Cl (Convert g Clo to mol Cla) Step 2: Find the limiting reagent using the stoichiometric ratio. Now that our known quantities are in moles, there are multiple ways to find the limiting reagent. We will show three methods here. They all give the same answer, so you can choose your favorite. All three methods use the stoichiometric ratio in slightly different ways. METHOD 1: The first method is to calculate the actual molar ratio of the seactants, and then compare the actual ratio to the stoichiometric ratio from the balanced reaction, moles of Al 1.04% 10 mol AL _ LTAamol AL moles of lz 5.9910? mol Cl ~ Tmol Actual ratio ‘The actual ratio tells us that we have 1.74 mol of Al for every 1 mol of Clz.In comparison, the stoichiometric ratio from our balanced reaction is below: 2mol Al _ 0.67 mol Al 3imol Cl; ~~ Tmol Cle Stoichiometric ratio = This means we need at least 0.67 moles of Al for every mole of Clz. Since our actual ratio is greater than our stoichiometric ratio, we have more Al than we need to react with each mole of Cla. Therefore, Clois our limiting reagent and Al is in excess. METHOD 2: A more guess-and-check way you can figure out the limiting reactant is by picking one of the reactants—it doesn't matter which one— and pretending that it is the limiting reagent. We can then caleulate the moles of the other reagent needed based on the moles of our pretend limiting reagent. For example, if we pretend that al is the limiting reagent, we would calculate the required amount of Clzas follows: 3mol Ch anoles of Cly = 1,04 x 10-anoAT x 156 < 10" mol Cl, ‘CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS Module 10Based on this calculation, we would need 1.56x10+ mol of Ch if Alis actually the limiting reagent. Since we have 5.99 x10? mol Clwhich is less than 1.56 x10 mol of Clr our calculation tells us that we would run out of Cle before we fully reacted all of the Al. Therefore, 1.56 x10 mol of Clzis our limiting reagent. f% METHOD 8: The third method uses the concept of a mole of reaction, which is abbreviated as mol-ren. One mole of reaction is defined as i [& oceusring when the number of moles given by the coefficients in your \+ balanced equation react. That definition can sound rather confusing, but the idea is hopefully more clear in the context of our example. In the current reaction, wwe would say that one mole of reaction is when two moles of Al react with three moles Cle to produce two moles AICIs which we can also write as: Imol-rx 1=2mol Al=3mol Cl,=2mol AICI; We can use the above relationship to set up ratios to convert the moles of each reactant to moles of reaction: Imol-rxn 101% 10-LaaokAT: LET = 5.20 10-# molran (Convert mol AL to mol-rn) Lmoleren 5.99 x 10-7 nob OI; = 2.0010? mole (Convert mol Cl, to moles 10? wolel x opery = 200 10-* mol ( l 7 The more moles of reaction you have, the more times the reaction can occur. ‘Therefore, the reactant with fewer moles of reaction is the limiting reagent since the reaction can be carried out fewer times with that reactant. We see that this method also Cl2 is our limiting reagent because it makes 2.00*10-2mol-rxn, which is less than 5.20*10-2mol-rxn, from Al. Example 2: Calculating theoretical yield | 2 Now that we know the limiting reagent, we can use that information to answer the following question: What is the theoretical yield of AICI; that the reaction can produce when we start with 4.25 g of Clz, our limiting reagent? We can use the moles of limiting reagent plus the stoichiometric ratios from our balanced reaction to calculate the theoretical yield. The coefficients from the balanced reaction tell us that for every three mol of Cl.we should make two mol of AICI;, Therefore, the theoretical yield, in moles, is: 5 2mol AICI, : Theoretical yield in moles = 5.99 » 10? mokety x 2821AICL _ 9 09 19-9 nol AIC, pokey SRT — 390 « 10" iol ACL ‘CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS Module 10The theoretical yield is usually expected to have units of mass, so we can convert moles of AICI; to grams using the molecular weight: 133,33 AICI, ‘Theoctial yield in grams ~ 8.99 x 10-? nok ARCS “ ve Linsl ACT = 532g AIC, Percent Yield » The theoretical yield is the maximum amount of product you would expect from a reaction based on the amount of limiting reagent. In practice, however, chemists don't always obtain the maximum yield for many reasons. When running a reaction in the lab, loss of product often occurs during purification or isolation steps. You might even decide it is worth losing 10% of your product during an extra purification step because it is more important to have extremely pure product—as opposed to having a larger amount of less pure product. Oh no, a cat-burglar stole a hot dog bun! That makes the actual yield three complete hot dogs. If our theoretical yield was four complete hot dogs, what is our percent yield? Serehemun ene Despite how nice and tidy a balanced reaction appears, reactants can also react in unespected and undesirable ways such as doing an entirely different reaction—sometimes called a sicle reaction—to give we) producte that we don't want. Your actual yield may change based on “| factors such as the ralative stability of reactants and products, the purity of the chemicals used, or the humidity on a given day. In some cases, you might be left with all starting materials and no products after your reaction, The possibilities are endles: Since chemists know that the actual yield might be less than the theoretical yield, ‘we report the actual yield using percent yield, which tells us what percentage of the theoretical yield we obtained. This ratio can be very valuable to other people who might try your reaction. The percent yield is determined using the following equation: tual yield seu ve x 100% Pereent yield = FF retical yield ‘CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS Module 10 10Sinee percent yield is a percentage, you would normally expect to have a percent yield between zero and 100. If your percent yield is greater than 100, that probably means you calculated or measured something incorrectly. Example 3. Calculating theoretical and percent yield For example, the decomposition of magnesium carbonate (MgCOs) forms 15 grams of magnesium oxide (MgO) in an experiment. The theoretical yield is known to be 19 grams. What is the percent yield of magnesium oxide (MgO)? MgCOs ‘MgO COs Mg =1x24.31 g/mol Mg =1x24.31 g/mol C= 1x12.01 g/mol C= 1x12.01 g/mol 0=1x16.00 g/mol 0=2x16.00 g/mol 0=3x16.00 g/mol MgCO:.84.32 g/mol ‘MgO = 40.31 g/mol €0:=44.01 g/mol MgCOs — MgO + CO3 What is the percent yield of the reaction? First, we check to see if the reaction is balanced. It looks like we have equal numbers of all atoms on both sides, so now we can move on to calculating the theoretical yield. ‘The calculation is simple if you know the actual and theoretical yields. All you need is substitute the values into the formula: percent yield = 15 g / 19 gx 100% percent yield = 79% Usually, you have to calculate the theoretical yield based on the balanced equation. In this equation, the reactant and the product have a 1:1 mole ratio, so if you know the amount of reactant, you know the theoretical yield is the same value in moles (not grams!). You take the number of grams of reactant you have, convert it to moles, and then use this number of moles to find out how many grams of product to expect. ‘CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS Module 10 ulCy) What’s More Activity 1. Limiting Reactants Calculation Directions: Answer the following questions below. Use three significant figures in your computation and final answer. 1. Consider the following reaction: 2AL + 6Hbr > 2 AIBry + 3H a, When 3.22 moles of Al react with 4.96 moles of HBr, how many moles of He are formed? b. What is the limiting reactant? 2. Consider the following reaction: 35+ 2Nz > SisNy a. When 21.44 moles of Si react with 17.62 moles of Nz, how many moles of Sis, are formed? b. What is the limiting reactant? What I Have Learned Directions: Read the statement below carefully and fill in the blank(s) with the correct answer. 1. The is the reactant that gets used up first during the reaction and also determines how much product ean be made. 2, is a section of chemistry that involves using relationships between reactants and/or products in a chemical reaction to determine desired quantitative data. is a reactant that is not used up when the reaction is, is a reagent that is completely uscd up or reacted. ‘CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS p Module 104) What I Can Do Activity 2: Limiting Reactants Activity De the activity below using your knowledge about limiting reactant, One (Gu) Guava reacts with four (Je) Jelly to form a (Guile) Guava Jelly according to the following BALANCED equation. 1Gu+4Je> 1 Gwe Question No. 1 How many Guava Jelly (GuJe) can be formed using 5 Guava and 23 Jelly? b. What is the limiting reactant? What is the excess reactant? o How much is left over? ©. Use the balanced equation to answer the following question. One Guava has amass of 2.0 grams and one Jelly has a mass of 1.5 g. How many Guava Jelly can be made with 12.5 grams of Guava and 15.0 grams of Jelly? ‘Two PANSIT reacts with six SILING LABUYO to form a HOT Pansit according to the following BALANCED equation. 2P+6SB+1HP Question No. 2 a. How many Hot Pansit can be formed using 10 Pansit and 24 Siling Labuyo? b. What is the limiting reactant? What is the excess reactant? po How much is left over? ©. Use the balanced equation to answer the following question. One Pansit has a mass of 5.0 grams and one Siling Labuyo has a mass of 1.0 gram. How many Hot Pansit can be made fom 40.0 grams of Pansit and 26.0 grams of Siling Labuyo? ‘CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS 1b Module 10«& Assessment Directions: Answer the following questions below on a separate sheet of paper. 1, It is the reactant that produces a lesser amount of product. a. Excess Reactant . Limiting Reactant b. Percent Yield d. Co-Factor 2. Whatis the calculation of the relationship of reactant and product in chemical equation. a. Molality ¢, Balancing Equation b. Stoichiometry a Percent Yield 3. It is the maximum amount of product you would expect from a reaction based on the amount of limiting reagent a. Theoretical yield c. Excess Reactant b. Limiting Reactant 4d. Product Difference 4. They are the reactants that are not used up when the reaction is finished. a. Excess Reagents . Limiting Reagents b. Solute 4. Solution 5. It deals with the process that involves rearrangement of the molecular or ionic structure of a substance to form a new substance or product. a. Chemical Equilibrium ¢. Chemical Symbols b. Chemical Reaction 4. Stoichiometry 6. What is the expected value for percent yield? a -l b. 0-100 c. above 100 d. Unknown 7. Which of the following equation below is balanced? a. Al+302+2A1,05 b. 4A1+0:+2AL05 ©. 4Al*302Al209 d. 4Al+30;+2A1,03 8. In the equation Mg+HCl>MgClo#H., how many molecules of hydrogen do we need to make hydrogen balanced? a3 b.6 2 a7 9. What is the proper sequence of a chemical equation? ‘CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS Module 1010.Will 28.7 grams of SiOz react completely with 22.6 grams of H2F:? If not, identify the limiting reagent. SiO2+2H2F2—SiFs+2H20 SiO; + 2HaFy + SiP, + 20 Si=20.09 g/mole OF 16.00 g/mole He 1.01 ¢/mole F= 19.00 g/mole 11.What is the limiting reactant in the equation in number 9? 12, What is the excess reactant in the equation in number 10? 12.How many moles of chlorine gas can be produced if 4 moles of FeCls react with 4 moles of 02? FeCls + 0; -> Fez03+ Cly 14.What is the limiting reactant in the equation in number 13? 15. What is the excess reactant in the equation in number 13? Additional Activities Activity No 3: Make a Sandwich Scenario: I want to have friends over for lunch on Saturday and make cheese sandwiches that require two slices of bread and one slice of cheese. I open the refrigerator to find that I have 40 slices of cheese. | look in the bread box to find that Thave 16 slices of bread. Question 1: Which of my ingredients is the limiting the number of sandwiches I can make? Question 2: How many sandwiches can I make? Question 3: How much of my starting material is left over once I am done making sandwiches? aae @ 2 slices of bread + 1 slice of cheese > 1 cheese sandwich ‘CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS 1s Module 10References Anne Marie, Helmenstine, Ph.D. "Percent Yield Definition and Formula.” ThoughtCo. hutps:/ /www.thoughtco.com /definition-of percent yield-605899 (accessed May 28, 2020) Khan Academy. n.d. “Limiting Reagents and Percent Yield.” Khan Academy. Khan Academy. Accessed May 23, 2020. https:/ /www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-reactions- stoichiome/limiting-reagent-stoichiometry/a/limiting-reagents-and-percent-yicld, Kotz, J. ©., P. M. Treichel, J. R. Townsend, and D. A. Treichel. "Stoichiometry: Quantitative Information about Chemical Reactions.” In Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity, Instructor's Edition, 139-49. 9th ed. Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning, 2015 Lumen Learning. n.d. ‘Reaction Stoichiometry.” Lumen Learning Boundless Chemistry. PressBooks Lumen Learning. Accessed May 23, 2020. htps:/ /courses. umenlearning. com /boundless-chemistry/ chapter /reaction- stoichiometry / Ruff MA, Bess. 2020. “How to Balance Chemical Equations.” WikiHOW, January. hittps:/ /www.wikihow.com /Balance-Chemical-Equations, Staley, Dennis. Prentice Hall Chemistry. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007, UC Davis ChemWiki. "Stoichiometry and Balancing Reactions", CC-BY-NC-SA 3.0 Ralph Petrucci H., William 8. Harwood, Geoffery F. Herring, and Jefiry D. Madura. General Chemistry. 9th ed. New Jersey: Pearsin Prentice Hall, https:/ /chem libretexts.org/Bookshelves /Inorganic_Chemistry/Modules_and_ Webs ites_(Inorganic_Chemistry) /Chemical Reactions/Limiting Reagents2007 ‘CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS v Module 10For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR) Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bidg., DepEd Complex Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600 Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985 Email Address: [email protected] * [email protected]