Investigatory Project

(CHEMISTRY)
 s ent in
oils pr e
se n t ia l
n of es )
ctio is e e d
Extra f (a n
• Saun um s ee d)
in (C ar
• Ajw a
a m om
• Card
 INTRODUCTION
Introduction An essential oil is a concentrated
hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma
compounds from plants. They are also known as
volatile oils, ethereal oils etc. Essential oils are made
up of highly volatile substances which can be
extracted from numerous plant species. Distillation
based recovery processes such as steam andvacuum
distillation are preferred for the extraction of
essential oils from plant materials. Virtually all
naturally occurring essential oils are made up of
hydrocarbons such as camphene, limonene and
oxygenated hydrocarbons such as alcohols,
aldehydes, esters, ethers, ketones, phenols and
organic acids. The essential oils get their odours
from the oxygenated compounds contained in them
and these confer stability on the oil against
oxidation. The hydrocarbons are less stable and they
are responsible for the degradation observed in the
oils. The hydrocarbons contained in the essential
oils are often removed so that the oils can be more
stable and still retain their odours and flavours
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere Thanks
to our chemistry teacher Mrs. Prerna
Gupta Mam
for her guidance and support in
completing my project.
I would like to extend my gratitude to our
Principal Sir Mr.Lalit Tanwar Sir for
providing us with all the
facilities that were required. I would also
like to thanks my parents and junior
lectures who helped me with the
necessary suggestion and ideas for
completing this project.
 INDEX
1 Certificate

2 Acknowledgement

3 Aim of the project

4 Introduction

5 Theory

6 Aniseed oil

7 Carum seed oil

8 Cardamom oil

9 Requirements and procedure

10 Observation and result

11 Conclusion
12 Bibliography
Aim of the project
Extraction of essential oils present in
• Saunf (Aniseed)
• Ajwain (Carom)
• Elaichi (Cardamom)
 Theory
Steam distillation is a type of distillation (a
separation or extraction process) for a
temperature-sensitive plant such as natural
aromatic compounds. Steam distillation is still
important in certain industrial sectors. Steam
distillation is one of ancient and offcial approved
methods for isolation of essential oils from plant
materials. Steam distillation is a method where
steam flows through the material. This steam
functions as agents that break up the pores of the
raw material and release the essential oil from it.
The system yields a mixture of a vapour and
desired essential oil. This vapour is then condensed
further and the essential oil is collected. The
principle of this technique is that the combined
vapour pressure equals the ambient pressure at
about 100 °C so that the volatile components with
the boiling points ranging from 150 to 300 °C can
be evaporated at a temperature close to that of
water. Furthermore, this technique can be also
carried out under pressure depending on the
essential oil extraction difficulty.
 Aniseed oil
• Botanical Name: Pimpinella animus
• Common Method of Extraction: Steam
Distillation
• Colour: Clear
• Constituents: α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene,
linalool, cis-anethole, trans-anethole, safrole,
anisaldehyde.

#Uses:
• Its most common flavouring items
include being added to liqueurs, alcohol,
gelatines, various candies, mints, chewing
gum, and dairy products.
• To add a richer and more robust scent,
Aniseed Essential Oil is also often added to
cosmetic products such as shampoos,
conditioners, creams, soaps, and
perfumes.
• Aniseed essential oil has aromatherapeutic
benefits associated with relieving asthma,
colds or sinus symptoms, as well as quelling
nausea and vomittng.
• Aniseed essential oil contains anethol,
which is an effective anti-viral component.
• Aniseed oil can be made into a liquid scent
and is used for both hunting and fishing.
It is
put on fishing lures to attract fish.
CARDAMOM OIL (ELAICHI)
•Botanical Name: Elettaria cardamonum
• Common Method of Extraction: Steam Distillation
• Aroma: Very complex and smooth spice aroma
• Extraction: Cardamom oil is extracted using steam
distillation method. For this, seeds of the fruit are
used just before they ripe. The yield through this
process is normally 1 to 5 per cent.

#Uses:

•Cardamom oil has a vast range of usage for

treatment of sciatica, coughs, abdominal pains,
spasm and nervous disorders.
• Traditionally, it is used for pulmonary disease,
fever, digestive and urinary problems in India and
China for over 3000 years.
• It is also used to flavour pharmaceutical
products. Apart from pharmaceutical usage,
cardamom oil is also used as a fragrant in soaps,
perfumes and cosmetic products.
CAROM OIL (AJWAIN)
• Botanical name: Trachyspermum ammi
• Common Method of Extraction: Steam Distillation
• Aroma: Warm, Pungent, Peppery
• Extraction: Ajwain oil is extracted from the crushed
seeds of ajwain by the method of steam distillation.
• Chemical composition: The main constituents of the
ajwain oil are thymol, gamma-terpinene, β-pinene, αpinene,
limonene and terpinene-4-ol. There are
variations in the composition of ajwain oils depending
upon the region where it is cultivated. For instance,
ajwain oil collected from Southern India is rich in
thymol.

#Uses:
•It is used for skin ailments. Ajwain can help with
pimples
• It is used as digestive aid. One can treat indigestion,
ulcers, and various other bacterial infections of the gut
with ajwain seeds and essential oil.
• It is Useful in aromatherapy, ajwain oil offers calming
sensations that relieves neuralgia and migraines.
 Requirements and
procedure
REQUIREMENTS
• Steam generator (Copper Vessel)
• Round bottom flask (500 ml)
• Conical flask
• Condenser
• Glass tubes
• Iron stand
• Sand bath
• Separatory funnel
• Tripod stands
• Burners
• Saunf (Aniseed)
• Ajwain (Carom)
• Cardamom (Elaichi)
• Petroleum ether(60-80°C)
PROCEDURE :

•Set the apparatus as shown in the picture of Experimental Setup.

•The apparatus consists of a steam generator connected to the round
bottom flask through a glass inlet tube. The flask is connected to a
water condenser through a glass outlet tube. Condenser is further
attached to a receiver through an adaptor.
•Take about 750 ml of water in the steam generator and start
heating to produce steam.
•In the round bottom flask take about 75 gm of crushed Saunf,
Carom or Elaichi.
•A vigorous current of steam from steam generator is passed
through the round bottom flask.
•A part of the steam condenses in the round bottom flask. As more
and more steam is passed through, the steam volatile components of
Saunf pass through the condenser along with steam. These contents
on condensation are collected in the receiver.
•The contents in the round bottom flask may be heated by a Bunsen
burner to prevent excessive condensation of steam.
•The process of steam distillation is continued for about half an hour.
•Transfer the distullate to a separating funnel and extract with 20 ml
portions of petroleum ether 3 times.
•Combine the petroleum ether extracts in a 250 ml conical flask and
dry it with the help of anhydrous sodium sulphate.
•Remove the solvent from the dried filtrate by careful distillatuon in a
water bath.
Observation and Result

#Saunf (Aniseed):
• Weight of Saunf taken = 100 gm
• Initial Weight of the bottle = 10gm(x)
• Weight of bottle + essential oil = 11.25 gm(y)
• Weight of essential oil extracted =(y-x) =1.25 gm
• Percentage of essential oil = (y/100) x100=1.25 %
• Colour of the oil = Colourless
• Odour of the oil = Saunf like smell.

#Ajwain (Carom):
• Weight of ajwain taken = 75 gm
• Initial Weight of the bottle = 10 gm(x)
• Weight of bottle + essentual oil = 11 gm(y)
• Weight of essential oil extracted =(y-x) =1 gm
• Percentage of essential oil = (y/75) x100=1.33%
• Colour of the oil = Colourless
• Odour of the oil = Ajwain like smell.
 #Cardamom (Elaichi):
• Weight of Elaichi taken = 100 gm
• Initial Weight of the bottle = 10 gm(x)
• Weight of bottle + essential oil = 11 .25gm(y)
• Weight of essential oil extracted =(y-x) =1.25 gm
• Percentage of essentual oil = (y/100) x100=1.25%
• Colour of the oil = Colourless
• Odour of the oil = Elaichi like smell.
 Conclusion
Essential oils smell great, reduce stress, treat fungal
infections, and help you sleep. They are concentrated
extractions from plants. A process called distillation turns the
“essence” of a plant into a liquefied form for many medicinal
and recreational uses. Essential oils have many uses outside
of aromatherapy. Many people use them to scent their homes
or freshen up things like laundry. They are also used as a
natural scent in homemade cosmetics and high-quality
natural products. Essential oils enter the body primarily in
three ways—applied to the skin, inhaled, or ingested. Within
each of these, there are many different kinds of application
methods. For example, you can apply essentual oils topically
using compresses, sprays, baths, or massaging them into the
skin. Essential oil is also used externally as an insecticide
against small insects such as head lice, mites and vermin. It
also has fungicidal properties.
Other most Essential Oils are:
• Lavender (Lavandula officinalis)
• Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)
• Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia)
• Lemon (Citrus limonum)
• Peppermint (Mentha piperita)
• Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus
Bibliography
Wikipedia
Newspaper
Magazines