Experiment To verify the relation T = 2a | To determine the radius of gyration K° of given pendulum [To determine the radius of gyration of | | given bar by using Bi-filar suspension D.O.S. Sign. Remark } T To study the longitudinal vibrations of helical spring and to determine the frequency or period of vibration theoretically and actually by experiment To draw the displacement diagram for the CAM and study the jump phenomenon for | various pairs of cam and followers. To study and perform experiment on Walt governor for determining various parameters. To study and perform experiment on porter governor for determining —_various parameters. | To study and perform experiment on Proell governor for determining various parameters. To study and perform experiment on Hartnell governor for determining various parameters.DYNAMICS OF MACHINES LABORATORY MANUAL EXPERIMENT NO.1 OBJECTIVE To verify the relation 7 = 27 DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL SET UP For conducting the experiment, a beach ball is supported by nylon thread into chuck. It is Possible to change the length of pendulum by drawing the thread through chuck. This makes it possible to study the effect of variation of length of periodic time a small ball, A small ball may be substituted for large ball to illustrate that the period of oscillation is independent of the mass of the ball PROCEDURE 1. Attach the beach ball to one end of thread 2. Loosen the nut at the top of chuck and draw the thread to adjust the length, 3. Allow the ball to oscillate and determine the periodic time T by knowing the time for say 10 oscillation, 4. Repeat the experiment by changing the length OBSERVATION TABLE: Timeforn | T se, ] Mass of L No. of vise a Sr.No. mai oscillation | (expt) | T Theoritical | | Nati | the ball (ems) _| oscillation(n) o = | ae ] 2 Weis: ry 5 CALCULATION RESULT Plot the graph of T? ys. L DISCUSSION —_—————————— DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING UJJAIN ERING CO} i, UJJAIN Pave 1pynamics OF MAS 1 endl EXPERIMENT NO.2 OBJECTIVE f en pendulum. To determine the radius of gyration ‘K’ of give? pendula ittates with small amplitude under the i und pendulum. THEORY When a rigid body is suspended v action of the force gravity. The body is kn Let, M= Mass of pendulum in kg Ko= Radius of gyration about an to the plane of motion. ertically & it 08 nown as compou axis through the centre of gravity G & perpendicular centre of gravity of the body. If the ple tending to restore the fe can find out the periodic fiom the ment 0. Then the 60 vation W% he Distance of point of suspension pendulum is given a small angular displace pendulum to his equilibrium position. By taking all obse time Flacemat oh an acceleraton (gue go th =2n \ fe h By comparing this equation with simple pendulum. We can observe that equivalent length of a simple pendulum ean give the same frequency as compound pendulum For a compound pendulum periodic time will be minimum when the distance between the point of suspension & the centre of aravity is equal to the radius of gyration ofthe body about its centre of gravity.So, minimum periodic time of a compound pendulum. B 4 pein) -uf a (when h= Kg) Since the equivalent length of a compound pendulum (L) depends upon the distance between the point of suspension & the centre of gravity (G) therefore L can be changed by changing the position of point of suspension ‘ EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 1. Hang the compound pendulum at its position provided with vibration apparatus 2. Note down the length of pendulum from the point of suspension, 3. Give some oscillation to the pendulum. 4. Note down the time period for a particul r Nes! Particular number of oscillation, with the help of stop DEPARTMENT OF MECHANIC, 5 UJJAIN ENGINEERING. COL Ne Page 2ph No.of | Ti r | Tsee. oscillation(n) | « (Experimentaty | (Theoretical) CALCULATIONS Theoretical Time period, tp= 27 Actual Time Period, 1, = ————— Frequency Frequency =~ 7 K (Theoretical) = 34 etic Pre Where, n= Noof Oscillation 1 = Time Period for n Oscillation RESULT 1. The radius of gyration K of given pendulum (expt.) is, 2 Compare the values of K obtained theoretical and experimental DISCUSSION UJJAIN ENGINEERING CO! Page 3OBJECTI To determine the radius of gyration of given bar by using Br-fi EXPERIMENT NO. 3 DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL SET UP : support frame A uniform rectangular section bar is suspended from the pendulum support Frame by ty Parallel cords. Top ends of cords pass through the tw sat ends are secured in the bifilar bar. Its possible to adjust the length the cord by loosening the chucks. The suspension may also be used to determine the radius of gyration of any body. Jn this case the body under investigation is bolted to the centre. Radius of gyration of the combined bar and the body is then determined. PROCEDURE 1. Suspend the bar from chuck and adjust the length the cord L conveniently. Note the suspension length of each cord must be same. 2. Allow the bar to oscillate about the vertical axis passing through the centre and measure lar suspension. the periodic time by knowing the time for say 10 oscillation 3. Repeat the experiment by mounting the weights at equal distance from the centre. OBSERVATION TABLE 9 small chucks fitted at the top. Other Sr.No. L (ems) dems T sec. 1 2. 3. CALCULATIONS, For bisfilar suspension 7 = 2 fi Where 2a = distance between two wires cms. K= radius of gyration of bi-filar suspension i. Find K experimental by using above expression, i K theoretical (for bar) == ii. \eoretical (for bar) ni RESULT 1. Radius of gyration of bi-filar suspension 2. Plot the graph K (expt.) Vs K (Theoritical), DISCUSSIONDYNAMICS OF MACHINES LABORATORY MANUAL Figure: Bi-filar suspension arrangemcc DYNAMICS OF MACHINES LABORA TOR EXPERIM! NO.4 OBIECTIVE To study the longitudinal ibrations of helical spring and to determine the frequency op Period of vibration theoretically and actually by experiment. DESCRIPTION OF One end of open coil EXPERIMENT SET-UP SPiing Is fixed to the screw which engages with screwed hand whee} The screw can be adjusted vertically in any convenient position and then clamped to upper beam by means of lock nuts, Lower end of the spring is attached to the platform carrying the weights. The platform is guided in the lower beam The whole unit can be clamped at the honzontal position by using the upper and lower clamping nuts. Thus, the design of the System incorporates vertical and lateral Positioning of the unit to suit the convenience PROCEDURE |. Fix one end of the helical spring to the upper serew. Determine free length Put some wt. to platform and note down the deflection Stretch the spring through some distance and release Count the time required (in sec.) for some say 10, 20, 50 oscillations 6. Determine the actual period 7. Repeat the procedure for different wis, Aku OBSERVATIONS 1. Length of spring: 2. Mean dia. of spring 3. Wire dia: FOR FINDING Ky [ Sr.No. | We. Attached (w. kg) Deflection of spring (cms.) [4 L Zz, 3. | 4 Ls 1 a [Sr.No. | Weight Attached No, of Time reqd. for | Periodic time | ‘n’ oscillations Expt.=t/n | |CALCULATIONS 1. Find Ke, (Means stiffness) of the spring, 2 Km = thao Ky = Kg/em 3. Where Ki= Wy/51, Ko= Wy/52, Kr = Ww/83 ... ele 4, n= No. of reading 5. Find T theoretical by using relation Ee KnXd Check with experimental value expt. Un 8. Hence fijerorticat = 1/T(theo.) cps. 9, And, fexperimental = 1/T(expt.) eps. 6. Teneoretical = RESULTS 1, Plot the graph for spring stiffness (W vs. ) 2. Value of frequency firrstial= cps. 3. Value of frequency fexpesimenti™ ------ PS DISCUSSIONe 5 LABORATO! pynamics oF MACH! ERFORMED bration and how we can QUESTION RELATED TO PRACTICAL 1. What do_you mean by Tongitudinal vib n calculate the natural frequeney of vibration? 2 Draw helical spring and define its term! 3 What do you mean by spring in parallel inology ‘and spring in tension? DEPARTM! USAIN Page 8ne DYNAMICS OF MACHINES LABORATORY MANDA EXPERIMENT NO, OBJECTIVE To draw the displacement diagram for the CAM and study the jump phenomenon for various Pairs of cam and followers, INTRODUCTION Cams are used in machines to move a component in a prescribed path eg, Textile machine tools, LC. Engines. printing machine ete, Cam is a mechanical member for transmitting desired motion to follower by direct contact. Various types of cams and followers are used in Bractice like wedge, radial or cylindrical cams and reciprocating or oscillating followers with Mat Face, mushroom face or roller. The apparatus provides study of thre types of cams and followers with dial gauge, Follower displacement diagrams can be ploted and by rotating the cam, ‘jump’ phenomenon can be observed. SPECIFICATIONS. 1. Cams-Eccentric, tangent & circular are cam one each. 2. Followers: Flat faced, mushroom and roller followers one each 3. Push rod assembly with spring and dead weights, 4. Variable speed motor to drive the cams, 5. Angular scale and dial gauge — 1 each. PROCEDURE Fit the required cam over the cam shaft and required follower to push the rod Set angular scale at required position. Adjust the weight seat and dial gauge. Rotate the cam by hand and note down the dial gauge reading at every 30° intervals, Remove the dial gauge, Switch ‘ON’ the power supply. Slowly increase the motor speed © At particular speed a peculiar striking sound is heard. This speed is called ‘jump speed” Because at this speed, follower does not follow the exact path guided by cam contour Note down this speed. Use of this cam follower system beyond this speed is useless, because desired follower motion is obtained 7 Repeat the procedure for different dead weight and spring tension configurations at different cam-follower configurations. weuwne DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING UJJAIN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, UJJAIN Page 9DYNAMICS OF MACHINES 1 = Follower ‘CAM Angle (Degree) Follower’ | displacement au 300 12. 330 13, 360 zl Jump Speed = Spring stiffness = 400 N/m Spring Stiftness== —SPTINd tension _ ay poy, Spring compression PRECAUTION 1. Fis the key and bolt for cam tightening properly 2. While starting the motor, ensure thatthe dial 3. Tighten the weights loaded, by the checkout RESULT Displacement diagram using the observation, made has be: jump has been observed. ‘gauge has been removed. en drawn, The phenomenon of OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING UJJAIN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, UJJAIN Page 10DYNAMICS OF MACHINES LABORATORY MANUAL EXPERIMENT NO. 6 OBJECTIVE To study and perform experiment on Watt governor for determining various parameters INTRODUCTION The function of a governor is to ma regulating the input to the machine/p occurs due to fhuctuation in the load intain the mean speed of a machine/prime mover, by me mover automatically, when the variation of speed SPECIFICATIONS Length of each link ‘I*= ... mm Initial height of governor (ho) = ........ mm Mass of each ball (m) = ...... kg DESCRIPTION: The drive unit consists of a small electric motor connected through the belt and pulley arrangement. A (AC) variac effects precise speed control and an extension of the spindle shaft allows the use of hand held tachometer to find the speed of the governor spindle. A graduated scale is fixed to the sleeve and guided in vertical direction. PROCEDURE Mount the watt governor mechanism on the drive unit of the governor apparatus. Vary the governor spindle speed by adjusting the variac. The speed can be determined by the hand tachometer. Increase the speed of the governor spindle gradually by adjusting the variac and note down the speed at which the sleeve just begins to move up. Take four or five sets of readings by increasing the governor speed in steps and note down the corresponding sleeve displacement within the range of the governor and tabulate the observations. _- Spindle Link ¢ Fly ball Ya Drive motor a z Scale Page 11 Bes laa: , peOE ——— ETUP OF WATT GOVERNOR EXPERIMENTAL, OBSERVATION TABLE Sleeve displacement (X) In meter | | Sr. no. © Speed in RPM (N) | eat | | | : ' $$ f [ — L : ai [ 5 CALCULATIONS, 1. Height of the governor h = hy ~* 2. From the figure we can write 3. cosa =! 4 @=cos"** The controlling force F.= mr? w w=angularvelocityofthespindlein™, m = mass of fly ball in kg, r = distance of fly ball from spindle RESULT TABULATION : Radius of rotation | Controlling force F. Sr. No. Speed in RPM (N) (oe ices: a 1 2 | 3 _ K =~ ss I > — RESULT 1. Draw Speed Vs Displacement 2. Radius Vs controlling force a DEPARTMENT € HANICAL E) EERING UJJAIN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, UJJAIN Page 12OBJECTIVE To study and perform experiment on Porter governor for determining various parameters, INTRODUCTION Govemors are used for maintaining the speeds of the engines within prescribed limits from no load 10 full load. In petrol engines, governors control the throttle valve of carburetor and in diesel engines; they control position of fuel pump rack Most of the governors are of centrifiigal type. These governors use flyweights to create centrifugal force. Depending upon the speed, position of weight change, which is transmitted to sleeve through govemor links. Ultimately, the sleeve operates throttle or fuel pump, APPARATUS The apparatus consists of a spindle mounted in bearing vertically. Three types of governors can be mounted over a spindle, namely, Porter, Proell and Hartnell. A sleeve attached to governor link is lifted by outward movement of balls, due to centrifugal force. Liftoff the sleeve is measured over a scale. The spindle is rotated by a variable speed motor. SPECIFICATIONS 1. Governor assemblies Porter one each to be mounted over the Universal spindle, one at a time, 2. Variable speed D.C. Motor to rotate the spindle - % H.P. 1500 RPM 3. Speed controller for the motor. 4, Springs - 980 Nim and 490 N/m - one each. 5, Sleeve with scale and pointer. 6. Weights to base be added to sleeve (0.4 Kg) - 3Nos 7. The whole unit is mounted over a sturdy frame. The whole unit is mounted over a sturdy frame. 8. 230 V, 5 Amp. AC supply with earthing connection. 9. Tachometer for speed measurement - contact type. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANIC UJJAIN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, U JJAIN Page 13Porter Governor PROCEDURE the t 1. Mount the required govemor assembly over the spindle and tighten a link. atthe ply and slowly rotate the dimmer knob so th Switch on the mains power supy spindle is rotating and the sleeve is lifted to, say 1 em. Note down the speed and lift of governor. Slightly increase the speed so that sleeve lifts to say 2 cms. Again nol and lift. Repeat the procedure for different sleeve lifts Repeat the procedure for different sleeve weights. 6. Fill up the observation table ie down the Speed OBSERVATIONS TABLE Governor: a | Sr.No. Governor Speed rpm Sleeve lift (m) Weight added over: N SS ee DATA OF GOVERNOR 1. Length of each link, 1-0.125 mtr 2. Distance of top link from bottom link = 0.216mi. 3. Ing = 0.195 mir 4, Initial radius of rotation, rp = 0.1125 mir, 5. Mass of sleeve assembly, M = 1.25 Kg + Weight of sleeve assembly + Weight added on sleeve, W= (1226+ ......N , ne DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL F UJJAIN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, ANS Page 14DYNAMICS OF MACH ATORY MANUAL {Total mass of balls, m= 0 3028 Ky * Total weight of balls, W = 3.56 N CALCULATION Lin, x, Co = 0.108 mir Gq mur. Now, ? = C7 + $7 Si= mtr, Radius of rotation, r, =.05 + Symtr Angular velocity, «a = a rad/see, 1. Controlling force: F..=m.w}r, Newton. Where , m= total mass of ball = 0.3628 Kg Sensitiveness: It is the ratio of difference between the maximum and minimumspeed to mean equilibrium speed Practically. from no load to full load operation of the engine, a definite movement of fuel control element (throttle or fuel pump) is required. If X, is sleeve position at no load (upper position), and Xzis sleeve position at full load, (lower position) then speed corresponding to these position,M, and Nz are maximum and minimum equilibrium speeds. Thus, sensitiveness of governor can be determined for any two positions of sleeve, XyandX>. : = Sensitiveness = Ne) This is sensitiveness between sleeve position X,and X>. Thus sensitiveness can be determined for different values of Xyand Xp. 3. Governor Effort: It is the mean force required on the sleeve to raise or lower itfor a given ‘change in the speed. For convenience, in comparing different typesofGovernors, it is usual 10 define effort which will be applied for 1% change of speed. If. c= percent increment of speed (expressed as fraction), Governor effort, Q= (W + w) x cNewton. 4, Governor power - It is the work done at sleeve for given change of speed. Governor power, P= Q.X N-m GRAPHS ; Plot the graph of controlling force vs. Radius of rotation. HANICAL ENGINEERING ", USSAIN 'T OF MEI TME! hee RING COLLE UJJAIN Page 15ni... | DYNAMICS OF MACHINES LABORATORY MAN, Ot PRECAUTIONS 1 Operate all the switches and controls gently. Especially operate the speed contr) slowly 2. While fixing the govemor assembly, properly tighten the nut over the top of the spindle and nuts of pins inserted in sleeve holes. Do not temper with the other nut bolts of the unit Never interchange electri wires connected to the armiature and field winding of driving motor. DEPARTMENT O} yi RNG NICAL ENGINEERING JAIN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, UJJAIN Page 16DYNAMICS OF MACHINES LABORATORY MANUAL EXPERIMENT NO. 8 OBJECTIVE ining various parameters. ‘To study and perform experiment on Proell governor for determi .¢ within prescribed limits from INTRODUCTION engine wuretor and in Governors are used for maintaining the speeds of the ro Toad to fall load. In petrol engines, govemors control the throttle valve of carb diesel engines; they control position of fuel pump rack. Most of the govemors are of centrifugal type. These governors uSe flyweights to which is create centrifugal force. Depending upon the speed, position of weight change, 4 to aleove through governar links. Ultimately, the sleeve operates throtie of fuel transmit pump. APPARATUS ‘he apparatus consists of a spindle mounted in bearing vertically. Three {spe of governors and Hartnell. A sleeve attached to can be mounted over a spindle, namely, Porter, Proell fe to centrifugal force. Liftoff the governor link is lifted by outward movement of balls, duc ccale. The spindle is rotated by a variable speed motor. sleeve is measured over as SPECIFICATIONS 1. Govemor assemblies Porter one each to be mounted over the Universal spindle, one at a time Variable speed D.C. Motor to rotate the spindle - HP. 1500 RPM Speed controller for the motor. Springs - 980 N/m and 490 N‘m - one each Sleeve with scale and pointer. Weights to base be added to sleeve (0.4 Kg) - 3Nos. The whole unit is mounted over a sturdy frame. The whole unit is mounted over a NMAWAUWD sturdy frame, 230 V, 5 Amp. AC supply with earthing connection. Tachometer for speed measurement - contact type. | Proell Governor exe -—Pivot “Arm. ‘onnecting rod sleeve RE DEPARTMENT OF MECHA ; UJJAIN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, UJJAIN Page 17DYNAMICS OF MACHINES LABORATORY PROCEDURE 1 Mount the required governor assembly’ over the spindle and tighten the nut over the top, link > Switch on the mains power supply and slowly rotate the dimmer knob so that the Spindle is rotating and the sleeve is lifted to, say 1 cm Note down the speed and lift of governor. Slightly increase the speed so that sleeve lifts to say 2 ems, Again note down the Speed and lift. Repeat the procedure for different sleeve lifts 5. Repeat the procedure for different sleeve weights. 6. Fill up the observation table. 3 4. OBSERVATIONS TABLE Governor: Weight added over: N Sleeve lift (m) 4 | 5. DATA OF GOVERNOR Data of Governor 1. Length of links, 1= 0.125 m 2. Height of vertical ball arm, a= 0.07 m 3. Angle between vertical ball arm and lower link - 150° Mass of sleeve and balls, initial radius of rotation and distance between top and bottomlink are same as Porter Governor. CALCULATION Radius of rotation at speed Ny 11= 0.05 + s,+ dymtr. Now findingC, similar to Porter governor, at speed Nj 5,=/P-@ 6, = tan? (C,/S;) As total included angle of link EFH is 150° 0+ a+ 90 = 150 a= (60-8)" dy=asinay 0.07sin ay 7 =0.05+5,+d, ECHANICAL £ RING UJJAIN ENGINE!- NUAL DYNAMICS OF MACIINES LABORATORY MANE 0.3628 Kg ‘similar to porter governo: 1, Controlling force, F, 2, Seasitiveness = =@a-Ma (Ny +N) 3. Govemor Effort -Q=(W + w) x Newton 4. Governor power, P= QX Nem = mwzr,Newton, where , m= total mass of ball GRAPHS Plot the graph of controlling force vs. Radius of rotation the speed control PRECAUTIONS 1. Operate all the switches and controls gently. Especially operate slowly While fixing the governor assembly, properly tighten the nut over the top of the spindle and nuts of pins inserted in sleeve holes. Do not temper with the other nut bolts of the unit d field winding of driving Never interchange electric wires connected to the armature an¢ motor. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING UJJAIN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, UJJAIN Page 19DYNAMICS OF MACHINES LABORA TORY Ee UYNAMICS OF BAGRINES Sa AA EXPERIMENT NO. 9 OBIECTIVE ° Study and perform experiment on Hartnell govemor for determining various parameters INTRODUCTION Govemors are used for ‘maintaining the speeds of the engines within prescribed limits from Ro Toad to full load. In Petrol engines, governors contro! the throttle valve of carburetor and in diesel engines; they control position of fue pump rack: Most of the govemors are of centrifugal type. These governors use yweights to TCH centrifugal force. Depending upon the speed, Position of weight change, which is transmitted to sleeve through governor links Ultimately, the sleeve operates throttle or fuel Pump APPARATUS The apparatus consists ofa spindle mounted in bearing can be mounted over a spin: ertically. Three types of governors dle, namely, Porter, Proell and Hartnell. A sleeve attached to SPrernor ink is lifted by outward movement of balls, due to centrifugal force. Liftoff the Sleeve is measured over a scale. The spindle is rotated by a variable speed motor SPECIFICATIONS '- Governor assemblies Porter one each to be mounted over the Universal spindle, one at a time. Variable speed D.C. Motor to rotate the spindle - HP. 1500 RPM Speed controller for the motor. ‘Springs - 980 Nim and 490 Nim - one each. Sleeve with scale and pointer. ‘Weights to base be added to sleeve (0.4 Kg) - 3Nos, ‘The whole unit is mounted over a sturdy frame. The whole unit is mounted over a sturdy frame. 2B0V, save eD 5 Amp. AC supply with earthing connection, ‘Tachometer for speed measurement - contact type. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANIC USJAIN ENGINE; pee Page 20PANUAL DYNAMICS OF MACIIINES LABOR STORY = prin Collar ‘rank lever spindle Hartnell Govern proct ‘EDURE 1. Mount the required governor assembly over the spindle and tighten the nut over the f0P link. immer knob so that the Switch on the mains power supply and slowly rotate the di spindle is rotating andthe sleeve is lifted to, say 1 em. 5, Note down the speed and lift of governor. 4. Slightly increase the speed so that sleeve li ‘and lif. Repeat the procedure for different sleeve lifts Repeat the procedure for different spring compression and diferent springs Fill up the observation table. ifs to say 2 ems. Again note down the Speed OBSERVATIONS TABLE Spring Stiffness: Nim m Governor Speed rpm Initial spring compression: (m) =i HARTNELLGOVERNOR Data of governor 1. Stiffness of springs - 660 N’m and 980 N/m 2, length of vertical arm of bell erank lever a= 0.07mir 3. length of horizontal arm of bell cra k lever b= 0.1 Lmtr 4. Initial radius of rotation, % = 0.15 mir 5. Mass of ball and sleeve are same 1s porter governor DEPARTMENT O! CAL UJJAIN ENGINEERING COLI Page 21a? DYNAMICS OF MACHINES LABORATORY MAN CALCULATIONS - Let spring stiffness be $ and initial compression of spring be C,mtr. Radius of rotation at speed N= "0.18 + dymtr Where. d,~ x, (a/b) 1 Controttingforee, = m.onNewton where , m~ total mass of ball = 0.3628 Kg Also this foree is balanced by weight of sleeveand spring pressure. If Fs isspring force, then, Taking moments about fivlerum of bell erank of lever, Fas (W+E)b WF = Feb). = 8. (Xi +6) W* 801 +6) = F(a’), Spring stiffness = {(a/b)F. = W]/ (Xy + C)) 2. =e) (+2) ° 3. Governor effort, Q=(W + F) x Newton 4. Governor power, P= Q.X Nem 2, Sensitiveness= GRAPHS Plot the graph of controlling force vs, Radius of rotation PRECAUTIONS 1 Operate all the switches and controls gently. Especially operate the speedcontrol slowly While fixing the govemor assembly, properly tighten the nut over the top of the spindle and nuts of pins inserted in sleeve holes, Do not temper with the other nut bolts of the unit, 4. Never interchange electric wires ‘connected to the motor. v armature and field winding of driving QUESTIONS RELATED TO PRACTICAL PERFORMED. 1. What do you mean by govemor and why it is used? 2. How speed of the governor is related to lif opening and closing of throttle valve. 3. Define sensitiveness, isochronisms and hunting for governor, 4. Explain different condition of governor with the help of controlling force diagram. 5. Define effort and power of the govemor and derive formula for porter, hartnell governor. it of the governor and how it controls the proell andDYNAMICS OF y EXPERIMENT NO. 10 yECTIVE erify the relation for gyroscopic « To" Copie couple and study the effect of variows parameters of various parameters xTRODUCTION roscope '$ e eels instrument used for control of airpla ies 8 iY ok a flo ete var ae ere mowed i oo oi When ae zara around vertical axis and other horizontal ax!S. P iaivcahs bei mbes the spinning rotor, perpendicular to the axis, the ical avis. This is caused by a couple generated due 10 ic. It moor avi ‘pming Tbe fot, called Gyroscope Couple appARATUS : s of a rotor disc, mounted in bearings. The disc is driven bya variable ‘he apparatus consist «geod FHP motor, so that disc can be rotated at required speed. edges. The knife edge rest blocks are clamped to a yoke, which can rotate i wale fed in te base, about vertical avis, Thus motion about tree axe is possible. lance weight. A stud is ‘athe opposite side of the motor, weight is balanced by an initial bal provided over the balance weight, onto which the required weights can be placed to apply the required torque. An angular scale with pointer i provided which enables rotation '0 be measured. THEORY 1. Velocity of spins +o” Ibis measured in rad/see 2. Velocity of precision- Angular velocity of rtaion of rie: KS is called velocity of precession Tis rotation is about he vertical as itis denoted by “o,'. Its also measured The disc brackets rest over in bearings, ~The angular velocity of rotors called velocity of spin. 1118 denoted by in radisec. 4, Gyroscopic couple- The couple generated due fo change of direction of angular velocity of rotor, is called gyroscopic couple 4, Applied torque - The torque applies applied torque. Numerically, itis the product distance from centre of disc. 5, Moment of inertia of rotor I=mK Where, I = Moment of Ine m= mass of dise = 4.1 k k= Radius of Gyration = rN r= Radius of rotor = 0.125m, K=0.09 6 Angular Momentum disc i called angular momen Angular momentum =I. © “110 change the diretion of angular velocity of rotor «of weight placed in the weight stud and its tia, (ke a) ular velocity of rotor and moment of inertia of “The product of angt um, Page 23ABO pyantics OF MACHIN \d hence angular d jg change As the torque is applied, direction of angular velocity ‘momentum is also changed. Thus, Couple applied = Rate of change of momentum ce of momentum in the time interval, then. T= d(l.0) If dp is angle precession tumed during the T= (Lo) x (did) But, (do/d) is velocity of precession, T=1.0.0 If, (Loo) is chang time t, then EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE " Check the rotor for vertical position. Adjust the balance weight slightly, if required. Keep the dimmer at zero position and put “ON” the supply. Start the motor by applying the voltage of around 170 volts and then reduce. Adjust the rotor speed as required. Note down the rotor speed with the help of tachometer. The speed is to benoted when it becomes steady; it takes around Smins to stabilise. 6. Put the required weight in the weight stud and at the s ‘Note down the time required for 45 degree precession. 7. Repeat the procedure for different weights and rotor speeds. ame instant, start the stop clock OBSERVATIONS ‘Sr.No. Rotor Speed rpm ‘Weight (kg) Time for 45” Precession - as 2. 3. 4 = 5. CALCULATIONS Velocity of spin = Sradl w= Sradisec Where, N = Rotor speed. Velocity of precession Let time for45” precession be t, sec 45° = (w/4) rad Page 24DYNAMIC SOF MACHINES LA ORATORY MANUAL Moment of Inertia Mass of disc in 4.1 ky Moment of inertia | T= 4.1x(0,09)2 033 kem? = mK? Applied Torque Let the weight stud from centre of dise be ‘x’ meters & Applied torque, Toa = (weight)(x) { where, x= 0.252m } b Now as derived earlier, Ty =Loy CONCLUSIONS 1) When torque is applied to spinning rotor, rotating about horizontal axis, precession takes place about vertical axis, 2. The applied torque equals to the rate of change of angular momentum of rotor. PRECAUTIONS Check all the fastenings to be tight before start. 2. Check balance of the rotor before start. 3. Lubricate the bearing periodically. 4. Keep the base over a levelled platform. PARTMENT O1 NIC UJJAIN ENGINEERING COLLE! Page 25,DYNAMICS OF MACHINES LABORATORY MANUAL QUESTIONS RELATED TO PRACTICAL PERFORMED 1. Define precision velocity and derive formula for it 2. What do you mean by gyroscopic couple and derive formula for it 3. Explain briefly effect of gyroscopic couple on aeroplane 4 Explain briefly effect of gyroscopic couple on naval ship during rolling, yawing and pitching, S. Explain briefly effect of gyroscopi ‘ouple on four wheel drive. "ARTMENT OF MECHANICAL EN UJJAIN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, UJJAIN Page 26