1.
The Higher Institute of Engineering
El-Shorouk City
Electronics, Communication, and First year – 1st semester
Computer Engineering Dept.
Measurement - Sheet (7) Dr. Fatma El- Fouly
Discus in details how to find the capacitor parallel equivalent circuit if capacitor
series equivalent circuit is given?
Answer:
1
Series impedance = ZS = RS - j XS = = RS - j ω C
S
1 1
Parallel admittance = Yp = R + j X =G P + j BP =Conductance+ j susceptance
P P
Impedance of each circuit must be equal:
Z S=Z P
1
Z S=
YP
1
R S− j X S=
GP + j B P
1 R S+ j X S
G P+ j B P= ×
R S− j X S R S+ j X S
R S+ j X S
G P+ j B P= 2 2
RS+ X S
RS XS
G P= 2 2 and BP = 2 2
R +XS S R +X S
S
1
2 2 2 2
RS + X S R S+ X S
R P= and X P=
RS XS
2. Discus in details how to find the inductor series equivalent circuit if inductor
parallel equivalent circuit is given?
Answer:
1 1
Parallel admittance = Yp = R − j X =GP − j B P=Conductance− j susceptance
P P
Series impedance = ZS = RS + j XS = = RS - jω L S
Impedance of each circuit must be equal:
Z S=Z P
1
Z S=
YP
1
R S+ j X S =
G P− j B P
1 G P+ j B P
R S+ j X S = ×
G P− j B P G P + j B P
G P + j BP
R S+ j X S = 2 2
GP + B P
GP BP
R S= 2 2 and X S= 2 2
GP + B P GP + B P
2 2
RP X P XP RP
R S= 2 2 and X S= 2 2
RP + X P R P+ X P
3. Discuss the theory of basic AC Bridge?
Answer:
2
Figure 1
Using AC supply,
AC null detector
V Z =V Z
1 2
Z3 Z4
VS =V S
Z 1 + Z3 Z 2+ Z 4
Z 1 +Z 3 Z 2 + Z 4
=
Z3 Z4
Z1 Z2
+ 1= +1
Z3 Z4
Z1 Z2
= ∨Z 1 Z 4=Z 2 Z 3
Z3 Z4
Z1 Z2 Z1 Z2
ℜ( )=ℜ( )∨ℑ( )=ℑ( )
Z3 Z4 Z3 Z4
4. An AC bridge is in balance with the following constants: Z 1 has a R1 resistance of
200Ω in series with L1 =15.9 mH, Z2 has a R2 resistance of 300Ω in series with
C2=0.265 µF, and Z3 has a pure resistance of R3 =450 Ω, the oscillator of
frequency of 1 KHZ. Find the constants of Z 4, and draw the corresponding bridge
showing the values of components on it.
Answer:
Z1 =200+ j 100 Ω
Z 2=300− j600 Ω
Z3 =450 Ω
At balance:
Z1 Z 4=Z 2 Z3
Z 2 Z 3 (300− j 600)450 135000− j 270000 200− j100 0− j 67500000
Z 4= = = × = =− j 1350 Ω
Z1 200+ j 100 200+ j 100 200− j100 50000
3
Z4 is pure capacitance with capacitance 1350Ω at frequency 1KHZ.
1 1 −7
XC= =1350 , So C= =1.1789 ×10 F
2 πFC 2 π ( 1000 ) 1350
Capacitance bridges:
5. A) Draw capacitance Comparison Bridge. Prove that the unknown capacitance
components are not dependent on either the magnitude or the frequency of the
applied voltage at balance.
Answer:
Figure 2
−j −j
Z1 = Z=
ωC1 2 ωCX
Z3 =R3 Z 4 =R4
At balance:
Z1 Z 4=Z 2 Z3
− j/ω C 1 − j/ω C X
=
R3 R4
1 1
=
C 1 R 3 C X R4
C 1 R3
CX=
R4
4
B)
C) Draw similar angle Bridge or series resistance Capacitance Bridge. Prove that
the unknown capacitance components are not dependent on either the
magnitude or the frequency of the applied voltage at balance. If the bridge is
balanced with the following conditions:
o
Z3 =2000 ⌞0 Ω
o
Z 4=15000 ⌞ 0 Ω
o
Z1 =1000 ⌞−50 Ω
Find the components of unknown impedance.
Answer:
Figure 3
5
Z1 =R 1− j X C =R 1− j 1/ω C 1
1
Z 2=RS + j X C =R S− j1/ω C S
S
Z3 =R3 Z 4 =R4
At balance:
Z1 Z2
Z1 Z 4=Z 2 Z3 ∨ =
Z3 Z4
R 1− j 1/ω C 1 R S− j1/ω C S R1 R S R1 R4
= = , hence , R S=
R3 R4 R3 R4 R3
1 1
=
C 1 R 3 C S R4
C 1 R3
C S=
R4
o
Z3 =2000 ⌞0 Ω=R3=2000Ω
o
Z 4=15000 ⌞ 0 Ω=R 4=15000 Ω
o
Z1 =1000 ⌞−50 Ω=1000 ¿
Z1 Z2
As =
Z3 Z4
642.79− j766.04 R S− j1 /ω C S
=
2000 Ω 15000 Ω
(642.79− j766.04 )15000 Ω
R S− j1/ω C S = = 4820.925-j5745.3
2000 Ω
R1 R 4 642.79× 15000
R S= 4820.925Ω or R S= = =4820.925 Ω
R3 2000
X s=¿1 /ω C S=¿ ¿5745.3Ω
C 1 R3
or could useC S= if ω is given
R4
6
D)
E) Draw parallel Resistance Capacitance Bridge. Find the components of
unknown impedance.
Answer:
Figure 4
7
F)
8
Inductance bridges:
6. A) Draw an inductance Comparison Bridge. Prove that the unknown inductance
components are not dependent on either the magnitude or the frequency of the
applied voltage at balance.
Answer:
Figure 5
9
B)
C) Draw Maxwell Inductance Bridge. Prove that the unknown capacitance
components are not dependent on either the magnitude or the frequency of the
applied voltage at balance.
Figure 6
10
11
D)
E) Draw Hay Inductance Bridge. Drive formula for unknown components.
Figure 7
12
F)
13
