Owasp
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sreeranganadh008Owasp
Uploaded by
sreeranganadh008OWASP
OWASP– Open Web Application Security Project
- - It is an international non-profit organization
-- It provides guidance on how to develop, purchase and maintain
trustworthy and secure software applications
ain Goal:
M
-- The main goal of owasp is to educate and raise awareness about web
application security(improving the security of software applications(Secure
from hackers))
ore Principles:
C
-- All of their materials be freely available and easily accessible on their
website(It includes documentation, tools, videos & Methodologies to
pentest)
-- making it easy possible for anyone to improving their own web
application security
WASP Chapters:
O
-- Every country conducts meetings at least once in a month – worldwide
India – Hyderabad, Chennai, Mumbai, Pune & Bengaluru(Most Famous)
How to Test :
esting web application security is crucial to identify and mitigate
T
potential vulnerabilities and protect against potential threats.
There are various tools available that can assist in testing web
application security. Some tools are OWASP ZAP, Burp Suite, Nessus,
Acunetix etc...
Here, I'm using the BURP SUITE tool for testing web application
security.
Why we choose Burp Suite Tool only:
It depends on various factors including the requirements of the testing,
The expertise of the tester, the specific features needed, and personal
preferences.
Here are some reasons why burp suite is commonly used web
application security testing
Burp Suite:
Burp suite is a widely used cyber security testing tool for web
application security purposes. It includes features like scanning, crawling
and advanced testing methods to identify security vulnerabilities.
It is widely used by security professionals, ethical hackers and
developers to identify, analyze and exploit security vulnerabilities in web
applications.
The tool is divided into various modules and features, each serving a
specific purpose in the web application security assessment process. Here
are some key components and features of Burp Suite.
1)Proxy: It allows users to intercept and inspectHTTP/S requests and
responses between the client and web application. It’s crucial for
understanding how the application functions and identifying potential
vulnerabilities.
2)Intercept:As the user interacts with the web application,the requests and
responses are intercepted by proxy. The proxy captures these interactions
before they reach the target web server and after the server responds
3)HTTP History:Typically refers to a record or logof HTTP requests and
responses that have been intercepted and captured during a testing or
browsing session.
4)Intruder:It is a module within burp suite thatis used to automate and
customize attacks against a web application.(Automate and customize
attacks on application inputs)
Example:
)Install Burp suite tool using :
1
https://linux.how2shout.com/how-to-install-burp-suite-on-ubuntu-20-04-22-0
4-lts/
2)After installing, open Burp Suite Tool to create or open a testing project.
3)Here we didn’t do any changes directly click on Next
4)and click Start Burp
5)We are preparing to utilize the features in burp suite for security testing
and analysis like this
6)Now go to Proxy, click on Intercept and enable intercept on to allow the
interception and analysis of HTTP requests and responses during testing
7)Now, open browser and enter the URL of the project you intend to test
8)Now go back to Burp suite, click on HTTP History and review the logged
HTTP requests and responses for the ongoing testing session and select
the
specific response that you intend to test and analyze in detail
9)Send this request to the intruder for further analysis and testing
purposes. Now open intruder to proceed
10)Here we can see position, payload and some other options. By default it
is on the position. You have to select which type of attack you want to
perform, choose that and provide the payload accordingly.
11)Now please disable the URL – encode these characters checkbox to
ensure safe transmission within HTTP requests
12)Then click on start attack and click ok now we got some results
WASP Top 10:
O
-- It is incorporated by all organization all over the world during the security
assessment of their applications as a standard
-- The report is put together by a team of security experts from all over the
world
-- It gets updated every 3-4 years
-- The first version of the OWASP Top 10 list was published in 2003
Updates followed in 2004, 2007, 2010, 2013, 2017 & 2021
- - Most recent Release of OWASP Top 10 is 2017 & 2021 draft release is
out
-- OWASP Top 10 is the list of Top 10 most common application
vulnerabilities
-- It shows their risks, impacts and countermeasures
-- These are assigned the identifier of A01:2021 – A10:2021. Here “A” –
AppSec, “01” – Its rank in the list and year
List of 2017 & 2021 OWASP Top 10:
1)Broken Access Control :
roken Access Control refers to a security vulnerability in a web
B
applicationorsystemwhereuserscangainunauthorizedaccesstocertain
resources, perform actions or assumerolesthattheyshouldnothavedue
to inadequate or improperly implemented access restrictions.
xample : Suppose we are having a web application for an online
E
marketplace with different user roles : Admin, Seller, Buyer
Scenarios :
)Admin Panel Oversight : The admin panel, intended only for
1
administrators to manage the website, is accessible to regular buyers
without propercontrols.(Aregularbuyer,bymanipulatingtheURLorusing
a browser extension, discovers they can access the admin panel and
modify product listings or user accounts.)
)Unauthorized Data Access : The system does not check user roles
2
when accessing sensitive data, leading to unauthorized access.(A seller,
without the proper authorization checks, can view or modify the other
seller’s product listings or gain access to buyers information.)
)Inadequate Session Management : Session tokens are not securely
3
managed, allowing an attacker to hijack another user’s session.(An
attacker intercepts a session token or discovers a predictable session ID,
gaining unauthorized access to a legitimate user’s account.
In these examples, broken access control allows users toperformactions
or access data that should be restricted based on their assigned roles.
Implementing proper access controls would mitigate these vulnerabilities,
ensuringthatusersonlyhaveaccesstoresourcesandactionsappropriate
for their roles.
Differences between Authorization & Authentication :
Authentication Authorization
What It Is he
T process of he
T process of
verifying the identity of granting or denying
a user, system or access rights and
entity. permissions to
authenticated users.
Goal o ensure that the
T o determine what
T
person or a system actions or resources a
trying to access user, system or entity
something is who they is allowed toaccessor
claim to be. perform.
Example ogging into an email
L fter logging into an
A
account by entering a email
username and account(Authentication
password ), authorization
determines whether
the user can read,
send or delete emails.
Insummary,authenticationisaboutverifyingidentity,whileauthorizationis
about granting or denying access based on that verified identity.
Authentication is like proving who you are, and authorization is deciding
what you’re allowed to do once your identity is confirmed.
Categories :There are 2 types of categories :
)Privilege Escalation
1
2)Insecure Direct Object Reference
Privilege Escalation :
Imagine we have a certain level of accessorpermissionswithinasystem
or application, like a regular user account. It occurs when you somehow
gain higher level access or permissions that you weren’t originally
supposed to have.
Types of privilege escalations :
)Horizontal Privilege Escalation
1
2)Vertical Privilege Escalation
)HorizontalPrivilegeEScalation:Inthiscase,thegoalistoacquirethe
1
same level of access but for a different user account. For example,
switching from one regular user account to another without going up the
hierarchy.(normal user - normal user)
)Vertical Privilege Escalation : This typically happens gaining higher
2
access levels, such as moving from a regular user to an administrator or
standard employee to a manager.(normal user - admin)
)Insecure Direct Object Reference : In a system there are various
2
objects(like files, database records oruserprofiles)andeachobjecthasa
reference or identifier. Insecure Direct Object Reference involves when
there’s a flaw in the system that allows a user to access or manipulate
objects they’re not supposed to by directly referring to them.
Insimplerterms,privilegeescalationislikefindingawaytogetmorepower
or access than you should have, and insecure direct object reference is
aboutexploitingflawstoaccessormanipulatethingsyouarenotsupposed
to within a system.
How to Attack:
hen attackers may manipulate inputs, such as modifying a URL or
W
changing parameters, they may access resources or functionalities directly
without appropriate authorization. This manipulation can lead to
unauthorized access to sensitive data or functionalities meant for other
users, posing a significant security risk.
Example:
Set Position:
Provide Payload:
Results:
Prevention Techniques :
)Implement proper access controls:
1
a)Role based Access control: Assign specific roles to users and grant
access based on those roles.
b)Attribute based Access control: Use attributes and policies to determine
access
c)Ensure principle of least privilege: Grant the least amount of privilege
necessary for a user to perform their job functions.
)Enforce Access controls server side:validate accesspermissions on
2
the server-side to prevent bypassing client-side controls
)Use strong session management:ensure sessions aresecurely
3
managed and access rights are appropriately checked at each request
implement proper logout mechanisms to invalidate sessions
)Implement Access control checks at the object level:Utilize server
4
side checks to validate whether a user has permission to access or modify
specific objects or data.
)Apply Indirect Object References Prevention measures:Use unique
5
and hard to guess identifiers rather than exposing direct references to
objects(id’s) in urls & parameters.
)Regular security testing and code reviews:Conductregular security
6
assessments, penetration testing and code reviews to identify and fix
potential access control vulnerabilities
)Education & Training:Train developers and otherrelevant staff about
7
secure coding practices, including proper implementation of access
controls.
)Use Access Control lists:Implement access controllists to define
8
permissions and access rules for different users or user groups
)Cryptographic Failures(2021-2)/ Sensitive Data Exposure
2
(2017-3):
ailure to properly protect sensitive data, such as passwords, credit
F
card numbers or personal information which could be exposed to
unauthorized users.
It refers to instances where the cryptographic systems or algorithms in
use fail to provide the intended security and protection against
unauthorized access, data manipulation or other security breaches. These
failures can occur due to various reasons, including weaknesses in the
cryptographic algorithms, poor implementation, key management issues or
advancements in cryptanalysis techniques.
Impacts:
)Data Breaches:Encrypted data may be compromised,leading to
1
unauthorized access and potential exposure of sensitive information
2)Data integrity Compromised:Tampering with encrypteddata may go
undetected, undermining the trust and reliability of the information
3)Loss of confidentiality:Sensitive data may becomeaccessible to
unauthorized parties, violating privacy and confidentiality.
4)Legal & Compliance issues:Failure to maintain propercryptographic
security can lead to legal repercussions and non-compliance with
regulatory standards.
Example:
Set Position:
Results:
rotection:
P
1)Use Strong Algorithms:Employ well established,standardized, and
strong cryptographic algorithms that are resistant to known attacks.
2)Regular updates & Patching:Stay updated with thelatest security
patches and updates for cryptographic libraries and tools to address any
identified vulnerabilities.
3)Key management best practices:Ensure secure keystorage and
distribution mechanisms. Rotate keys regularly to minimize exposure in
case of a compromise. Use proper key lengths and randomness for
generating keys.
4)Secure Implementation:Follow best practices andguidelines for
implementing cryptographic algorithms to minimize vulnerabilities.
5)Security Audit & Testing:Conduct thorough securityaudits and testing,
including penetration testing, code reviews to identify vulnerabilities and
weaknesses
)Monitor & Intrusion Detection:Implement monitoring and intrusion
6
detection systems to detect suspicious activities and potential attacks on
cryptographic systems.
7)Education & Training:Train developers & staff involvedin implementing
and managing cryptographic systems and about best practices, security
protocol & protection risks.
8)Backup & Redundancy:Implement backup & redundancymechanisms
to ensure availability and integrity of cryptographic keys and data.
9)Incident Response Plan:Develop a robust incidentresponse plan to
efficiency and effectively respond to any cryptographic failures or security
breaches.
10)Engage Experts & Consultants:Seek advice and assistancefrom
experts in cryptography and security to ensure the soundness of our
cryptographic implementations and systems.
3)Injection(2017-1, 2021-3):
Attackers send malicious data as part of a command or query to
manipulate the application and gain unauthorized access to the system’s
data or functions.
These are a type of security flaw that allows attackers to manipulate an
application's input to execute unintended commands or access
unauthorized data. This typically occurs in web applications where user
input is not properly validated or sanitized before being used in the
application
Types:
)SQL Injection: Attackers inject malicious SQL code into an applications
1
input fields, tricking the system into executing intended SQL
commands.This can lead to unauthorized access, data manipulation or
even data deletion
Example:
Set Position:
Provide Payload:
Results:
)Cross site scripting: Attackers inject malicious scripts into web
2
applications, which then get executed in the browsers of other users. This
can lead to theft of users data, session hijacking, or defacements of
websites.
3)Command Injection: Attackers inject malicious commands into system
commands or scripts executed by the application. This can lead to
unauthorized access to the system, data leakage, or remote code
execution.
Protection:
)Input Validation & Sanitization:Validate & sanitizeall user input to
1
ensure it adheres to accepted formats and does not contain malicious
code.
2)Use Parameterized Queries:Use parameterized queriesor prepared
statements in database interactions to prevent SQL injection attacks
)Avoid Dynamic SQL Queries:Avoid constructive SQL queries
3
dynamically based on user input, as this can introduce vulnerabilities.
4)Least Privilege Principle:Limit the privileges andpermissions of
application components to the minimum necessary for their operation. This
reduces the potential damage that an attacker can cause
5)Escape Special Characters:Escape special charactersin user input
before using them in SQL Queries or HTML to prevent injection attacks
6)Content security policy:Implement CSP to mitigatethe risk of cross
site scripting attacks by specifying which sources of content are allowed to
be executed in the application.
7)Regular Security Audits & Code reviews:Conductregular security
audits and code reviews to identify and fix vulnerabilities, including injection
issues.
8)Web Application Firewalls:Utilize these to filterand block malicious
traffic, including attempts at injection attacks.
9)Education & Training:Train developers and userson secure coding
practices, highlighting the importance of input validation and protection
against injection attacks.
10)Security Headers:Implement security headers suchas
X-Content-Type-Options, X-Frame-Options, X-XSS-Protection to enhance
the security of our web application.
A04-2021: Insecure Design:
Insecure design is a vulnerability that occurs when the overall plan or
structure of a system or application has weaknesses or flaws that can be
exploited by attackers. It’s like having a building with a poorly thought-out
floor plan or weak foundation, making it easier for burglars to break in or for
the building to collapse.
In the context of computer systems :
)Flawed Architecture :Imagine a website withoutproper security checks,
1
allowing anyone to access sensitive information without proper
uthorization. This is an example of insecure design where the architecture
a
of the system doesn’t adequately protect valuable data.
)Weak boundaries :Insecure design might involvepoorly defined
2
boundaries between different parts of a system. If these boundaries are
unclear or easily bypassed, it becomes easier for attackers to manipulate
or compromise the system.
)Lack of Encryption :If a system doesn’t use encryptionto protect data
3
during transmission, it’s vulnerable to eavesdropping. It’s like sending a
postcard instead of a sealed letter - anyone who intercepts it can read the
contents.
ddressing insecure design involves creating a robust and well-thought-out
A
plan for how a system should function securely, considering aspects like
user access, data protection, and communication security.
Attacks on insecure designs can take various forms:
. **Injection Attacks:** Malicious code is inserted into a system, such as
1
SQL or JavaScript, giving the attacker control.
. **Broken Authentication and Session Management:** Flaws allow
2
attackers to steal or hijack session tokens for unauthorized access.
. **Sensitive Data Exposure:** Vulnerabilities permit access to sensitive
3
data like passwords or personal information.
. **Insecure Direct Object References:** Attackers bypass proper
4
channels to directly access objects, potentially leading to unauthorized
actions or data access.
To prevent insecure designs:
. **Security Threat Modeling:** Identify and assess potential security
1
threats early in the design process to address flaws.
. **Follow Secure Coding Practices:** Adhere to guidelines for writing
2
secure code to prevent common design flaws.
. **Comprehensive Testing:** Employ both manual and automated testing
3
to thoroughly evaluate all aspects of a system.
. **Vulnerability Management:** Continuously identify, assess, and fix
4
vulnerabilities in a system.
Additionally, consider these practices:
- **Security by Default:** Enable all security features by default, requiring
users to opt out if necessary.
- **Least Privilege:** Grant users only the permissions they need to perform
their tasks.
- **Simplicity:** Avoid overly complex systems, as they can be harder to
secure.
- **Use Established Patterns and Frameworks:** Trusted patterns and
frameworks have been vetted by security experts.
- **Seek Expert Feedback:** Have security experts review designs before
implementation.
y following these practices, you can prevent insecure designs and
B
enhance the security of your systems.
Ex:
5)Security Misconfiguration(6-2017, 5-2021):
ecurity misconfiguration refers to the improper setup or configuration of a
S
system, application, or network, which leaves it vulnerable to unauthorized
access, data breaches, or other security risks. It occurs when security
settings or protections are not properly implemented, or default
configurations are not changed, exposing potential weaknesses.
**Examples of Security Misconfiguration:**
* 1. **Default Credentials:** Leaving default usernames and passwords
unchanged for applications, databases, or network devices, making it easy
for attackers to gain unauthorized access.
. **Unnecessary Services:** Running unnecessary services or ports that
2
are not required for the system's operation, providing additional attack
vectors.
* 3. **Improper Access Controls:** Failing to set up proper access controls,
allowing users or processes to have more privileges than necessary.
* 4. **Unrestricted Directory Listing:** Allowing directory listings on web
servers, which can reveal sensitive information about the system's file
structure.
. **Excessive Information Disclosure:** Providing verbose error messages
5
that reveal too much information about the system, which can be exploited
by attackers.
. **Lack of Encryption:** Not using encryption for sensitive data in transit
6
or at rest, making it susceptible to interception or theft.
**How Attacks Exploit Security Misconfigurations:**
. **Enumeration and Scanning:** Attackers can use tools to scan for open
1
ports, services, and vulnerabilities in improperly configured systems.
. **Brute Force Attacks:** Default credentials or weak passwords can be
2
exploited through automated brute force attacks.
. **Directory Traversal:** Improperly configured web servers can allow
3
attackers to navigate to directories they shouldn't have access to.
. **Information Leakage:** Overly verbose error messages can reveal
4
information about the system's configuration, which attackers can use to
their advantage.
**Preventing Security Misconfiguration:**
. **Regular Audits and Assessments:** Conduct regular security audits
1
and assessments to identify and rectify misconfigurations.
. **Utilize Security Tools:** Employ automated scanning tools that can
2
detect common misconfigurations.
. **Follow Secure Configuration Guides:** Refer to security guidelines
3
provided by the software or system vendors to ensure proper setup.
. **Access Controls and Least Privilege:** Apply strong access controls
4
and grant users the minimum level of privileges needed to perform their
tasks.
. **Patch and Update Systems:** Keep software, applications, and
5
operating systems up-to-date to ensure they have the latest security
patches.
. **Disable Unnecessary Services:** Turn off or remove any services,
6
ports, or functionalities that are not required for the system's operation.
. **Use Strong Authentication:** Avoid default or weak credentials and
7
implement multi-factor authentication where possible.
y addressing security misconfigurations, organizations can significantly
B
reduce the risk of unauthorized access and data breaches, creating a more
robust and secure environment.
)Vulnerable & Outdated Components(6-2021) / Using
6
Components with known vulnerabilities(9-2017) :
)Broken Access Control
1
2)Cryptographic Failures
3)Injection
4)Insecure Design
5)Security Misconfiguration
6)Vulnerable and outdated components
7)Identification and authentication failures
8)Security Logging and Monitoring Failures
9)Clickjacking
10)CSRF(Cross-Site Request Forgery)
11)SSRF(Server Site Request Forgery)
12)CORS
13)DOM
14)HTTP Request Smuggling
15)Software & Data Integrity Failures
16)Cross - Site Scripting(XSS)
17)Insecure Deserialization
18)API Testing
erialization, Deserialization
S
Hashkey
Ports
CORS
DOM
Encryption, Decryption
Git
)store
1
2)
it clone
G
Git branch
Git checkout branchname
Git status
Git add .
Git status
Git commit -m “”
Git branch
Git pull origin branchname
Git push origin branchname
Git log
Git merge
Git
- > storage purpose
-> version control
-> multiple member
it init
G
Git status
U - untracked
A - add
M - modify
it add filename - single file
G
Git add . / git add –all - multiple files
it clone url
G
Git
9 – owasp introduction, owasp top 10 vulnerabilities, why choose
2
burp suite & how to use it , vulnerability assessment & Penetrating
testing(VAPT)
30 – holiday
1 – broken access control, cryptographic failures, security
misconfiguration
2 – insecure design, vulnerability & outdated components
3 – Identification & Authentication failures, security logging &
monitoring failures, clickjacking, injection(cross site scripting),
4 – Doubts explanation, audit report
5 – CSRF, SSRF
6,7 – holidays
8 – Document Review, Modifications in Document
9 – Doubts Clarification, Session
10 – Explain what is Cross Origin Resource Sharing(CORS)
11 – Practical Testing on CORS using Burp suite
12 – Discuss Previous Topics, GIT
13 - Practice on owasp and common vulnerabilities
14 - holiday
15 - Mobile Application Security Testing
16 - Postman installations
17 - GIT, Postman API Testing
8 - DOM Based vulnerabilities, Insecure Deserialization, Software
1
and Data Integrity Failures penetration testing, Assign projects
19 - Audit Report
A08-2021: Software and Data Integrity Failures :
Software Integrity Failures :
Description :
It happens when the software you use is tampered with or altered without
permission. (Hackers add or modify parts of the software to make it do bad
things ). This can happens through
ompromised Updates :When updates to your softwarecome from
C
untrusted sources or are tampered with, they can introduce harmful
changes.
ntrusted third party components :Using softwarelibraries or
U
components from sources that may have been tampered with.
xample :
E
-> Imagine you are baking a cake and someone secretly adds a harmful
ingredient into your recipe.
- > Download game update - if the update is from a fake or
compromised source, it might include a virus that harms your
computer.
Data Integrity Failures :
Description :
It occurs when the information stored or transmitted is changed or
tampered with. (Hackers alter or corrupt data to deceive or harm)
Unprotected Data Transmission :If data is sent overthe internet
without proper authorization or security measures, it can be
intercepted and changed
Insecure Data Storage :If data is not stored securely,it can be
accessed and altered by unauthorized people.
xample :
E
-> Imagine sending a letter to a friend but someone intercepts it,
changes the content and then sends it on.
-> send a message to your friend. If someone intercepts the message
and changes it before it reached to your friend thats a data integrity
failure
Preventions :
)Verify Sources : Always download software and updates from
1
trusted sources.
2)Use security measures : Encrypt data to protect it during
transmission and use secure storage methods.
3)Regular Checks : Regularly check and verify that your software and
data have not been altered
Insecure Deserialization :
erialization :The process of converting an objector data structure into a
S
format that can be easily stored or transmitted.
x : packing box - toy have many parts - disassemble - put all parts in box
E
- write instructions label on box - send
eserialization :It converts the serialized formatback into its original
D
object or data structure
Ex : unpacking box - reassemble toy
Insecure Deserialization :
It's a security issue that happens when an application takes serialized data
from an untrusted source and converts it back into its original form without
properly checking or validating the data. This can lead to serious problems
if the data has been tampered with by attackers.
xample : Imagine you receive a package (serialized data) from a friend
E
and you don’t know what’s inside. You just open it (deserialization) without
checking if it’s safe. If someone had secretly put a harmful device inside the
package, it could cause problems when you open it. Similarly, with insecure
deserialization, if an application blindly trusts and processes data from an
untrusted source, attackers can exploit this to introduce malicious code or
perform unauthorized actions
revention: Use safer serialization formats (likeJSON), validate and
P
sanitize data, and handle errors properly to prevent security issues.
DOM based vulnerabilities :
hese are security issues that occur due to insecure processing or
T
manipulation of data within the Document Object Model (DOM) on the
client side (in the browser). They typically result from inadequate validation
or sanitization of user input before it's used or displayed on a web page.
Examples:
ross-Site Scripting (XSS): Attackers inject maliciousscripts into web
C
pages that execute in other users' browsers, potentially stealing data or
performing unwanted actions.
RL Manipulation: Attackers modify URL parametersto inject malicious
U
content into the page or trigger unintended behavior.
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