1

Programming
Languages
Reference 9
Object Oriented
Programming Using C++
 C++ History
 Dennis Ritchie developed C by at AT&T, Bell Labs in
the 1970s
 Many applications written in C
 C++ is developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at AT&T, Bell
Labs in the 1980s
 Overcame several shortcomings of C
 Incorporated object oriented programming
 C is a subset of C++
 Object Oriented Programming
 Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a technique
of programming to write a code in form of
interacting objects
 The Coder defines the types of objects
 The Coder creates object instances
 The Coder specifies the interaction among these
objects
 Objects
objects have attributes and behaviors
Examples:
 Dog
 Attributes: breed, Barking Voice, color, hungry,
tired, etc.
 Behaviors: eating, sleeping, etc.
 Bank Account
 Attributes: account number, owner, balance
 Behaviors: withdraw, deposit, Making Demand
Draft
C and C++
In C, data structures and procedures are defined separately.
 C, Pascal, FORTRAN, and similar languages are procedural
languages. That is, each statement in the language tells the
computer to do something: Get some input, add these
numbers, divide by six, display that output. A program in a
procedural language is a list of instructions. For very small
programs, no other organizing principle (often called a
paradigm) is needed. The programmer creates the list of
instructions, and the computer carries them out.
 In object-oriented languages, they are defined together.
 An object is a collection of attributes and the behaviors that
operate on them.
 Variables in an object are called attributes.
 Procedures associated with an object are called methods.
 Problems with Procedural 7

Language
 As programs grow ever larger and more complex, even the structured
programming approach begins to show signs of strain. The project is too
complex, the schedule slips, more programmers are added, complexity
increases, costs skyrocket, the schedule slips further, and disaster ensues.
(See The Mythical Man-Month by Frederick P. Brooks, Jr. [Addison Wesley,
1982] for a vivid description of this process.)
 Analyzing the reasons for these failures reveals that there are weaknesses
in the procedural paradigm itself. No matter how well the structured
programming approach is implemented, large programs become
excessively complex. What are the reasons for these problems with
procedural languages? There are two related problems. First, functions
have unrestricted access to global data. Second, unrelated functions
 and data, the basis of the procedural paradigm, provide a poor model of the
real world.
 8

Local and Global Variables

 9

Procedural Language
 10

Attributes and Behaviors

 Attributes
 Examples of attributes (sometimes called characteristics)
are, for people, eye color and job title; and, for cars,
horsepower and number of doors. As it turns out, attributes
 in the real world are equivalent to data in a program: they
have a certain specific values, such as blue (for eye color) or
four (for the number of doors).
 Behavior
 Behavior is something a real-world object does in response
to some stimulus. If you ask your boss for a raise, she will
generally say yes or no. If you apply the brakes in a
 car, it will generally stop. Saying something and stopping are
examples of behavior. Behavior is like a function: you call a
function to do something (display the inventory,
 for example) and it does it.
 11

Object Oriented Programming

Approach
 12

Objects and Class

 13

Inheritance
 14

C and C++
 15

Program Structure
 16

Defining Variables
 17

Example
Classes
A class is the generic definition for a set of similar objects (i.e.
Person as a generic definition for Aslam, Akram, Salman
etc.
 A class can be thought of as a template used to create a set
of objects.
 A class is a static definition; a piece of code written in a
programming language.
 One or more objects described by the class are instantiated
at runtime.
 The objects are called instances of the class.
Bank Example

 The "account" class describes the attributes and behaviors of

bank accounts.
 The “account” class defines two state variables (account
number and balance) and two methods (deposit and
withdraw)
Objects
 When the program runs there will be many instances of the
account class.
 Each instance will have its own account number and balance
(object state)
 Methods can only be invoked .
Classes
When classes are defined, programmers can specify that
certain methods or state variables remain hidden inside the
class.
 These variables and methods are accessible from within the class, but not

accessible outside it.

 The combination of collecting all the attributes of an object into a single

class definition, combined with the ability to hide some definitions and type
information within the class, is known as encapsulation.
Instance Methods and Instance
Variables
The methods and variables described in this module so far are
know as instance methods and instance variables.

 These state variables are associated with the one instance of

a class; the values of the state variables may vary from
instance to instance.
 Instance variables and instance methods can be public or
private.
 It is necessary to instantiate (create an instance of) a class to
use it’s instance variables and instance methods.
Class and Class Variables
In addition to instance methods and instance variables,
classes
can also define class methods and class variables.

 These are attributes and behaviors associated with the class

as a whole, not any one instance.
 Class variables and class methods can be public or private.
 It is not necessary to instantiate a class to use it’s class
variables and class methods.
Inheritance
 Derive a new class (subclass) from an existing class

 Inheritance creates a hierarchy of related classes (types) that

share code and interface
 25

Examples
Base Class Derived Classes
Student CommuterStudent
ResidentStudent
Shape Square
Triangle
Hexagonal
Loan HousePurchaseLoan
HomeImprovementLoan
BikebuyLoan
University Members 26

University Membership Manager

Employee Student

Faculty Staff

chairman Teacher
 27

Shape class
Shape

TwoDimensionalShape ThreeDimensionalShape

Circle Square Triangle Sphere Cube Tetrahedron

 Subclasses
When a new class is developed a programmer can
define it to
be a subclass of an existing class.
 Subclasses are used to define special cases,
extensions, or other variations from the originally
defined class. Sheroo
Generic is
derived
Class for from Dog
Examples: Dog
 Sheroo can be defined as With Specific
general Class for
a subclass of Dog. Terrier
attributes
 SavingsAccount and With new
and
CheckingAccount can be behaviors attributes
derived from the Account for all and
behaviors
class (see following dogs.
specific
slides). to the
Terrier
4. Implementing Inheritance in
29

C++

 Develop a base class called student

 Use it to define a derived class called

grad_student
 30

The Student Class

student
student_id,
print()
year, name year_group()
batch

inherits

grad_student
dept, print()
ISP
 31

Student Class
class student {
public:
student(char* nm, int id, int y);
void print();
int year_group()
{ return year; }
private:
int student_id;
int year;
char name[30];
};
 32

Graduate Student Class

class grad_student: public student {
public:
grad_student(char* nm, int id,
int y, char* d, char* th);
void print();
private:
char dept[10];
char thesis[80];
};
 33

Use
int main()
{
student s1("Jane Doe", 100, 1);
grad_student gs1("John Smith", 200, 4,
"Pharmacy", "Retail Thesis");

cout << "Student classes example:\n";

cout << "\n Student s1:";

s1.print();
cout << “Year “ << s1.year_group()
<< endl;
:
continued
 34

cout << "\n Grad student gs1:";

gs1.print();
cout << “Year “ << gs1.year_group()
<< endl;
:
 35

Polymorphism and Overloading

 36

endl
Questions