Sustainable Development Goals

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,

adopted by all United Nations members in 2015, Sustainable Development Goals
created 17 world Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
(SDGs). The aim of these global goals is "peace and
prosperity for people and the planet"[1][2] – while
tackling climate change and working to preserve
oceans and forests. The SDGs highlight the
connections between the environmental, social and
economic aspects of sustainable development.
Sustainability is at the center of the SDGs, as the term
sustainable development implies.
Mission "A shared blueprint for peace
The short titles of the 17 SDGs are: No poverty (SDG
statement and prosperity for people and
1), Zero hunger (SDG 2), Good health and well-being
the planet, now and into the
(SDG 3), Quality education (SDG 4), Gender equality
future"
(SDG 5), Clean water and sanitation (SDG 6),
Affordable and clean energy (SDG 7), Decent work Location Global
and economic growth (SDG 8), Industry, innovation Founder United Nations
and infrastructure (SDG 9), Reduced inequalities (SDG Established 2015
10), Sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11),
Closed 2030
Responsible consumption and production (SDG 12),
Climate action (SDG 13), Life below water (SDG 14), Website sdgs.un.org (https://sdgs.un.or
g/)
Life on land (SDG 15), Peace, justice, and strong
institutions (SDG 16), and Partnerships for the goals
(SDG 17).

These goals are ambitious, and the reports and outcomes to date indicate a challenging path. Most, if not
all, of the goals are unlikely to be met by 2030. Rising inequalities, climate change, and biodiversity loss
are topics of concerns threatening progress. The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 to 2023 made these
challenges worse. The pandemic impacted all 17 goals and emphasized the interconnectedness of global
health, economic, social, and environmental challenges.[3] Some regions, such as Asia, have experienced
significant setbacks during that time. The global effort for the SDGs calls for prioritizing environmental
sustainability, understanding the indivisible nature of the goals, and seeking synergies across sectors.

With regards to the political impact of the SDGs, it has been observed that they have mainly influenced
global and national debates. By doing so, they have led to discursive effects for global and national
debates. However, they have struggled to achieve transformative changes in policy and institutional
structures.[3] The uneven prioritization of goals reflects longstanding national development policies. This
complicates the global endeavor towards sustainable development. For example, there has long been a
tendency to favor socio-economic objectives over environmental ones.[3]
Funding remains a critical issue for achieving the SDGs. Significant financial resources would be
required worldwide. The UN, other international organizations, and national governments are trying to
assist with funding efforts. Furthermore, the role of private investment and a shift towards sustainable
financing are also essential for realizing the SDGs. Examples of progress from some countries
demonstrate that achieving sustainable development through concerted global action is possible.

General description
The SDGs are, in essence, universal, time-bound, and legally non-binding policy objectives agreed upon
by governments. They come close to prescriptive international norms but are generally more specific, and
they can be highly ambitious. The overarching UN program "2030 Agenda" presented the SDGs in 2015
as a "supremely ambitious and transformative vision" that should be accompanied by "bold and
transformative steps" with "scale and ambition".[4]

Scholars noted that the goals had the potential to form overarching and crosscutting norms that integrate
social and environmental considerations into new definitions of development.[4]

The SDGs are "unique and special, at least in five dimensions".[5] Firstly, they apply to all countries of
the world, not just developing countries like the Millennium Development Goals (from the year 2000 to
2015) did. Secondly, they target all three dimensions of sustainability and sustainable development,
namely the environmental, economic and social dimension. Thirdly, the development and negotiations of
the SDGs were not "town down" by civil servants but were relatively open and transparent, aiming to
include "bottom up" participation. Fourthly, the SDGs have been "institutionally embedded at a higher
political level than earlier goals in development policy": A new forum, the High-level Political Forum on
Sustainable Development was created in 2013 to review the progress of the implementation of the SDGs.
The fifth aspect about the SDGs that is unique is that they are "more visible in public discourse and more
central in the United Nations system than earlier initiatives".[5]

Structure of goals and targets

The lists of targets and indicators for each of the 17 SDGs was published in a UN resolution in July
2017.[6] Each goal typically has eight to 12 targets, and each target has between one and four indicators
used to measure progress toward reaching the targets, with the average of 1.5 indicators per target.[7] The
targets are either outcome targets (circumstances to be attained) or means of implementation targets.[8]
The latter targets were introduced late in the process of negotiating the SDGs to address the concern of
some Member States about how the SDGs were to be achieved. Goal 17 is wholly about how the SDGs
will be achieved.[8]

The numbering system of targets is as follows: Outcome targets use numbers, whereas means of
implementation targets use lower case letters.[8] For example, SDG 6 has a total of 8 targets. The first six
are outcome targets and are labeled Targets 6.1 to 6.6. The final two targets are means of implementation
targets and are labeled as Targets 6.a and 6.b.

Indicators
The United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) website provides a current official indicator list which
includes all updates until the 51st session Statistical Commission in March 2020.[9]

The indicators for the targets have varying levels of methodological development and availability of data
at the global level.[10] Initially, some indicators (called Tier 3 indicators) had no internationally
established methodology or standards. Later, the global indicator framework was adjusted so that Tier 3
indicators were either abandoned, replaced or refined.[10] As of 17 July 2020, there were 231 unique
indicators.[10]

Data or information must address all vulnerable groups such as children, elderly people, persons with
disabilities, refugees, indigenous peoples, migrants, and internally-displaced persons.[11]

For each indicator, the Inter-Agency and Expert Group tried to designate at least one custodian agency
and focal point that would be responsible for developing the methodology, data collection, data
aggregation, and later reporting.[4][12] The division of indicators was primarily based on existing
mandates and organizational capacity. For example, the World Bank established itself as a data
gatekeeper in this process through its broad mandate, staff, budget, and expertise in large-scale data
collection. The bank became formally involved in about 20 percent of all 231 SDG indicators; it served as
the custodian agency for 20 of them and was involved in the development and monitoring of another
22.[4]

The indicator framework was comprehensively reviewed at the 51st session of the United Nations
Statistical Commission in 2020. It will be reviewed again in 2025.[13] At the 51st session of the Statistical
Commission (held in New York City from 3 to 6 March 2020) a total of 36 changes to the global indicator
framework were proposed for the commission's consideration. Some indicators were replaced, revised or
deleted.[13] Between 15 October 2018 and 17 April 2020, other changes were made to the indicators.[14]
Yet their measurement continues to be fraught with difficulties.[15]

Details of 17 goals and targets

Goal 1: No Poverty
SDG 1 is to: "End poverty in all its forms everywhere."[16] Achieving SDG 1
would end extreme poverty globally by 2030. One of its indicators is the
proportion of population living below the poverty line.[16] The data gets analyzed
by sex, age, employment status, and geographical location (urban/rural).

SDG 1 aims to eradicate every form of extreme poverty including the lack of
food, clean drinking water, and sanitation. Achieving this goal includes finding
solutions to new threats caused by climate change and conflict. SDG 1 focuses SDG 1
not just on people living in poverty, but also on the services people rely on and
social policy that either promotes or prevents poverty.[17]

Goal 2: Zero hunger

SDG 2 is to: "End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and
promote sustainable agriculture."[18] Indicators for this goal are for example the
prevalence of diet, prevalence of severe food insecurity, and prevalence of
stunting among children under five years of age.

SDG 2 has eight targets and 14 indicators to measure progress.[19] The five
outcome targets are: ending hunger and improving access to food; ending all
forms of malnutrition; agricultural productivity; sustainable food production SDG 2
systems and resilient agricultural practices; and genetic diversity of seeds,
cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals; investments, research and
technology. The three means of implementation targets[20] include: addressing trade restrictions and
distortions in world agricultural markets and food commodity markets and their derivatives.[19][21]

Goal 3: Good health and well-being

SDG 3 is to: "Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages."[22] Important indicators
here are life expectancy as well as child and maternal mortality. Further indicators are for example deaths
from road traffic injuries, prevalence of current tobacco use, and suicide mortality rate.[22]

Good health is essential to sustainable development and the 2030 Agenda. It focuses on broader economic
and social inequalities, urbanization, climate crisis, and the continuing burden of HIV and other
infectious diseases, while not forgetting emerging challenges such as non-communicable diseases.[23]
Considering the global pandemic of COVID-19, there is a need to give significant attention to the
realization of good health and well-being on a global scale.

Goal 4: Quality education

SDG 4 is to: "Ensure inclusive[1] and equitable quality
education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for
all."[24] The indicators for this goal are, for example,
attendance rates at primary schools, completion rates of
primary school education, participation in tertiary education,
and so forth. In each case, parity indices are looked at to ensure
that disadvantaged students do not miss out (data is collected
on "female/male, rural/urban, bottom/top wealth quintile and
others such as disability status, indigenous peoples"[24]). There School children in Kakuma refugee
camp, Kenya
is also an indicator around the facilities that the school
buildings have (access to electricity, the internet, computers,
drinking water, toilets etc.).[24]

SDG 4 has 10 targets which are measured by 11 indicators. The seven outcome targets are: free primary
and secondary education; equal access to quality pre-primary education; affordable technical, vocational
and higher education; increased number of people with relevant skills for financial success; elimination of
all discrimination in education; universal literacy and numeracy; and education for sustainable
development and global citizenship. The three means of implementation targets[25] are: build and upgrade
inclusive and safe schools; expand higher education scholarships for developing countries; and increase
the supply of qualified teachers in developing countries.

Goal 5: Gender equality

SDG 5 is to: "Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls."[26] Indicators include, for
example, having suitable legal frameworks and the representation by women in national parliament or in
local deliberative bodies.[27] Numbers on forced marriage and female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C)
are also included in another indicator.[28][27]

Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG 5 or Global Goal 5) concerns gender equality and is fifth of the
17 Sustainable Development Goals established by United Nations in 2015. Through the pledge to "Leave
No One Behind", countries have committed to fast-track progress for those furthest behind first.[29]: 54
SDG 5 aims to grant women and girls equal rights and opportunities to live free of violence and
discrimination, including in the workplace.

Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation

SDG 6 is to: "Ensure availability and sustainable management of
water and sanitation for all."[30] The Joint Monitoring Programme
(JMP) of WHO and UNICEF is responsible for monitoring
progress to achieve the first two targets of this goal. Important
indicators for this goal are the percentages of the population that
uses safely managed drinking water, and has access to safely
managed sanitation. The JMP reported in 2017 that 4.5 billion
people do not have safely managed sanitation.[31] Another
indicator looks at the proportion of domestic and industrial Example of sanitation for all: School
wastewater that is safely treated. toilet (IPH school and college,
Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh)
Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6 or Global Goal 6)
declares the importance of achieving "clean water and sanitation
for all". It is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations General
Assembly to succeed the former Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). According to the United
Nations, the overall goal is to: "Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation
for all."[32] The goal has eight targets to be achieved by 2030 covering the main areas of water supply and
sanitation and sustainable water resource management. Progress toward the targets will be measured by
using eleven indicators.[33]

Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy

SDG 7 is to "Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all."[34] One of the
indicators for this goal is the percentage of population with access to electricity (progress in expanding
access to electricity has been made in several countries, notably India, Bangladesh, and Kenya[35]). Other
indicators look at the renewable energy share and energy efficiency.

The goal has five targets to be achieved by 2030.[36] Progress towards the targets is measured by six
indicators.[36] Three out of the five targets are outcome targets: Universal access to modern energy;
increase global percentage of renewable energy; double the improvement in energy efficiency. The
remaining two targets are means of implementation targets[37]: to promote access to research, technology
and investments in clean energy; and expand and upgrade energy services for developing countries. In
other words, these targets include access to affordable and reliable energy while increasing the share of
renewable energy in the global energy mix. They also focus on improving energy efficiency, international
cooperation and investment in clean energy infrastructure，and equal rights to energy distribution.

Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth

SDG 8 is to: "Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive
employment and decent work for all."[38] Important indicators for this goal include economic growth in
least developed countries and the rate of real GDP per capita. Further examples are rates of youth
unemployment and occupational injuries or the number of women engaged in the labor force compared to
men.[38]

SDG 8 has twelve targets in total to be achieved by 2030. Some targets are for 2030; others are for 2020.
The first ten are outcome targets. These are; "sustainable economic growth; diversify, innovate and
upgrade for economic productivity", "promote policies to support job creation and growing enterprises",
"improve resource efficiency in consumption and production", 'full employment and decent work with
equal pay', 'promote youth employment, education and training', 'end modern slavery, trafficking, and
child labour', 'protect labour rights and promote safe working environments', 'promote beneficial and
sustainable tourism', universal access to banking, insurance and financial services. In addition, there are
also two targets for means of implementation[39], which are: Increase aid for trade support; develop a
global youth employment strategy.

Goal 9: Industry, Innovation, Technology and Infrastructure

SDG 9 is to: "Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster
innovation."[40] Indicators in this goal include for example, the proportion of people who are employed in
manufacturing activities, are living in areas covered by a mobile network, or who have access to the
internet.[27] An indicator that is connected to climate change is "CO2 emissions per unit of value added."

SDG 9 has eight targets, and progress is measured by twelve indicators. The first five targets are outcome
targets: develop sustainable, resilient and inclusive infrastructures; promote inclusive and sustainable
industrialization; increase access to financial services and markets; upgrade all industries and
infrastructures for sustainability; enhance research and upgrade industrial technologies. The remaining
three targets are means of implementation targets[41]: Facilitate sustainable infrastructure development for
developing countries; support domestic technology development and industrial diversification; universal
access to information and communications technology.

Goal 10: Reduced inequality

SDG 10 is to: "Reduce inequality within and among countries."[42] Important indicators for this SDG are:
income disparities, aspects of gender and disability, as well as policies for migration and mobility of
people.[43]

The Goal has ten targets to be achieved by 2019. Progress towards targets will be measured by indicators.
The first seven targets are outcome targets: Reduce income inequalities; promote universal social,
economic and political inclusion; ensure equal opportunities and end discrimination; adopt fiscal and
social policies that promotes equality; improved regulation of global financial markets and institutions;
enhanced representation for developing countries in financial institutions; responsible and well-managed
migration policies. The other three targets are means of implementation targets[44]: Special and
differential treatment for developing countries; encourage development assistance and investment in least
developed countries; reduce transaction costs for migrant remittances.[45]

Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities

SDG 11 is to: "Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable."[46]
Important indicators for this goal are the number of people living in urban slums, the proportion of the
urban population who has convenient access to public transport, and the extent of built-up area per
person.[27]

SDG 11 has 10 targets to be achieved, and this is being measured with 15 indicators. The seven outcome
targets include safe and affordable housing, affordable and sustainable transport systems, inclusive and
sustainable urbanization,[47] protection of the world's cultural and natural heritage, reduction of the
adverse effects of natural disasters, reduction of the environmental impacts of cities and to provide access
to safe and inclusive green and public spaces. The three means of implementation targets[48] include
strong national and regional development planning, implementing policies for inclusion, resource
efficiency, and disaster risk reduction in supporting the least developed countries in sustainable and
resilient building.[49][50]

Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production

SDG 12 is to: "Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns."[51] One of the indicators is the
number of national policy instruments to promote sustainable consumption and production patterns.[27]: 14
Another one is global fossil fuel subsidies.[27]: 14 An increase in domestic recycling and a reduced
reliance on the global plastic waste trade are other actions that might help meet the goal.[52]

Sustainable Development Goal 12 has 11 targets. The first 8 are outcome targets, which are: implement
the 10‑Year Framework of Programs on Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns; achieve the
sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources; reducing by half the per capita global food
waste at the retail and consumer levels and the reduction of food losses along production and supply
chains, including post-harvest losses; achieving the environmentally sound management of chemicals and
all wastes throughout their life cycle; reducing waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling
and reuse; encourage companies to adopt sustainable practices; promote public procurement practices that
are sustainable; and ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for
sustainable development. The three means of implementation targets[53] are: support developing countries
to strengthen their scientific and technological capacity; develop and implement tools to monitor
sustainable development impacts; and remove market distortions, like fossil fuel subsidies, that encourage
wasteful consumption.[54]

Goal 13: Climate action

SDG 13 is to: "Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts by regulating emissions and
promoting developments in renewable energy."[55] In 2021 to early 2023, the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) published its Sixth Assessment Report which assesses scientific, technical, and
socio-economic information concerning climate change.[56]

SDG 13 has five targets which are to be achieved by 2030. They cover a wide range of issues surrounding
climate action. The first three targets are outcome targets. The first target is to strengthen resilience and
adaptive capacity towards climate change-related disasters. The second target is to integrate climate
change measures into policies and planning. The third target is to build knowledge and capacity. The
remaining two targets are means of implementation targets[57]. These include implementing the UN
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and to promote mechanisms to raise capacity for
effective climate change-related planning and management. Along with each target, there are indicators
that provide a method to review the overall progress of each target. The UNFCCC is the main
intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change.

Goal 14: Life below water

SDG 14 is to: "Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable
development."[58] The current efforts to protect oceans, marine environments and small-scale fishers are
not meeting the need to protect the resources.[27] Increased ocean temperatures and oxygen loss act
concurrently with ocean acidification to constitute the deadly trio of climate change pressures on the
marine environment.[59]

The first seven targets are outcome targets: Reduce marine

pollution; protect and restore ecosystems; reduce ocean
acidification; sustainable fishing; conserve coastal and marine
areas; end subsidies contributing to overfishing; increase the
economic benefits from sustainable use of marine resources. The
last three targets are means of implementation targets[60]: To
increase scientific knowledge, research and technology for ocean
health; support small scale fishers; implement and enforce
international sea law.[61] One indicator (14.1.1b) under Goal 14
specifically relates to reducing impacts from marine plastic
Nusa Lembongan Reef
pollution.[62]

Goal 15: Life on land

SDG 15 is to: "Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage
forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss."[63] The
proportion of remaining forest area, desertification and species extinction risk are example indicators of
this goal.[27][64]

The nine outcome targets include: Conserve and restore terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems; end
deforestation and restore degraded forests; end desertification and restore degraded land; ensure
conservation of mountain ecosystems, protect biodiversity and natural habitats; protect access to genetic
resources and fair sharing of the benefits; eliminate poaching and trafficking of protected species; prevent
invasive alien species on land and in water ecosystems; and integrate ecosystem and biodiversity in
governmental planning. The three means of implementation targets[65] include: Increase financial
resources to conserve and sustainably use ecosystem and biodiversity; finance and incentivize sustainable
forest management; combat global poaching and trafficking.

Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions

SDG 16 is to: "Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to
justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels."[66] Rates of birth
registration and prevalence of bribery are two examples of indicators included in this goal.[67][27]

SDG 16 has ten outcome targets: Reduce violence; protect children from abuse, exploitation, trafficking
and violence; promote the rule of law and ensure equal access to justice; combat organized crime and
illicit financial and arms flows, substantially reduce corruption and bribery; develop effective,
accountable and transparent institutions; ensure responsive, inclusive and representative decision-making;
strengthen the participation in global governance; provide universal legal identity; ensure public access to
information and protect fundamental freedoms. There are also two means of implementation targets[68]:
Strengthen national institutions to prevent violence and combat crime and terrorism; promote and enforce
non-discriminatory laws and policies.[69]

Goal 17: Partnerships for the goals

SDG 17 is to: "Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for
sustainable development."[70] Increasing international cooperation is seen as vital to achieving each of the
16 previous goals.[71] Developing multi-stakeholder partnerships to facilitate knowledge exchange,
expertise, technology, and financial resources is recognized as critical to overall success of the SDGs. The
goal includes improving north–south and South–South cooperation. Public-private partnerships which
involve civil societies are specifically mentioned.[72][73]

SDG 17 is a vision for improved and more equitable trade, as well as coordinated investment initiatives to
promote sustainable development across borders. It is about strengthening and streamlining cooperation
between nation-states, both developed and developing, using the SDGs as a shared framework and a
shared vision for defining that collaborative way forward.[74] It seeks to promote international trade and
an equitable trading system.[75] The Goal has 17 targets to be achieved by 2030, broken down into five
categories: finance, technology, capacity building, trade and systemic issues. Progress towards targets
will be measured by 25 indicators.[74][76] All these targets are regarded as means of implementation
targets.[77]

Public relations
The 2030 Agenda did not
create specific authority for
communicating the SDGs;
however, both international
and local advocacy
organizations have pursued
SDG materials are being painted in
the form of graffiti to raise public
significant non-state
awareness by independent resources to communicate
volunteers in Dhaka, Bangladesh in the SDGS.[78] UN agencies
collaboration with UNDP, which are part of the
Bangladesh United Nations
Development Group
decided to support an
independent campaign to communicate the new SDGs to a wider
audience. This campaign, Project Everyone, had the support of
corporate institutions and other international organizations.[79]
Katherine Maher, then-Executive
Using the text drafted by diplomats at the UN level, a team of Director of the Wikimedia
communication specialists developed icons for every goal.[80] Foundation, talks about "The role of
They also shortened the title The 17 Sustainable Development free knowledge in advancing the
Goals to Global Goals, then ran workshops and conferences to SDGs" in Stockholm, 2019
communicate the Global Goals to a global audience.[81][82]
The Aarhus Convention is a United Nations convention passed in
2001, explicitly to encourage and promote effective public
engagement in environmental decision making. Information
transparency related to social media and the engagement of youth
are two issues related to the Sustainable Development Goals that A proposal to visualize the 17 SDGs
the convention has addressed.[83][84] in a thematic pyramid

Advocates
In 2019 and then in 2021, United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres appointed 17 SDG
advocates.[85][86] The role of the public figures is to raise awareness, inspire greater ambition, and push
for faster action on the SDGs. The co-chairs are: Mia Mottley, Prime Minister of Barbados and Justin
Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada.

Global events
Global Goals Week is an annual week-long event in September for
action, awareness, and accountability for the Sustainable
Development Goals.[87] It is a shared commitment for over 100
partners to ensure quick action on the SDGs by sharing ideas and
transformative solutions to global problems.[88] It first took place
in 2016. It is often held concurrently with Climate Week NYC.[89]

The Arctic Film Festival is an annual film festival organized by Global Goals Week logo
HF Productions and supported by the SDGs' Partnership Platform.
Held for the first time in 2019, the festival is expected to take
place every year in September in Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway.[90][91]

History
The Post-2015 Development Agenda was a process from 2012 to
2015 led by the United Nations to define the future global
development framework that would succeed the Millennium
Development Goals. The SDGs were developed to succeed the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which ended in 2015.

In 1983, the United Nations created the World Commission on

Environment and Development (later known as the Brundtland
Commission), which defined sustainable development as "meeting
the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
The sustainable development goals
generations to meet their own needs."[92] In 1992, the first United are a UN initiative
Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)
or Earth Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro, where the first
agenda for Environment and Development, also known as Agenda 21, was developed and adopted.
In 2012, the United Nations Conference on Sustainable
Development (UNCSD), also known as Rio+20, was held as a 20-
year follow up to UNCED.[93][94] Colombia proposed the idea of
the SDGs at a preparation event for Rio+20 held in Indonesia in
July 2011.[95] In September 2011, this idea was picked up by the
United Nations Department of Public Information 64th NGO
Conference in Bonn, Germany. The outcome document proposed
17 sustainable development goals and associated targets. In the
run-up to Rio+20 there was much discussion about the idea of the
SDGs. At the Rio+20 Conference, a resolution known as "The
Future We Want" was reached by member states.[96] Among the
key themes agreed on were poverty eradication, energy, water and
sanitation, health, and human settlement.

In January 2013, the 30-member UN General Assembly Open Work of the Statistical Commission
Working Group (OWG) on Sustainable Development Goals was pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for
established to identify specific goals for the SDGs. The OWG Sustainable Development
submitted their proposal of 8 SDGs and 169 targets to the 68th containing the targets and
indicators, July 2017 (UN resolution
session of the General Assembly in September 2014.[97] On 5
A/RES/71/313)
December 2014, the UN General Assembly accepted the Secretary
General's Synthesis Report, which stated that the agenda for the
post-2015 SDG process would be based on the OWG
proposals.[98]

Background
In 2015, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) created
the SDGs as part of the Post-2015 Development Agenda. This
agenda sought to design a new global development framework,
UN SDG consultations in Mariupol,
replacing the Millennium Development Goals, which were Ukraine
completed that same year.[99] These goals were formally
articulated and adopted in a UNGA resolution known as the 2030
Agenda.[100] On 6 July 2017, the SDGs were made more actionable by a UNGA resolution that identifies
specific targets for each goal and provides indicators to measure progress.[6] Most targets are to be
achieved by 2030, although some have no end date.[9]

There are cross-cutting issues and synergies between the different goals; for example, for SDG 13 on
climate action, the IPCC sees robust synergies with SDGs 3 (health), 7 (clean energy), 11 (cities and
communities), 12 (responsible consumption and production) and 14 (oceans).[101][102]: 70 On the other
hand, critics and observers have also identified trade-offs between the goals,[102]: 67 such as between
ending hunger and promoting environmental sustainability.[103]: 26 Furthermore, concerns have arisen
over the high number of goals (compared to the eight Millennium Development Goals), leading to
compounded trade-offs, a weak emphasis on environmental sustainability, and difficulties tracking
qualitative indicators.
The SDGs are monitored by the UN (United Nations) High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable
Development (HLPF), an annual forum held under the auspices of the United Nations Economic and
Social Council. However, the HLPF comes with its own set of problems due to a lack of political
leadership and divergent national interests.[104]: 206 To facilitate monitoring of progress on SDG
implementation, the online SDG Tracker was launched in June 2018 to present all available data across
all indicators.[105] The COVID-19 pandemic had serious negative impacts on all 17 SDGs in 2020.[27] A
scientific assessment of the political impacts of the SDGs found in 2022 that the SDGs have only had
limited transformative political impact thus far.[3] At the very least, they have affected the way actors
understand and communicate about sustainable development.[3]

Adoption
On 25 September 2015, the 193 countries of the UN General
Assembly adopted the 2030 Development Agenda titled
"Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development."[106][107][108] This agenda has 92 paragraphs.
Paragraph 59 outlines the 17 Sustainable Development Goals and
the associated 169 targets and 232 indicators.

The UN-led process involved its 193 Member States and global
civil society. The resolution is a broad intergovernmental
agreement that acts as the Post-2015 Development Agenda. The
SDGs build on the principles agreed upon in Resolution
A/RES/66/288, entitled "The Future We Want".[109] This was a
non-binding document released as a result of Rio+20 Conference
held in 2012.[109]
Transforming our world: the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable
Implementation Development (UN Resolution
A/RES/70/1), containing the goals
(October 2015)
Implementation of the SDGs started worldwide in 2016. This
process can also be called Localizing the SDGs. In 2019
António Guterres (secretary-general of the United
Nations) issued a global call for a Decade of Action to
deliver the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.[110]
This decade will last from 2020 to 2030. The plan is that
the secretary general of the UN will convene an annual
platform for driving the Decade of Action.[111][112]

There are two main types of actors for implementation of

the SDGs: state and non-state actors.[3] State actors
include national governments and sub-national A diagram listing the 17 Sustainable
authorities, whereas non-state actors are corporations and Development Goals
civil society.[113]: 80 Civil society participation and
empowerment is important but there are also diverse
interests in this group.[113]: 80
Building new partnerships is useful.[113] However, the SDGs
are not legally binding and purposefully designed to provide
much leeway for actors. Therefore, they can interpret the
goals differently and often according to their interests.[3]

Cross-cutting issues
The widespread consensus is that progress on all of the SDGs Cost comparison for UN Goals
will be stalled if women's empowerment and gender equality
are not prioritized, and treated holistically. The SDGs look to
policy makers as well as private sector executives and board
members to work toward gender equality.[114][115] Statements
from diverse sources such as the Organisation for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD), UN Women and the
World Pensions Forum, have noted that investments in women
and girls have positive impacts on economies. National and
global development investments in women and girls often
exceed their initial scope.[116] Young people holding SDG banners in
Lima, Peru
Gender equality is mainstreamed throughout the SDG
framework by ensuring that as much sex-disaggregated data as
possible are collected.[117]: 11

Education for sustainable development (ESD) is explicitly recognized in the SDGs as part of Target 4.7 of
the SDG on education. UNESCO promotes the Global Citizenship Education (GCED) as a
complementary approach.[118] Education for sustainable development is important for all the other 16
SDGs.[119]

Culture is explicitly referenced in SDG 11 Target 4 ("Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the
world's cultural and natural heritage"). However, culture is seen as a cross-cutting theme because it
impacts several SDGs.[117] For example, culture plays a role in SDG targets where they relate to
environment and resilience (within SDGs 11, 12 and 16), prosperity and livelihoods (within SDG 8),
inclusion and participation (within SDG 11 and 16).[117]: 2

SDGs 1 to 6 directly address health disparities, primarily in developing countries.[120] These six goals
address key issues in Global Public Health, Poverty, Hunger and Food security, Health, Education,
Gender equality and women's empowerment, as well as water and sanitation.[120] Public health officials
can use these goals to set their own agenda and plan for smaller scale initiatives for their organizations.

The links between the various sustainable development goals and public health are numerous and well
established:

SDG 1: Living below the poverty line is attributed to poorer health outcomes and can be
even worse for persons living in developing countries where extreme poverty is more
common.[121] A child born into poverty is twice as likely to die before the age of five
compared to a child from a wealthier family.[122]
SDG 2: The detrimental effects of hunger and malnutrition that can arise from systemic
challenges with food security are enormous. The World Health Organization estimates that
 12.9 percent of the population in developing countries is undernourished.[123]
SDG 4 and 5: Educational equity has yet to be reached in the world. Public health efforts
are impeded by this, as a lack of education can lead to poorer health outcomes. This is
shown by children of mothers who have no education having a lower survival rate compared
to children born to mothers with primary or greater levels of education.[122]

Synergies
Synergies amongst the SDGs are "the good antagonists of trade-offs."[102]: 67 With regards to SDG 13 on
climate action, the IPCC sees robust synergies particularly for the SDGs 3 (health), 7 (clean energy), 11
(cities and communities), 12 (responsible consumption and production) and 14 (oceans).[101][102]: 70

To meet SDG 13 and other SDGs, sustained long-term investment in green innovation is required to:
decarbonize the physical capital stock – energy, industry, and transportation infrastructure – and ensure its
resilience to a changing future climate; to preserve and enhance natural capital – forests, oceans, and
wetlands; and to train people to work in a climate-neutral economy.[124][125][126]

International organizations
Many international organizations have committed to the SDGs since 2015. Examples for international
organizations include: UN General Assembly, World Trade Organization, African Development Bank,
UN Economic and Social Council, UN Security Council, Asian Development Bank.[127] However,
international organizations often have "cherry-picked" goals, engaged in selective mainstreaming, or
continued to adopt policies that are barriers to goal attainment.[4] In the case of the World Bank, it has
used the growing momentum of the SDGs to further its strategic objectives without being influenced by
the SDGs in turn. The bank engaged with the SDGs selectively; efforts to integrate the goals into
organizational practices remained limited; and their inclusion in country-level processes is primarily
voluntary.[4]

In general, the SDGs might be a low priority for international organizations that have many other
assignments that are often more binding, have more urgent deliverables, and have more repercussions in
case of inaction. Furthermore, the SDGs, although presented as a holistic agenda, have many internal
contradictions that must be addressed in implementation.[4] The breadth of the SDGs, covering nearly all
areas of global governance, is at odds with international organizations that over time have become highly
functionally differentiated and that operate through intra-organizational compromises.[4] Most
international organizations primarily see the SDGs as separate goals rather than an integrated agenda,
leading to the cherry-picking of those goals that best fit their agenda.[128]

Research has shown that since the implementation of the SDGs, fragmentation among international
organizations has not decreased. Instead, the formation of silos has increased around the 17 SDG issue
areas as well as around the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development.
Working in silos may hamper the exchange of novel ideas and knowledge amongst international
organizations that is required to deal with the complex and globally interconnected problems that the
SDGs aim to address. It might also limit options for joint standards, policies, and transformative norm
development.[128]

Results and outcomes

Most or all of the goals and targets are unlikely to be achieved by 2030.[129]: 41

Of particular concern - which cut across many of the SDGs – are rising inequalities, ongoing climate
change and increasing biodiversity loss.[129]: 41 In addition, there is a trade-off between the planetary
boundaries of Earth and the aspirations for wealth and well-being. This has been described as follows:
"the world's social and natural biophysical systems cannot support the aspirations for universal human
well-being embedded in the SDGs."[129]: 41

An independent group of scientists appointed by the Secretary General, found that: "the world is far off
track".[130] This report urges "urgent course correction" to help achieve the SDGs.[130] This report blames
the lingering drag of the COVID-19 pandemic, a rise in conflicts and, inflation for the lagging progress of
the SDGs.[130]

Due to various economic and social issues, many countries are seeing a major decline in the progress
made. In Asia for example, data shows a loss of progress on goals 2, 8,10,11, and 15.[131] Recommended
approaches to still achieve the SDGs are: "Set priorities, focus on harnessing the environmental
dimension of the SDGs, understand how the SDGs work as an indivisible system, and look for
synergies."[131]

Assessing the political impact of the SDGs

In 2022, a research project analyzed the political impacts of the SDGs as well as their "steering
effects".[104] The project was a "systematic meta-analysis of peer-reviewed academic literature".[5] It
reviewed over 3,000 scientific articles, mainly from the social sciences. These steering effects could be
one of three types: "discursive", normative or institutional effects.[5] The presence of all three types of
effects throughout a political system was defined as transformative impact, which is the eventual goal of
the 2030 Agenda.[3]

Discursive effects relate to changes in global and national debates that make them more aligned with the
SDGs.[3] Normative effects would be adjustments in legislative and regulatory frameworks and policies in
line with, and because of, the SDGs. Institutional effects would be the creation of new departments,
committees, offices or programs linked to the achievement of the SDGs or the realignment of existing
institutions.[3]

The review found that the SDGs have had only limited transformative political impact thus far.[3] In fact,
their effects have been mainly "discursive" only.[3] For example, the broad uptake of the principle of
leaving no one behind in pronouncements by policymakers and civil society activists is a discursive
effect. The SDGs have also led to some isolated normative and institutional reforms.[3] However, there is
widespread doubt that the SDGs can steer societies towards more ecological integrity at the planetary
scale.[3] This is because countries generally prioritize the more socioeconomic SDGs (e.g. SDGs 8 to 12)
over the environmentally oriented ones (e.g. SDGs 13 to 15), which is in alignment with their long-
standing national development policies.[3]

Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on the mental and physical wellbeing of
communities around the world.[130] The pandemic slowed progress towards achieving the SDGs. It has
"exacerbated existing fault lines of inequality".[130] The brunt of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic
were felt by poorer segments of the population.[130]

The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 had impacts on all 17 goals. It has become "the worst human and
economic crisis in a lifetime."[27]: 2 The pandemic threatened progress made in particular for SDG 3
(health), SDG 4 (education), SDG 6 (water and sanitation for all), SDG 10 (reduce inequality) and SDG
17 (partnerships).[27]

At the UN High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development in July 2023, speakers remarked that
the pandemic, and multiple worldwide crises such as climate change, threatened decades of progress on
the SDGs.[132]

Uneven priorities of goals

Some goals are "left behind." These goals are hardly prioritized and rarely integrated with others. For
example, the uptake of ocean and land issues into the SDGs was expected to lead to more attention and
better integration of these issues with other global concerns. And yet, broader planetary concerns such as
those under SDG 14 (on oceans) and SDG 15 (on land) are still side-lined in global policies, including
within the United Nations system. Global and domestic inequality only barely made it into the final set of
SDGs as SDG 10, and this goal is still poorly supported and often marginalized.[133]

In 2019 five progress reports on the 17 SDGs were published. Three came from the United Nations
Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA),[134][135] one from the Bertelsmann Foundation
and one from the European Union.[136][137] A review of the five reports analyzed which of the 17 Goals
were addressed in priority and which ones were left behind.[138] In explanation of the findings, the Basel
Institute of Commons and Economics said Biodiversity, Peace and Social Inclusion were "left behind" by
quoting the official SDGs motto "Leaving no one behind."[138]

It has been argued that governments and businesses actively prioritize the social and economic goals over
the environmental goals (such as Goal 14 and 15) in both rhetoric and practice.[139]
 SDG preferences in the World's five major SDG reports in
2019[138]
SDG Topic Rank Average Rank Mentions
Health 1 3.2 1814

Energy 1328
Climate 2 4.0 1328
Water 1784

Education 3 4.6 1351

Poverty 4 6.2 1095

Food 5 7.6 693

Economic Growth 6 8.6 387

Technology 7 8.8 855

Inequality 8 9.2 296

Gender Equality 9 10.0 338

Hunger 10 10.6 670

Justice 11 10.8 328

Governance 12 11.6 232

Decent Work 13 12.2 277

Peace 14 12.4 282

Clean Energy 15 12.6 272

Life on Land 16 14.4 250

Life below Water 17 15.0 248

Social Inclusion 18 16.4 22

Funding

Cost estimates
The United Nations estimates that for Africa, considering the continent's population growth, yearly
funding of $1.3 trillion would be needed to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals in Africa. The
International Monetary Fund (IMF) also estimates that $50 billion may be needed only to cover the
expenses of climate adaptation.[140][141][142] The IMF has also taken the initiative to achieve the SDGs by
offering their support to developing countries.[143]

Estimates for providing clean water and sanitation for the whole population of all continents have been as
high as US$200 billion.[144] The World Bank says that estimates need to be made country by country, and
reevaluated frequently over time.[144]

In 2014, UNCTAD estimated the annual costs to achieving the UN Goals at US$2.5 trillion per year.[145]
Another estimate from 2018 (by the Basel Institute of Commons and Economics, that conducts the World
Social Capital Monitor) found that to reach all of the SDGs this would require between US$2.5 and $5.0
trillion per year.[146]

Allocation of funds
In 2017 the UN launched the Inter-agency Task Force on Financing for Development (UN IATF on FfD)
that invited to a public dialogue.[147] The top-5 sources of financing for development were estimated in
2018 to be: Real new sovereign debt OECD countries, military expenditures, official increase sovereign
debt OECD countries, remittances from expats to developing countries, official development assistance
(ODA).[146]

The Rockefeller Foundation asserted in 2017 that "The key to financing and achieving the SDGs lies in
mobilizing a greater share of the $200+ trillion in annual private capital investment flows toward
development efforts, and philanthropy has a critical role to play in catalyzing this shift."[148] Large-scale
funders participating in a Rockefeller Foundation-hosted design thinking workshop concluded that "while
there is a moral imperative to achieve the SDGs, failure is inevitable if there aren't drastic changes to how
we go about financing large scale change."[149]

A meta-analysis published in 2022 found that there was scant evidence that governments have
substantially reallocated funding to implement the SDGs, either for national implementation or for
international cooperation. The SDGs do not seem to have changed public budgets and financial allocation
mechanisms in any important way, except for some local governance contexts.[3] National budgets cannot
easily be reallocated.[113]: 81

SDG-driven investment
Capital stewardship is expected to play a crucial part in the progressive advancement of the SDG agenda
to "shift the economic system towards sustainable investment by using the SDG framework across all
asset classes."[115][150] The notion of SDG Driven Investment gained further ground amongst institutional
investors in 2019.[151][152]

In 2017, 2018 and early 2019, the World Pensions Council (WPC) held a series of ESG-focused
(Environmental, Social and Governance) discussions with pension board members (trustees) and senior
investment executives from across G20 nations. Many pension investment executives and board members
confirmed they were in the process of adopting or developing SDG-informed investment processes, with
more ambitious investment governance requirements – notably when it comes to climate action, gender
equality and social fairness.[153][115]

Some studies, however, warn of selective implementation of SDGs and political risks linked to private
investments in the context of continued shortage of public funding.[3]

Measuring progress

Monitoring tools and websites

The online publication SDG-
Tracker was launched in June
2018 and presents data across
all available indicators.[105] It
relies on the Our World in Data
database and is also based at the
University of Oxford.[155][156]
The publication has global
coverage and tracks whether the
world is making progress
towards the SDGs.[157] It aims
to make the data on the 17 goals Countries that are closest to meeting the SDGs (in dark blue) and those
available and understandable to with the greatest remaining challenges (in the lightest shade of blue) in
[158] 2018[154]
a wide audience. The SDG-
Tracker highlights that the
world is currently (early 2019) very far away from achieving the goals.

The Global SDG Index and Dashboards Report is the first publication to track countries' performance on
all 17 Sustainable Development Goals.[159] The annual publication, co-produced by Bertelsmann Stiftung
and SDSN, includes a ranking and dashboards that show key challenges for each country in terms of
implementing the SDGs. The publication also shows an analysis of government efforts to implement the
SDGs.

UN High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF)

This subdivision should be a "regular meeting place for governments and non-state representatives to
assess global progress towards sustainable development."[104]: 206 The meetings take place under the
auspices of the United Nations economic and Social Council. In July 2020 the meeting took place online
for the first time due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The theme was "Accelerated action and transformative
pathways: realizing the decade of action and delivery for sustainable development" and a ministerial
declaration was adopted.[27]

High-level progress reports for all the SDGs are published in the form of reports by the United Nations
Secretary General. The most recent one is from April 2020.[27]

However, the HLPF has a range of problems.[3] It has not been able to promote system-wide coherence.
The reasons for this include its broad and unclear mandate combined with a lack of resources and
divergent national interests.[3] Therefore, this reporting system is mainly just a platform for voluntary
reporting and peer learning among governments.[3]
The High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF) replaced the United Nations
Commission on Sustainable Development in 2012.[104]: 206

Challenges

Too many goals and overall problems

Scholars have pointed out flaws in the design of the SDGs for the following aspects: "the number of
goals, the structure of the goal framework (for example, the non-hierarchical structure), the coherence
between the goals, the specificity or measurability of the targets, the language used in the text, and their
reliance on neoliberal economic development-oriented sustainable development as their core
orientation."[160]: 161

The SDGs may simply maintain the status quo and fall short of delivering an ambitious development
agenda. The current status quo has been described as "separating human wellbeing and environmental
sustainability, failing to change governance and to pay attention to trade-offs, root causes of poverty and
environmental degradation, and social justice issues."[161]

A commentary in The Economist in 2015 argued that 169 targets for the SDGs is too many, describing
them as sprawling, misconceived and a mess compared to the eight Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs).[162]

The SDGs are internally incoherent, with some inherently conflictive targets, and many
interdependencies between the targets are context-specific.[128]

Weak on environmental sustainability

Scholars have criticized that the SDGs "fail to recognize
that planetary, people and prosperity concerns are all part
of one earth system, and that the protection of planetary
integrity should not be a means to an end, but an end in
itself."[160]: 147 The SDGs "remain fixated on the idea
that economic growth is foundational to achieve all
pillars of sustainable development."[160]: 147 They do not
prioritize environmental protection.[160]: 144

The SDGs include three environment-focused SDGs, SDG wedding cake model: A way of viewing
which are Goal 13, 14 and 15 (climate, land and oceans), the economic, social and ecological aspects of
but there is no overarching environmental or planetary the Sustainable Development Goals
goal.[160]: 144 The SDGs do not pursue planetary integrity (SDGs).[163]
as such.[160]: 144 Other SDGs, which as Goal 7, 12 and 13
ignore the planetary limits and encourage consumption
[164]
Environmental constraints and planetary boundaries are underrepresented within the SDGs. For instance,
the way the current SDGs are structured leads to a negative correlation between environmental
sustainability and SDGs, with most indicators within even the sustainability-focused goals focusing on
social or economic outcomes.[165] This helps further the denial that there are absolute limits to economic
growth.[164] They could unintentionally promote environmental destruction in the name of sustainable
development.[166][167]

Certain studies also argue that the focus of the SDGs on neoliberal sustainable development is
detrimental to planetary integrity and justice.[3] Both of these ambitions (planetary integrity and justice)
would require limits to economic growth.[160]: 145 This helps further the denial that there are absolute
limits to economic growth. These studies question whether economic growth and ecological sustainability
go hand in hand.

Scientists have proposed several ways to address the weaknesses regarding environmental sustainability
in the SDGs:

The monitoring of essential variables to better capture the essence of coupled

environmental and social systems that underpin sustainable development, helping to guide
coordination and systems transformation.[168]
More attention to the context of the biophysical systems in different places (e.g., coastal
river deltas, mountain areas)[169][170]
Better understanding of feedbacks across scales in space (e.g., through globalization) and
time (e.g., affecting future generations) that could ultimately determine the success or failure
of the SDGs.[171]
Reframing the message of the SDGs to help advocate to limits to growth rather than the
empirically unfounded idea that economic growth can continue in a limited world.[164]
Reformulating specific goals that emphasis reduced consumption instead of the business as
usual model.[164]

Ethical aspects
There are concerns about the ethical orientation of the SDGs: they remain "underpinned by strong
(Western) modernist notions of development: sovereignty of humans over their environment
(anthropocentricism), individualism, competition, freedom (rights rather than duties), self-interest, belief
in the market leading to collective welfare, private property (protected by legal systems), rewards based
on merit, materialism, quantification of value, and instrumentalization of labor."[172]:453

The SDGs have been criticized for furthering a neoliberal agenda that extends to promote neoliberal and
business interests.[173] Furthermore, the framework represents a universal template grounded in Western
ideology. This framework is then used to reproduce a flawed Western paradigm.[173] Some scientists
worry that the SDGs could be used against legitimate protests about development initiatives.[173]
Some studies warn that the SDGs could be used to camouflage business-as-usual by disguising it using
SDG-related sustainability rhetoric.[3] A meta-analysis review study in 2022 found that: "There is even
emerging evidence that the SDGs might have even adverse effects, by providing a "smokescreen of hectic
political activity" that blurs a reality of stagnation, dead ends and business-as-usual."[104]: 220

Difficulties with tracking qualitative indicators

Regarding the targets of the SDGs, there is generally weak evidence linking the means of implementation
to outcomes.[8] The targets about means of implementation (those denoted with a letter, for example,
Target 6.a) are imperfectly conceptualized and inconsistently formulated, and tracking their largely
qualitative indicators will be difficult.[8]

Trade-offs and priorities

The trade-offs among the 17 SDGs might prevent their realization.[102]: 66 For example, these are three
difficult trade-offs to consider: "How can ending hunger be reconciled with environmental sustainability?
(SDG targets 2.3 and 15.2) How can economic growth be reconciled with environmental sustainability?
(SDG targets 9.2 and 9.4) How can income inequality be reconciled with economic growth? (SDG targets
10.1 and 8.1)."[103]

The SDGs do not specifically address the tensions between economic growth and environmental
sustainability. Instead, they emphasize "longstanding but dubious claims about decoupling and resource
efficiency as technological solutions to the environmental crisis."[160]: 145 For example, continued global
economic growth of 3 percent (SDG 8) may not be reconcilable with ecological sustainability goals,
because the required rate of absolute global eco-economic decoupling is far higher than any country has
achieved in the past.[174]

Without attention to potential negative trade-offs between goals, selective implementation may
undermine rather than support the implementation of the SDGs.[4]

To ensure that some SDGs do not fall behind, new efforts at prioritization are needed. While a "hard"
prioritization of one goal over another (e.g., if there is a trade-off between SDG x and SDG y, SDG x
must always be chosen) is politically unlikely, guidelines for "soft prioritization" may be created. For
example, determining minimum progress thresholds for each SDG target could be a useful approach:
should progress under one target fall under this assigned threshold, the target would immediately get
priority, and specific policies would be triggered to increase target achievement.[133]

Examples of progress
A study in 2024 predicted SDG scores of regions until 2030 using machine learning models.[175] The
forecast results for 2030 show that "OECD countries" (80) (with a 2.8% change) and "Eastern Europe and
Central Asia" (74) (with a 2.37% change) are expected to achieve the highest SDG scores. "Latin
America and the Caribbean" (73) (with a 4.17% change), "East and South Asia" (69) (with a 2.64%
change), "Middle East and North Africa" (68) (with a 2.32% change), and "Sub-Saharan Africa" (56)
(with a 7.2% change) will display lower levels of SDG achievement, respectively.[175]

Asia and Pacific

Australia
The Commonwealth of Australia was one of the
193 countries that adopted the 2030 Agenda in
September 2015. Implementation of the agenda is
led by the Department of Foreign Affairs and
Trade (DFAT) and the Department of the Prime
Minister and Cabinet (PM&C) with different
federal government agencies responsible for each
of the goals.[176]

In November 2020, the Transforming Australia:

SDG Progress Report stated that while Australia 17 individual, yet interconnected, art strips symbolising
was performing well in health (SDG 3) and each of the 17 interconnected Sustainable
education (SDG 4) it was falling behind in the Development Goals in the shape of the Australian
reduction of CO2 emissions (SDG 13), waste and continent
environmental degradation (SDG 12, SDG 14
and SDG 15), and addressing economic
inequality (SDG 10).[177]

China
UN Secretary General Guterres has praised China's Belt and Road Initiative for its capacity to advance
the sustainable development goals.[178]: 164 Institutional connections between the BRI and multiple UN
bodies have also been established.[178]: 164

Africa
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has collected information to show how awareness
about the SDGs among government officers, civil society and others has been created in many African
countries.[179]

Nigeria
Nigeria is one of the countries that presented its Voluntary National Review (VNR) in 2017 and 2020 on
the implementation of the SDGs at the High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development
(HLPF).[180] In 2020, Nigeria ranked 160 on the 2020 world's SDG Index.[181] The government affirmed
that Nigeria's current development priorities and objectives are focused on achieving the SDGs.[182]

Europe and Middle East

Baltic nations, via the Council of the Baltic Sea States, have created the Baltic 2030 Action Plan.[183]

Lebanon
Lebanon adopted the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015. It presented its first Voluntary National
Review VNR in 2018 at the High Level Political Forum in New York. A national committee chaired by
the Lebanese Prime Minister is leading the work on the SDGs in the country.[184] In 2019, Lebanon's
overall performance in the SDG Index ranked 6th out of 21 countries in the Arab region.[185]

Syria
Higher education in Syria began with sustainable development steps through Damascus University.[186]

United Kingdom
The UK's approach to delivering the Global SDGs is outlined in Agenda 2030: Delivering the Global
Goals, developed by the Department for International Development.[187] In 2019, the Bond network
analyzed the UK's global progress on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).[188] The Bond report
highlights crucial gaps where attention and investment are most needed. The report was compiled by 49
organizations and 14 networks and working groups.

See also

Politics portal

Environment portal

World portal

SDG Publishers Compact – Non-binding United Nations pact

References
1. "The 17 Goals" (https://sdgs.un.org/goals). Sustainable Development Goals. UN. Retrieved
10 August 2022.
2. United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, Work of
the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
(A/RES/71/313 (https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
201128194012/https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313) 28 November 2020 at the Wayback
Machine)
3. Biermann, Frank; Hickmann, Thomas; Sénit, Carole-Anne; Beisheim, Marianne; Bernstein,
Steven; Chasek, Pamela; Grob, Leonie; Kim, Rakhyun E.; Kotzé, Louis J.; Nilsson, Måns;
Ordóñez Llanos, Andrea; Okereke, Chukwumerije; Pradhan, Prajal; Raven, Rob; Sun,
Yixian (20 June 2022). "Scientific evidence on the political impact of the Sustainable
Development Goals" (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41893-022-00909-5). Nature
Sustainability. 5 (9): 795–800. Bibcode:2022NatSu...5..795B (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/
abs/2022NatSu...5..795B). doi:10.1038/s41893-022-00909-5 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs4
1893-022-00909-5). hdl:2066/253734 (https://hdl.handle.net/2066%2F253734). ISSN 2398-
9629 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2398-9629). Text was copied from this source,
which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
 4. van Driel, Melanie; Biermann, Frank; Vijge, Marjanneke J; Kim, Rakhyun E (2023). "How the
World Bank Engages with the Sustainable Development Goal on Reducing Inequalities: A
Case of Organizational Jiu-Jitsu" (https://academic.oup.com/isagsq/article/doi/10.1093/isags
q/ksad035/7223538). Global Studies Quarterly. 3 (3). doi:10.1093/isagsq/ksad035 (https://d
oi.org/10.1093%2Fisagsq%2Fksad035). ISSN 2634-3797 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2
634-3797). Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
5. Biermann, Frank; Hickmann, Thomas; Sénit, Carole-Anne (2022), Biermann, Frank;
Hickmann, Thomas; Sénit, Carole-Anne (eds.), "Assessing the Impact of Global Goals:
Setting the Stage" (https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009082945%23C
N-bp-1/type/book_part), The Political Impact of the Sustainable Development Goals (1 ed.),
Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–21, doi:10.1017/9781009082945.002 (https://doi.org/10.
1017%2F9781009082945.002), ISBN 978-1-009-08294-5, retrieved 16 October 2024
6. United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, Work of
the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
(A/RES/71/313 (https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
201128194012/https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313) 28 November 2020 at the Wayback
Machine)
7. Kim, Rakhyun E. (1 April 2023). "Augment the SDG indicator framework" (https://doi.org/10.
1016%2Fj.envsci.2023.02.004). Environmental Science & Policy. 142: 62–67.
Bibcode:2023ESPol.142...62K (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023ESPol.142...62K).
doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2023.02.004 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envsci.2023.02.004).
ISSN 1462-9011 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1462-9011). S2CID 256758145 (https://ap
i.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256758145).
8. Bartram, Jamie; Brocklehurst, Clarissa; Bradley, David; Muller, Mike; Evans, Barbara
(December 2018). "Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for
the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation" (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs415
45-018-0003-0). npj Clean Water. 1 (1): 3. Bibcode:2018npjCW...1....3B (https://ui.adsabs.h
arvard.edu/abs/2018npjCW...1....3B). doi:10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 (https://doi.org/10.10
38%2Fs41545-018-0003-0). S2CID 169226066 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1
69226066). Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
9. "SDG Indicators – Global indicator framework for the Sustainable Development Goals and
targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development" (https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indica
tors/indicators-list/). United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). Retrieved 6 August 2020.
10. "IAEG-SDGs – Tier Classification for Global SDG Indicators" (https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/iae
g-sdgs/tier-classification/). United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
Statistics Division. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063855/https://unstats.u
n.org/sdgs/iaeg-sdgs/tier-classification/) from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved
10 September 2020.
11. "Leaving no one behind — SDG Indicators" (https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2016/leaving-
no-one-behind). unstats.un.org. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201230064017/htt
ps://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2016/leaving-no-one-behind) from the original on 30
December 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
12. "SDG Indicators, Data collection Information & Focal points" (https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/dat
aContacts/). unstats.un.org (Statistics Division). Retrieved 10 October 2024.
13. "IAEG-SDGs 2020 Comprehensive Review Proposals Submitted to the 51st session of the
United Nations Statistical Commission for its consideration" (https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/iaeg
-sdgs/2020-comprev/UNSC-proposal/). United Nations, Department of Economic and Social
Affairs, Statistics Division. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063956/https://un
stats.un.org/sdgs/iaeg-sdgs/2020-comprev/UNSC-proposal/) from the original on 30
December 2020. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
14. "SDG Indicator changes (15 October 2018 and onward) – current to 17 April 2020" (https://u
nstats.un.org/sdgs/files/List_of_changes_since_15_Oct_2018.pdf) (PDF). United Nations,
Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division. 17 April 2020. Retrieved
10 September 2020.
15. Winfried, Huck (2019). Iovane, Massimo; Palombino, Fulvio; Amoroso, Daniele; Zarra,
Giovanni (eds.). Measuring Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with Indicators: Is
Legitimacy Lacking?. Oxford University Press. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3360935 (https://doi.org/10.
2139%2Fssrn.3360935). S2CID 203377817 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2033
77817). {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
16. "Goal 1: No poverty" (https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development
-goals/goal-1-no-poverty.html). UNDP. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
17. "Goal 1: No Poverty" (https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-goals/no-poverty).
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Retrieved 17 September 2020.
18. "Goal 2: Zero hunger" (http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development
-goals/goal-2-zero-hunger.html). UNDP. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2020123006
3934/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-2-zer
o-hunger.html) from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
19. United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, Work of
the Statistical Commission pertaining to the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development
(A/RES/71/313 (https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313))
20. Bartram, Jamie; Brocklehurst, Clarissa; Bradley, David; Muller, Mike; Evans, Barbara
(December 2018). "Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for
the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation" (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs415
45-018-0003-0). npj Clean Water. 1 (1): 3. Bibcode:2018npjCW...1....3B (https://ui.adsabs.h
arvard.edu/abs/2018npjCW...1....3B). doi:10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 (https://doi.org/10.10
38%2Fs41545-018-0003-0). S2CID 169226066 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1
69226066). Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License
21. "Explained: What is zero-hunger which is a Sustainable Development Goal?" (https://www.n
ews9live.com/knowledge/explained-what-is-zero-hunger-which-is-a-sustainable-developme
nt-goal-2223800). News9live. 24 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
22. "Goal 3: Good health and well-being" (http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainab
le-development-goals/goal-3-good-health-and-well-being.html). UNDP. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20201230063900/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable
-development-goals/goal-3-good-health-and-well-being.html) from the original on 30
December 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
23. "Goal 3: Good health and well-being" (https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustaina
ble-development-goals/goal-3-good-health-and-well-being.html). UNDP. Retrieved
26 August 2020.
24. "Goal 4: Quality education" (http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-develop
ment-goals/goal-4-quality-education.html). UNDP. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
180911002735/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/
goal-4-quality-education.html) from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 13 April
2017.
25. Bartram, Jamie; Brocklehurst, Clarissa; Bradley, David; Muller, Mike; Evans, Barbara
(December 2018). "Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for
the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation" (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs415
45-018-0003-0). npj Clean Water. 1 (1): 3. doi:10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 (https://doi.org/1
0.1038%2Fs41545-018-0003-0). S2CID 169226066 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/Corpus
ID:169226066). Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
26. "Goal 5: Gender equality" (http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-develop
ment-goals/goal-5-gender-equality.html). UNDP. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2018
0227135817/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/go
al-5-gender-equality.html) from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
27. United Nations Economic and Social Council (2020) Progress towards the Sustainable
Development Goals Report of the Secretary-General (https://undocs.org/en/E/2020/57)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063859/https://undocs.org/en/E/2020/57)
30 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine, High-level political forum on sustainable
development, convened under the auspices of the Economic and Social Council
(E/2020/57), 28 April 2020
28. "Female genital mutilation" (https://www.unicef.org/protection/female-genital-mutilation).
www.unicef.org. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063938/https://www.unicef.
org/protection/female-genital-mutilation) from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved
27 August 2020.
29. Sustainable development goals report 2016 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/959869696).
New York: United Nations. 2016. ISBN 978-92-1-101340-5. OCLC 959869696 (https://searc
h.worldcat.org/oclc/959869696). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201128205819/htt
ps://www.worldcat.org/title/sustainable-development-goals-report-2016/oclc/959869696)
from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
30. "Goal 6 Targets" (http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goal
s/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation/targets/). United Nations Development Programme.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180219061511/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/e
n/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation/targets/) from the
original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
31. WHO and UNICEF (2017) Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017
Update and SDG Baselines (https://washdata.org/reports) Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20190725020452/https://washdata.org/reports) 25 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine.
Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund
(UNICEF), 2017
32. "Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation" (http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainabl
e-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.html). UNDP. Retrieved
28 September 2015.
33. United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, Work of
the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
(A/RES/71/313 (https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313))
34. "Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy" (http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustaina
ble-development-goals/goal-7-affordable-and-clean-energy.html). UNDP. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20180907180441/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainabl
e-development-goals/goal-7-affordable-and-clean-energy.html) from the original on 7
September 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
35. IEA, IRENA, UNSD, WB, WHO (2019), Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report 2019
(https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/2019-Tracking%20SDG7-F
ull%20Report.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063844/https://trackingsd
g7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/2019-Tracking%20SDG7-Full%20Report.pdf)
30 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Washington DC (on Tracking SDG 7 website
(https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201230064018/ht
tps://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/) 30 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine)
36. Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable
Development Goals." (SDG 7) (https://sdg-tracker.org/energy) SDG-Tracker.org, website
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
37. Bartram, Jamie; Brocklehurst, Clarissa; Bradley, David; Muller, Mike; Evans, Barbara
(December 2018). "Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for
the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation" (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs415
45-018-0003-0). npj Clean Water. 1 (1): 3. doi:10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 (https://doi.org/1
0.1038%2Fs41545-018-0003-0). S2CID 169226066 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/Corpus
ID:169226066). Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
38. "Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth" (http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/su
stainable-development-goals/goal-8-decent-work-and-economic-growth.html). UNDP.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180225022602/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/e
n/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-8-decent-work-and-economic-growth.html)
from the original on 25 February 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
39. Bartram, Jamie; Brocklehurst, Clarissa; Bradley, David; Muller, Mike; Evans, Barbara
(December 2018). "Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for
the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation" (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs415
45-018-0003-0). npj Clean Water. 1 (1): 3. doi:10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 (https://doi.org/1
0.1038%2Fs41545-018-0003-0). S2CID 169226066 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/Corpus
ID:169226066). Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
40. "Goal 9: Industry, innovation, infrastructure" (http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sus
tainable-development-goals/goal-9-industry-innovation-and-infrastructure.html). UNDP.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180301060431/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/e
n/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-9-industry-innovation-and-infrastructure.html)
from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
41. Bartram, Jamie; Brocklehurst, Clarissa; Bradley, David; Muller, Mike; Evans, Barbara
(December 2018). "Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for
the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation" (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs415
45-018-0003-0). npj Clean Water. 1 (1): 3. Bibcode:2018npjCW...1....3B (https://ui.adsabs.h
arvard.edu/abs/2018npjCW...1....3B). doi:10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 (https://doi.org/10.10
38%2Fs41545-018-0003-0). S2CID 169226066 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1
69226066). Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License
42. "Goal 10: Reduced inequalities" (http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-de
velopment-goals/goal-10-reduced-inequalities.html). UNDP. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20201230063954/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-developme
nt-goals/goal-10-reduced-inequalities.html) from the original on 30 December 2020.
Retrieved 12 March 2018.
43. United Nations (2020) Sustainable development goals report (https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/re
port/2020/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2020.pdf) Archived (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20201230064006/https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2020/The-Sustainable-Deve
lopment-Goals-Report-2020.pdf) 30 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine, New York
44. Bartram, Jamie; Brocklehurst, Clarissa; Bradley, David; Muller, Mike; Evans, Barbara
(December 2018). "Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for
the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation" (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs415
45-018-0003-0). npj Clean Water. 1 (1): 3. doi:10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 (https://doi.org/1
0.1038%2Fs41545-018-0003-0). S2CID 169226066 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/Corpus
ID:169226066). Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
45. United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, Work of
the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
(A/RES/71/313 (https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313))
46. "Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities" (http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/
sustainable-development-goals/goal-11-sustainable-cities-and-communities.html). UNDP.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180911192025/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/e
n/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-11-sustainable-cities-and-communities.html)
from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
47. McGranahan, Gordon; Schensul, Daniel; Singh, Gayatri (2016). "Inclusive urbanization: Can
the 2030 Agenda be delivered without it?" (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0956247815627522).
Environment & Urbanization. 28 (1): 13–34. Bibcode:2016EnUrb..28...13M (https://ui.adsab
s.harvard.edu/abs/2016EnUrb..28...13M). doi:10.1177/0956247815627522 (https://doi.org/1
0.1177%2F0956247815627522).
48. Bartram, Jamie; Brocklehurst, Clarissa; Bradley, David; Muller, Mike; Evans, Barbara
(December 2018). "Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for
the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation" (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs415
45-018-0003-0). npj Clean Water. 1 (1): 3. Bibcode:2018npjCW...1....3B (https://ui.adsabs.h
arvard.edu/abs/2018npjCW...1....3B). doi:10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 (https://doi.org/10.10
38%2Fs41545-018-0003-0). S2CID 169226066 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1
69226066). Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License
49. United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, Work of
the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
(A/RES/71/313 (https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313))
50. "Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities" (https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/hom
e/sustainable-development-goals/goal-11-sustainable-cities-and-communities.html). United
Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
51. "Goal 12: Responsible consumption, production" (http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/hom
e/sustainable-development-goals/goal-12-responsible-consumption-and-production.html).
UNDP. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180813113459/http://www.undp.org/conten
t/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-12-responsible-consumption-and-prod
uction.html) from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
52. Walker, Tony R. (August 2021). "(Micro)plastics and the UN Sustainable Development
Goals" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cogsc.2021.100497). Current Opinion in Green and
Sustainable Chemistry. 30: 100497. Bibcode:2021COGSC..3000497W (https://ui.adsabs.ha
rvard.edu/abs/2021COGSC..3000497W). doi:10.1016/j.cogsc.2021.100497 (https://doi.org/1
0.1016%2Fj.cogsc.2021.100497).
53. Bartram, Jamie; Brocklehurst, Clarissa; Bradley, David; Muller, Mike; Evans, Barbara
(December 2018). "Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for
the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation" (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs415
45-018-0003-0). npj Clean Water. 1 (1): 3. Bibcode:2018npjCW...1....3B (https://ui.adsabs.h
arvard.edu/abs/2018npjCW...1....3B). doi:10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 (https://doi.org/10.10
38%2Fs41545-018-0003-0). S2CID 169226066 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1
69226066). Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License
54. United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, Work of
the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
(A/RES/71/313 (https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313))
55. "Goal 13: Climate action" (http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-developm
ent-goals/goal-13-climate-action.html). UNDP. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180
813130618/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal
-13-climate-action.html) from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
56. "AR6 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2023 — IPCC" (https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-as
sessment-report-cycle/). Retrieved 1 March 2023.
57. Bartram, Jamie; Brocklehurst, Clarissa; Bradley, David; Muller, Mike; Evans, Barbara
(December 2018). "Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for
the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation" (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs415
45-018-0003-0). npj Clean Water. 1 (1): 3. Bibcode:2018npjCW...1....3B (https://ui.adsabs.h
arvard.edu/abs/2018npjCW...1....3B). doi:10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 (https://doi.org/10.10
38%2Fs41545-018-0003-0). S2CID 169226066 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1
69226066). Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License
58. "Goal 14: Life below water" (http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-develo
pment-goals/goal-14-life-below-water.html). UNDP. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0180815201503/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goal
s/goal-14-life-below-water.html) from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 12 March
2018.
59. "Ocean acidification (Issues Brief)" (https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/ocean_acidification_i
ssues_brief.pdf) (PDF). IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). November
2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063843/https://www.iucn.org/sites/de
v/files/ocean_acidification_issues_brief.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 30 December 2020.
Retrieved 3 November 2020.
60. Bartram, Jamie; Brocklehurst, Clarissa; Bradley, David; Muller, Mike; Evans, Barbara
(December 2018). "Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for
the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation" (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs415
45-018-0003-0). npj Clean Water. 1 (1): 3. doi:10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 (https://doi.org/1
0.1038%2Fs41545-018-0003-0). S2CID 169226066 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/Corpus
ID:169226066). Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
61. United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, Work of
the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
(A/RES/71/313 (https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313))
62. Walker, Tony R. (August 2021). "(Micro)plastics and the UN Sustainable Development
Goals" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cogsc.2021.100497). Current Opinion in Green and
Sustainable Chemistry. 30: 100497. doi:10.1016/j.cogsc.2021.100497 (https://doi.org/10.10
16%2Fj.cogsc.2021.100497). Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licens
es/by/4.0/)
63. "Goal 15: Life on land" (http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-developmen
t-goals/goal-15-life-on-land.html). UNDP. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2020123006
4011/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-li
fe-on-land.html) from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
64. "Desertification, land degradation and drought .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge
Platform" (https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/desertificationlanddegradationanddr
ought). sustainabledevelopment.un.org. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2020123006
3959/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/desertificationlanddegradationanddrough
t) from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
65. Bartram, Jamie; Brocklehurst, Clarissa; Bradley, David; Muller, Mike; Evans, Barbara
(December 2018). "Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for
the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation" (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs415
45-018-0003-0). npj Clean Water. 1 (1): 3. doi:10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 (https://doi.org/1
0.1038%2Fs41545-018-0003-0). S2CID 169226066 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/Corpus
ID:169226066). Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
66. "Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions" (http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/hom
e/sustainable-development-goals/goal-16-peace-justice-and-strong-institutions.html).
UNDP. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063908/http://www.undp.org/conten
t/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-16-peace-justice-and-strong-institution
s.html) from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
67. "Progress for Every Child in the SDG Era" (https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/
03/Progress_for_Every_Child_V4.pdf) (PDF). UNICEF. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20200715000653/https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Progress_for_Every
_Child_V4.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
68. Bartram, Jamie; Brocklehurst, Clarissa; Bradley, David; Muller, Mike; Evans, Barbara
(December 2018). "Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for
the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation" (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs415
45-018-0003-0). npj Clean Water. 1 (1): 3. Bibcode:2018npjCW...1....3B (https://ui.adsabs.h
arvard.edu/abs/2018npjCW...1....3B). doi:10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 (https://doi.org/10.10
38%2Fs41545-018-0003-0). S2CID 169226066 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1
69226066). Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License
69. United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, Work of
the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
(A/RES/71/313 (https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313))
70. "Goal 17: Partnerships for the goals" (http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainabl
e-development-goals/goal-17-partnerships-for-the-goals.html). UNDP. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20201230064022/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-d
evelopment-goals/goal-17-partnerships-for-the-goals.html) from the original on 30
December 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
71. Pierce, Alan (26 November 2018). "SDG Indicators: why SDG 17 is the most important UN
SDG" (https://www.sopact.com/perspectives/sdg17-most-important-sdg). Sopact. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20201230064014/https://www.sopact.com/perspectives/sdg17-
most-important-sdg) from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
72. "Sustainable Development Goal 17" (https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg17).
Sustainable Development Goals. 16 November 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
20180905221234/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg17) from the original on 5
September 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
73. Peccia, T., R. Kelej, A. Hamdy, A. Fahmi (2017), "A reflection on Public-Private Partnerships'
contribution to the attainment of Sustainable Development Goals", Scienza e Pace, VIII, 1,
pp. 81–103.
74. Pierce, Alan (26 November 2018). "SDG Indicators: why SDG 17 is the most important UN
SDG?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20201107215727/https://www.sopact.com/perspective
s/sdg17-most-important-sdg). Sopact. Archived from the original (https://www.sopact.com/pe
rspectives/sdg17-most-important-sdg) on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
75. "Goal 17: Partnerships for the goals" (https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustaina
ble-development-goals/goal-17-partnerships-for-the-goals.html). United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP). Retrieved 24 September 2020.
76. "#Envision2030Goal17: Partnerships for the goals" (https://www.un.org/development/desa/di
sabilities/envision2030-goal17.html). United Nations Department of Economic and Social
Affairs (UNDESA). Retrieved 24 September 2020.
77. Bartram, Jamie; Brocklehurst, Clarissa; Bradley, David; Muller, Mike; Evans, Barbara
(December 2018). "Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for
the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation" (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs415
45-018-0003-0). npj Clean Water. 1 (1): 3. doi:10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 (https://doi.org/1
0.1038%2Fs41545-018-0003-0). S2CID 169226066 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/Corpus
ID:169226066). Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
78. Mulholland, Eric (January 2019). Communicating Sustainable Development and the SDGs
in Europe: Good practice examples from policy,academia, NGOs, and media (https://www.e
sdn.eu/fileadmin/ESDN_Reports/ESDN_Quarterly_Report_51_Final.pdf) (PDF). ESDN
Quarterly Report 51. European Sustainable Development Network. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20230608062925/https://www.esdn.eu/fileadmin/ESDN_Reports/ESDN_Quart
erly_Report_51_Final.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2023.
79. "Project Everyone" (http://www.project-everyone.org/). Project-everyone.org. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20180917101256/https://www.project-everyone.org/) from the
original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
80. "Guest Article: Making the SDGs Famous and Popular" (http://sdg.iisd.org/commentary/gues
t-articles/making-the-sdgs-famous-and-popular/). IISD's SDG Knowledge Hub. 16
December 2014. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063939/http://sdg.iisd.org/
commentary/guest-articles/making-the-sdgs-famous-and-popular/) from the original on 30
December 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
81. Wudel, Katie (24 September 2015). "How This Great Design Is Bringing World Change to
the Masses" (https://www.good.is/slideshows/designing-the-global-goals-for-everyone).
GOOD Magazine. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171010211100/https://www.goo
d.is/slideshows/designing-the-global-goals-for-everyone) from the original on 10 October
2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
82. "Global Festival of Action" (http://globalfestivalofideas.org/). globalfestivalofideas.org.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171024035632/http://globalfestivalofideas.org/)
from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
83. "The Aarhus Convention safeguards transparency and supports disaster risk reduction and
measurement of Sustainable Development Goals" (http://www.unece.org/info/media/news/e
nvironment/2019/the-aarhus-convention-safeguards-transparency-and-supports-disaster-ris
k-reduction-and-measurement-of-sustainable-development-goals/doc.html). United Nations
Economic Commission for Europe. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063946/
https://unece.org/environment/news/aarhus-convention-safeguards-transparency-and-suppo
rts-disaster-risk-reduction-and) from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved
25 January 2020.
84. Mamadov, Ikrom (2018). "Youth, Aarhus and the Sustainable Development Goals" (http://ww
w.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/pp/wgp/WGP-22/Special_sessions/Anniversary_segment/
WGP-22_Special_Segment_Aarhus_Centre_Ikfrom_Mamadov.pdf) (PDF). Geneva: Youth
Group on the Protection of the Environment.
85. "United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres has Appointed 17 Sustainable
Development Goals Advocates" (https://www.globalgoals.org/news/secretary-general-antoni
o-guterres-has-appointed-new). The Global Goals. 10 May 2019. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20201230064017/https://www.globalgoals.org/news/secretary-general-antonio-g
uterres-has-appointed-new) from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 21 August
2020.
86. "UN Secretary-General António Guterres announces Founder and CEO of Chobani, Mr.
Hamdi Ulukaya as SDG Advocate" (https://www.unsdgadvocates.org/news/un-secretary-gen
eral-antonio-guterres-announces-founder-and-ceo-of-chobani-mr-hamdi-ulukaya-as-sdg-adv
ocate). SDG Advocates. 20 July 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
87. "Global Goals Week – About" (https://globalgoalsweek.org/about/). United Nations
Foundation. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063942/https://globalgoalswee
k.org/about/) from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
88. "global goals week" (https://globalgoalsweek.org/). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
201230064024/https://globalgoalsweek.org/) from the original on 30 December 2020.
Retrieved 5 August 2020.
89. "Global Goals Week 2019" (http://sdg.iisd.org/events/global-goals-week-2019/). IISD SDG
Knowledge Hub. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201230064012/http://sdg.iisd.org/
events/global-goals-week-2019/) from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved
4 August 2020.
90. "Arctic Film Festival" (https://filmfreeway.com/ArcticFilmFestival). FilmFreeway. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20201230064030/https://filmfreeway.com/ArcticFilmFestival) from
the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
91. "The Arctic Film Festival – United Nations Partnerships for SDGs platform" (https://sustainab
ledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=32901). sustainabledevelopment.un.org. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20201230063950/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnersh
ip/?p=32901) from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
92. Development, World Commission on Environment and. "Our Common Future, Chapter 2:
Towards Sustainable Development – A/42/427 Annex, Chapter 2 – UN Documents:
Gathering a body of global agreements" (http://www.un-documents.net/ocf-02.htm).
www.un-documents.net. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190517002735/http://www.
un-documents.net/ocf-02.htm) from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 17 November
2017.
93. "Major Agreements & Conventions .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform" (http
s://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?menu=122). United Nations. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20201230063946/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?m
enu=122) from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
94. "Resources .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform" (https://sustainabledevelopm
ent.un.org/resourcelibrary). United Nations. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201230
064120/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/resourcelibrary) from the original on 30
December 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
95. Caballero, Paula (29 April 2016). "A Short History of the SDGs" (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20171118221940/http://deliver2030.org/wp%2Dcontent/uploads/2016/04/A%2Dshort%2D
history%2Dof%2Dthe%2DSDGs%2DPaula%2DCaballero.pdf) (PDF). Deliver 2030.
Archived from the original (http://deliver2030.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/A-short-histor
y-of-the-SDGs-Paula-Caballero.pdf) (PDF) on 18 November 2017.
96. "Future We Want – Outcome document" (https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/futurewewa
nt.html). Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20201230063948/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/futurewewant.html) from the
original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
97. "Open Working Group proposal for Sustainable Development Goals" (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20151006035004/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgsproposal/). Sustainable
Development Knowledge Platform. Archived from the original (https://sustainabledevelopme
nt.un.org/sdgsproposal) on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
98. "The road to dignity by 2030: ending poverty, transforming all lives and protecting the planet"
(https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/69/700&Lang=E). United Nations. 4
December 2014. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201230064030/https://www.un.or
g/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A%2F69%2F700&Lang=E) from the original on 30
December 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
99. Biermann, Frank; Kanie, Norichika; Kim, Rakhyun E (1 June 2017). "Global governance by
goal-setting: the novel approach of the UN Sustainable Development Goals" (https://www.sc
iencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343517300209). Current Opinion in Environmental
Sustainability. Open issue, part II. 26–27: 26–31. Bibcode:2017COES...26...26B (https://ui.a
dsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017COES...26...26B). doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2017.01.010 (https://do
i.org/10.1016%2Fj.cosust.2017.01.010). hdl:1874/358246 (https://hdl.handle.net/1874%2F3
58246). ISSN 1877-3435 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1877-3435).
100. United Nations (2015) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015,
Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/70/1 (http
s://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/) Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20201128002202/https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainab
le-development-goals/) 28 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine)
101. IPCC, 2018: Global Warming of 1.5°C.An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global
warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission
pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate
change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty (https://www.ipcc.ch/site/
assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_High_Res.pdf) [Masson-Delmotte, V., P.
Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C.
Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T.
Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. In Press
102. Berg, Christian (2020). Sustainable action: overcoming the barriers (https://www.worldcat.or
g/oclc/1124780147). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-57873-1.
OCLC 1124780147 (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1124780147).
103. Machingura, Fortunate (27 February 2017). "The Sustainable Development Goals and their
trade-offs" (https://odi.org/en/publications/the-sustainable-development-goals-and-their-trad
e-offs/). ODI: Think change. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
104. Biermann, Frank; Hickmann, Thomas; Sénit, Carole-Anne; Grob, Leonie (31 July 2022),
"Chapter 8: The Sustainable Development Goals as a Transformative Force?: Key Insights",
in Biermann, Frank; Hickmann, Thomas; Sénit, Carole-Anne (eds.), The Political Impact of
the Sustainable Development Goals (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 204–26,
doi:10.1017/9781009082945.009 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009082945.009),
ISBN 978-1-009-08294-5
105. "SDG Tracker" (https://sdg-tracker.org/). Our World in Data. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
106. "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development" (https://sustainabl
edevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld). United Nations Department of
Economic and Social Affairs - Sustainable Development. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20171205210925/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld)
from the original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
107. "Breakdown of U.N. Sustainable Development Goals" (https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/2
6/world/breakdown-of-un-sustainable-development-goals.html). The New York Times. 25
September 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170709115207/https://www.nytim
es.com/2015/09/26/world/breakdown-of-un-sustainable-development-goals.html?_r=0) from
the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
108. "World leaders adopt Sustainable Development Goals" (https://web.archive.org/web/202012
30064011/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2015/09/2
4/undp-welcomes-adoption-of-sustainable-development-goals-by-world-leaders.html).
United Nations Development Programme. 25 September 2015. Archived from the original (h
ttp://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2015/09/24/undp-welc
omes-adoption-of-sustainable-development-goals-by-world-leaders.html) on 30 December
2020. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
109. "The Future We Want" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180423213340/https://sustainabledev
elopment.un.org/content/documents/733FutureWeWant.pdf/). United Nations Conference on
Sustainable Development. June 2012. Archived from the original (https://sustainabledevelop
ment.un.org/content/documents/733FutureWeWant.pdf/) on 23 April 2018. Retrieved
18 October 2016.
110. "Decade of Action" (https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/decade-of-action/). United
Nations Sustainable Development. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
111. "Digital generation" (https://www.undp.org/digital-generation). UNDP. Retrieved 8 August
2024.
112. Guterres, António (24 September 2019). "Remarks to High-Level Political Forum on
Sustainable Development" (https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2019-09-24/rema
rks-high-level-political-sustainable-development-forum). United Nations Secretary-General.
Retrieved 27 September 2022.
113. Llanos, Andrea Ordóñez; Raven, Rob; Bexell, Magdalena; Botchwey, Brianna; Bornemann,
Basil; Censoro, Jecel; Christen, Marius; Díaz, Liliana; Hickmann, Thomas (31 July 2022),
Biermann, Frank; Hickmann, Thomas; Sénit, Carole-Anne (eds.), "Chapter 3:
Implementation at Multiple Levels" (https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge
-core/content/view/EE1BEAD7D6D3F216EB2016FDCCC3936C/9781316514290c3_59-91.
pdf/implementation-at-multiple-levels.pdf) (PDF), The Political Impact of the Sustainable
Development Goals (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 59–91,
doi:10.1017/9781009082945.004 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009082945.004),
ISBN 978-1-009-08294-5
114. Firzli, Nicolas (5 April 2017). "6th World Pensions Forum held at the Queen's House: ESG
and Asset Ownership" (https://amnt.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/6th-World-Pensions-Fo
rum2017.pdf) (PDF). Revue Analyse Financière. Revue Analyse Financière. Retrieved
28 April 2017.
115. Firzli, Nicolas (3 April 2018). "Greening, Governance and Growth in the Age of Popular
Empowerment" (http://www.pensions-expert.com/Special-Features/The-Cut/Greening-gover
nance-and-growth-in-the-age-of-popular-empowerment). FT Pensions Experts. Financial
Times. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
116. "Gender equality and women's rights in the post-2015 agenda: A foundation for sustainable
development" (https://www.oecd.org/dac/gender-development/POST-2015%20Gender.pdf)
(PDF). Oecd.org. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063852/https://www.oecd.
org/dac/gender-development/POST-2015%20Gender.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 30
December 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
117. UNESCO (2019) Culture | 2030 Indicators (http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/document
s/publication_culture_2020_indicators_en.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201
230063854/http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/publication_culture_2020_indi
cators_en.pdf) 30 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine, United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris, France, ISBN 978-92-3-100355-4, CC-BY-ND
3.0 IGO
118. Global Citizenship Education: Topics and learning objectives (http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ima
ges/0023/002329/232993e.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180712215733/htt
p://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002329/232993e.pdf) 12 July 2018 at the Wayback
Machine, UNESCO, 2015.
119. UNESCO (2017). Education for Sustainable Development Goals: Learning Objectives (htt
p://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002474/247444e.pdf) (PDF). Paris, UNESCO. p. 7.
ISBN 978-92-3-100209-0. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063855/https://un
esdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000247444_eng) from the original on 30 December 2020.
Retrieved 13 April 2017.
120. "Sustainable development goals – United Nations" (https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopm
ent/sustainable-development-goals/). United Nations Sustainable Development. Retrieved
25 November 2015.
121. "Child Poverty" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180624190322/http://www.nccp.org/topics/ch
ildpoverty.html). www.nccp.org. Archived from the original (http://www.nccp.org/topics/childp
overty.html) on 24 June 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
122. "Health – United Nations Sustainable Development" (https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelop
ment/health/). United Nations Sustainable Development. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
123. "Hunger and food security – United Nations Sustainable Development" (https://www.un.org/
sustainabledevelopment/hunger/). United Nations Sustainable Development. Retrieved
25 November 2015.
124. Bank, European Investment (14 December 2020). The EIB Group Climate Bank Roadmap
2021–2025 (https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-eib-group-climate-bank-roadmap).
European Investment Bank. ISBN 978-92-861-4908-5.
125. Bhattacharya, Amar; Ivanyna, Maksym; Oman, William; Stern, Nicholas (26 May 2021).
"Climate Action to Unlock the Inclusive Growth Story of the 21st Century" (https://www.elibra
ry.imf.org/view/journals/001/2021/147/article-A001-en.xml). IMF Working Papers. 2021
(147): 1. doi:10.5089/9781513573366.001 (https://doi.org/10.5089%2F9781513573366.00
1). S2CID 242841434 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242841434).
126. "Grand Duchy of Luxembourg International Climate Finance Strategy" (https://gouvernemen
t.lu/dam-assets/documents/actualites/2021/07-juillet/26-fci-dieschbourg/Strategie-FCI.pdf)
(PDF).
127. Our World in Data team (2023) - "Promote just, peaceful and inclusive societies" (https://our
worldindata.org/sdgs/peace-justice-institutions) Published online at OurWorldinData.org.
128. Bogers, Maya; Biermann, Frank; Kalfagianni, Agni; Kim, Rakhyun E.; Treep, Jelle; de Vos,
Martine G. (2022). "The impact of the Sustainable Development Goals on a network of 276
international organizations" (https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S095937802200105
4). Global Environmental Change. 76: 102567. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102567 (http
s://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gloenvcha.2022.102567). Text was copied from this source,
which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
129. SEI; CEEW (18 May 2022). "Stockholm+50: Unlocking a Better Future" (https://www.sei.org/
publications/stockholm50-unlocking-better-future). SEI Reports. doi:10.51414/sei2022.011
(https://doi.org/10.51414%2Fsei2022.011). S2CID 248881465 (https://api.semanticscholar.o
rg/CorpusID:248881465).
130. Independent Group of Scientists appointed by the Secretary-General, Global Sustainable
Development Report 2023: Times of crisis, times of change: Science for accelerating
transformations to sustainable development, (United Nations, New York, 2023).
131. "Let's get the SDGs back on track" (https://www.sei.org/perspectives/lets-get-the-sdgs-back-
on-track/). Stockholm Environment Institute. 1 October 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
132. "Impact of Pandemic, Worldwide Crises Must Be Overcome to Achieve Sustainable
Development Goals, Speakers Stress, as High-Level Political Forum Opens | UN Press" (htt
ps://press.un.org/en/2023/ecosoc7134.doc.htm). press.un.org. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
133. Bogers, Maya; Biermann, Frank; Kalfagianni, Agni; Kim, Rakhyun E. (2023). "The SDGs as
integrating force in global governance? Challenges and opportunities" (https://link.springer.c
om/10.1007/s10784-023-09607-9). International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law
and Economics. 23 (2): 157–164. doi:10.1007/s10784-023-09607-9 (https://doi.org/10.100
7%2Fs10784-023-09607-9). ISSN 1567-9764 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1567-9764).
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License
134. The Sustainable Development Goals report 2019. United Nations. 2019. ISBN 978-92-1-
101403-7. OCLC 1117643666 (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1117643666).
135. Publications, United Nations (2019). Report of the inter-agency task force on financing for
development 2019: financing for sustainable development report 2019. ISBN 978-92-1-
101404-4. OCLC 1098817400 (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1098817400).
136. Independent Group of Scientists appointed by the Secretary-General, Global Sustainable
Development Report 2019: The Future is Now – Science for Achieving Sustainable
Development (https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/24797GSDR_repo
rt_2019.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063857/https://sustainabledev
elopment.un.org/content/documents/24797GSDR_report_2019.pdf) 30 December 2020 at
the Wayback Machine, (United Nations, New York, 2019)
137. "Sustainable development in the European Union" (https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/document
s/3217494/9940483/KS-02-19-165-EN-N.pdf/1965d8f5-4532-49f9-98ca-5334b0652820).
Eurostat.
138. "Leaving Biodiversity, Peace and Social Inclusion behind" (http://commons.ch/wp-content/up
loads/Synopsis_SDG_Reports_Goals_Allocation_2019.pdf) (PDF). Basel Institute of
Commons and Economics. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063855/http://co
mmons.ch/wp-content/uploads/Synopsis_SDG_Reports_Goals_Allocation_2019.pdf) (PDF)
from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
139. Forestier, Oana; Kim, Rakhyun E. (September 2020). "Cherry-picking the Sustainable
Development Goals: Goal prioritization by national governments and implications for global
governance" (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsd.2082). Sustainable Development. 28 (5): 1269–
1278. doi:10.1002/sd.2082 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsd.2082). ISSN 0968-0802 (https://s
earch.worldcat.org/issn/0968-0802). S2CID 225737527 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/Cor
pusID:225737527).
140. Bank, European Investment (19 October 2022). Finance in Africa – Navigating the financial
landscape in turbulent times (https://www.eib.org/en/publications/finance-in-africa-navigating
-the-financial-landscape-in-turbulent-times). European Investment Bank. ISBN 978-92-861-
5382-2.
141. "Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2021" (https://www.un.org/sustainabledevel
opment/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2021-Report.pdf) (PDF). UN.
142. Nations, United. "Population growth, environmental degradation and climate change" (http
s://www.un.org/en/desa/population-growth-environmental-degradation-and-climate-change).
United Nations. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
143. "IMF and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)" (https://www.imf.org/en/About/Factsh
eets/Sheets/2023/IMF-Sustainable-development-goals-SDGs). IMF. Retrieved 29 April
2023.
144. Hutton, Guy (15 November 2017). "The Costs of Meeting the 2030 Sustainable
Development Goal Targets on Drinking Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene" (http://documents.w
orldbank.org/curated/en/847191468000296045/pdf/103172-PUB-Box394556B-PUBLIC-EPI-
K8632-ADD-SERIES.pdf) (PDF). Documents/World Bank. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20201230063857/http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/847191468000296045/p
df/103172-PUB-Box394556B-PUBLIC-EPI-K8632-ADD-SERIES.pdf) (PDF) from the
original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
145. "UNCTAD | Press Release" (https://unctad.org/en/pages/PressRelease.aspx?OriginalVersio
nID=194). unctad.org. 24 June 2014. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2020123006395
6/https://unctad.org/press-material/developing-countries-face-25-trillion-annual-investment-g
ap-key-sustainable) from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
146. Alexander Dill (2018) The SDGs are public goods – Costs, Sources and Measures of
Financing for Development (https://developmentfinance.un.org/sites/developmentfinance.u
n.org/files/The_SDGs_are_public_goods_IATF_2019.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20201230063900/https://developmentfinance.un.org/sites/developmentfinance.un.org/fi
les/The_SDGs_are_public_goods_IATF_2019.pdf) 30 December 2020 at the Wayback
Machine – Policy paper to the UN Inter-Agency Taskforce on Financing for Development,
Basel Institute of Commons and Economics
147. "About the IATF | United Nations" (https://developmentfinance.un.org/about-iatf).
developmentfinance.un.org. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063959/https://
developmentfinance.un.org/about-iatf) from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved
8 December 2019.
148. Madsbjerg, Saadia (19 September 2017). "A New Role for Foundations in Financing the
Global Goals" (https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/blog/new-role-foundations-financing-gl
obal-goals/). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180823162537/https://www.rockefeller
foundation.org/blog/new-role-foundations-financing-global-goals/) from the original on 23
August 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
149. Burgess, Cameron (March 2018). "From Billions to Trillions: Mobilising the Missing Trillions
to Solve the Sustainable Development Goals" (https://sphaera.world/billions-to-trillions/).
sphaera.world. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180917215312/https://sphaera.worl
d/billions-to-trillions/) from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
150. Firzli, M. Nicolas J. (October 2016). "Beyond SDGs: Can Fiduciary Capitalism and Bolder,
Better Boards Jumpstart Economic Growth?" (https://www.academia.edu/28982570).
Analyse Financiere. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063938/https://www.ac
ademia.edu/28982570/Beyond_SDGs_Can_Fiduciary_Capitalism_and_Bolder_Better_Boar
ds_Jumpstart_Economic_Growth) from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved
1 November 2016.
151. Firzli, Nicolas (10 February 2020). "G7 Pensions Roundtable: Les ODD ('SDGs') Désormais
Incontournables". Cahiers du Centre des Professions Financières. CPF. SSRN 3545217 (htt
ps://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3545217).
152. McGregor, Jena (20 August 2019). "Group of top CEOs says maximizing shareholder profits
no longer can be the primary goal of corporations" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/busine
ss/2019/08/19/lobbying-group-powerful-ceos-is-rethinking-how-it-defines-corporations-purpo
se). The Washington Post. WP. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063945/http
s://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/08/19/lobbying-group-powerful-ceos-is-rethinki
ng-how-it-defines-corporations-purpose/) from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved
17 March 2020.
153. Firzli, Nicolas (7 December 2018). "An Examination of Pensions Trends. On Balance, How
Do Things Look?" (https://securities.bnpparibas.pl/insights/examination-pensions-trends.htm
l). BNPSS Newsletter. BNP Paribas Securities Services. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20201230063939/https://securities.bnpparibas.pl/insights/examination-pensions-trends.h
tml) from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
154. Sachs, J., Schmidt-Traub, G., Kroll, C., Lafortune, G., Fuller, G. (2019): Sustainable
Development Report 2019 (https://www.sustainabledevelopment.report/) Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20190922112837/https://www.sustainabledevelopment.report/) 22
September 2019 at the Wayback Machine. New York: Bertelsmann Stiftung and Sustainable
Development Solutions Network (SDSN)
155. Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina. "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable
Development Goals (https://sdg-tracker.org/)". SDG-Tracker.org, 2018. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20201230063910/https://sdg-tracker.org/) 30 December 2020 at the
Wayback Machine.
156. "SDG-Tracker.org Releases New Resources" (http://sdg.iisd.org/news/sdg-tracker-org-relea
ses-new-resources/). IISD's SDG Knowledge Hub. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
201230063949/http://sdg.iisd.org/news/sdg-tracker-org-releases-new-resources/) from the
original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
157. "Eerste 'tracker' die progressie op SDG's per land volgt | Fondsnieuws" (https://www.fondsni
euws.nl/nieuws/eerste-tracker-die-progressie-op-sdgs-land-volgt). www.fondsnieuws.nl.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063913/https://www.fondsnieuws.nl/nieuws/
eerste-tracker-die-progressie-op-sdgs-land-volgt) from the original on 30 December 2020.
Retrieved 10 March 2019.
158. "SDG Gracker" (https://sdg-tracker.org/). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2020123006
3944/https://sdg-tracker.org/) from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 28 July
2020.
159. SDSN; Bertelsmann Stiftung. "SDG Index" (https://sdgindex.org/). SDG Index and
Dashboards Report. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201230064016/https://sdginde
x.org/) from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
160. van Norren, Dorine E. (1 September 2020). "The Sustainable Development Goals viewed
through Gross National Happiness, Ubuntu, and Buen Vivir" (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10
784-020-09487-3). International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics.
20 (3): 431–458. doi:10.1007/s10784-020-09487-3 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10784-020-
09487-3). ISSN 1573-1553 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-1553).
161. Schleicher, Judith; Schaafsma, Marije; Vira, Bhaskar (2018). "Will the Sustainable
Development Goals address the links between poverty and the natural environment?" (http
s://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cosust.2018.09.004). Current Opinion in L̾ o̾ l̾ o̾ l̾ o̾ 47. 34: 43–47.
Bibcode:2018COES...34...43S (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018COES...34...43S).
doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2018.09.004 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cosust.2018.09.004).
162. "The 169 commandments" (https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21647286-proposed-s
ustainable-development-goals-would-be-worse-useless-169-commandments). The
Economist. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171018114345/https://www.economist.
com/news/leaders/21647286-proposed-sustainable-development-goals-would-be-worse-use
less-169-commandments) from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 19 February
2016.
163. "The SDGs wedding cake" (https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/research-news/20
16-06-14-the-sdgs-wedding-cake.html). www.stockholmresilience.org. 14 June 2016.
Retrieved 12 July 2022.
164. Robra, Ben; Heikkurinen, Pasi (2021), Leal Filho, Walter; Azul, Anabela Marisa; Brandli,
Luciana; Lange Salvia, Amanda (eds.), "Degrowth and the Sustainable Development Goals"
(https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95867-5_37), Decent Work and Economic Growth,
Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, Cham: Springer International
Publishing, pp. 253–262, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95867-5_37 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F97
8-3-319-95867-5_37), ISBN 978-3-319-95867-5, retrieved 27 December 2023
165. Wackernagel, Mathis; Hanscom, Laurel; Lin, David (11 July 2017). "Making the Sustainable
Development Goals Consistent with Sustainability" (https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffenrg.2017.0
0018). Frontiers in Energy Research. 5: 18. doi:10.3389/fenrg.2017.00018 (https://doi.org/1
0.3389%2Ffenrg.2017.00018).
166. The University of Queensland (6 July 2020). "Latest U.N. sustainability goals pose more
harm than good for environment, scientists warn" (https://phys.org/news/2020-07-latest-sust
ainability-goals-pose-good.html). phys.org. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200706
163936/https://phys.org/news/2020-07-latest-sustainability-goals-pose-good.html) from the
original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
167. Zeng, Yiwen; Maxwell, Sean; Runting, Rebecca K.; Venter, Oscar; Watson, James E. M.;
Carrasco, L. Roman (October 2020). "Environmental destruction not avoided with the
Sustainable Development Goals". Nature Sustainability. 3 (10): 795–798.
Bibcode:2020NatSu...3..795Z (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSu...3..795Z).
doi:10.1038/s41893-020-0555-0 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41893-020-0555-0).
S2CID 220260626 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220260626).
168. Reyers, Belinda; Stafford-Smith, Mark; Erb, Karl-Heinz; Scholes, Robert J; Selomane,
Odirilwe (June 2017). "Essential Variables help to focus Sustainable Development Goals
monitoring". Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 26–27: 97–105.
Bibcode:2017COES...26...97R (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017COES...26...97R).
doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2017.05.003 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cosust.2017.05.003).
hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-002E-1851-0 (https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-002
E-1851-0). S2CID 113715479 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:113715479).
169. Scown, Murray W. (November 2020). "The Sustainable Development Goals need
geoscience". Nature Geoscience. 13 (11): 714–715. Bibcode:2020NatGe..13..714S (https://
ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatGe..13..714S). doi:10.1038/s41561-020-00652-6 (http
s://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41561-020-00652-6). hdl:1874/410039 (https://hdl.handle.net/187
4%2F410039). S2CID 225071652 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225071652).
170. Kulonen, Aino; Adler, Carolina; Bracher, Christoph; Dach, Susanne Wymann von (2019).
"Spatial context matters in monitoring and reporting on Sustainable Development Goals:
Reflections based on research in mountain regions" (https://doi.org/10.14512%2Fgaia.28.2.
5). GAIA – Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society. 28 (2): 90–94.
doi:10.14512/gaia.28.2.5 (https://doi.org/10.14512%2Fgaia.28.2.5).
hdl:20.500.11850/350274 (https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850%2F350274).
S2CID 197775743 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:197775743).
171. Reyers, Belinda; Selig, Elizabeth R. (August 2020). "Global targets that reveal the social–
ecological interdependencies of sustainable development". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 4
(8): 1011–1019. Bibcode:2020NatEE...4.1011R (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Nat
EE...4.1011R). doi:10.1038/s41559-020-1230-6 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-020-12
30-6). hdl:2263/78221 (https://hdl.handle.net/2263%2F78221). PMID 32690904 (https://pub
med.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32690904). S2CID 220656353 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/Corpu
sID:220656353).
172. van Norren, Dorine E. (1 September 2020). "The Sustainable Development Goals viewed
through Gross National Happiness, Ubuntu, and Buen Vivir" (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10
784-020-09487-3). International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics.
20 (3): 431–458. doi:10.1007/s10784-020-09487-3 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10784-020-
09487-3). ISSN 1573-1553 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-1553).
173. Arora-Jonsson, Seema (1 February 2023). "The sustainable development goals: A
universalist promise for the future" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.futures.2022.103087).
Futures. 146: 103087. doi:10.1016/j.futures.2022.103087 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.futur
es.2022.103087). ISSN 0016-3287 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-3287).
174. Hickel, Jason (September 2019). "The contradiction of the sustainable development goals:
Growth versus ecology on a finite planet". Sustainable Development. 27 (5): 873–884.
doi:10.1002/sd.1947 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsd.1947). S2CID 159060032 (https://api.se
manticscholar.org/CorpusID:159060032).
175. Chenary, Kimia; Pirian Kalat, Omid; Sharifi, Ayyoob (2024). "Forecasting sustainable
development goals scores by 2030 using machine learning models" (https://doi.org/10.100
2%2Fsd.3037). Sustainable Development. doi:10.1002/sd.3037 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2F
sd.3037).
176. Cabinet, Prime Minister and (20 February 2018). "2030 Sustainable Development Goals" (ht
tps://www.pmc.gov.au/news-centre/office-women/2030-sustainable-development-goals).
www.pmc.gov.au. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201230064019/https://www.pmc.
gov.au/news-centre/office-women/2030-sustainable-development-goals) from the original on
30 December 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
177. Monash Sustainable Development Institute (19 November 2020). "Transforming Australis
SDG Progress Report – 2020 Update" (https://www.sdgtransformingaustralia.com/wp-conte
nt/uploads/MSDI_TA2020_Summary.pdf) (PDF). SDG Transforming Australia. Archived (http
s://www.sdgtransformingaustralia.com/) from the original on 1 February 2021.
178. Curtis, Simon; Klaus, Ian (2024). The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and
China's Search for a New International Order. New Haven and London: Yale University
Press. doi:10.2307/jj.11589102 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fjj.11589102).
ISBN 9780300266900. JSTOR jj.11589102 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.11589102).
179. "Sustainable Development Goals" (https://web.archive.org/web/20201230064154/https://ww
w.gh.undp.org/content/ghana/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html). UNDP in
Ghana. Archived from the original (https://www.gh.undp.org/content/ghana/en/home/sustain
able-development-goals.html) on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
180. "FG presents SDGs voluntary national review report to UN today" (https://guardian.ng/news/
fg-presents-sdgs-voluntary-national-review-report-to-un-today/). Guardian Nigeria. Retrieved
24 September 2020.
181. "Sustainable Development Report 2020" (https://dashboards.sdgindex.org/profiles/nga).
dashboards.sdgindex.org. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
182. "The Government of Nigeria Presents 2nd Voluntary National Review on Sustainable
Development" (https://sdgs.gov.ng/the-government-of-nigeria-presents-2nd-voluntary-nation
al-review-on-sustainable-development/). Sustainable Development Goals. 28 July 2020.
Retrieved 23 September 2020.
183. "Sustainable Development – Baltic 2030" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171115220914/htt
p://www.cbss.org/sustainable-prosperous-region/egsd-baltic-2030-2/). cbss.org. Archived
from the original (http://www.cbss.org/sustainable-prosperous-region/egsd-baltic-2030-2/) on
15 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
184. "Lebanon .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform" (https://sustainabledevelopmen
t.un.org/memberstates/lebanon). sustainabledevelopment.un.org. Archived (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20201230064134/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/memberstates/lebano
n) from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
185. Luomi, M.; Fuller, G.; Dahan, L.; Lisboa Båsund, K.; de la Mothe Karoubi, E.; Lafortune, G.
(2019). Arab Region SDG Index and Dashboards Report 2019 (https://www.sdgindex.org/re
ports/2019-arab-region-sdg-index-and-dashboards-report/). SDG Centre of Excellence for
the Arab Region/Emirates Diplomatic Academy and Sustainable Development Solutions
Network. p. 5.
186. Al-Raeei, Marwan (22 May 2023). "Analysing of the sustainable development goals in
Damascus University during Syrian crisis using the strategy in the university and the
bibliometrics data from SciVal" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10201509).
Discover Sustainability. 4 (1): 24. Bibcode:2023DiSus...4...24A (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.ed
u/abs/2023DiSus...4...24A). doi:10.1007/s43621-023-00140-y (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs
43621-023-00140-y). ISSN 2662-9984 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2662-9984).
PMC 10201509 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10201509).
PMID 37251498 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37251498).
187. Department for International Development (2017) Agenda 2030 The UK Government's
approach to delivering the Global Goals for Sustainable Development – at home and around
the world (https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/atta
chment_data/file/603500/Agenda-2030-Report4.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
20201230064022/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uplo
ads/attachment_data/file/603500/Agenda-2030-Report4.pdf) 30 December 2020 at the
Wayback Machine
188. "The UK's global contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals – Progress, gaps and
recommendations" (https://www.bond.org.uk/resources/the-uks-global-contribution-to-the-su
stainable-development-goals). Bond. 17 June 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0201230064057/https://www.bond.org.uk/resources/the-uks-global-contribution-to-the-sustai
nable-development-goals) from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 30 October
2019.

External links
UN Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform – Wikipedia's health care articles can
The SDGs (http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg be viewed offline with the Medical
s) Wikipedia app.

"Global Goals" Campaign (http://www.globalgoals.or

g) Campaign on the SDGs published by Project Everyone
Global SDG Indicators Database of the United Nations (https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicator
s/database/)
SDG-Tracker.org (https://sdg-tracker.org/) – Visualized tracking of progress towards the
SDGs
 SDG Pathfinder (https://sdg-pathfinder.org/) – Explore content on SDGs from six
international organizations (powered by the OECD)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goals&oldid=1257507349"