Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design

Assignment-1
Each question carries one mark. For question 17 and 18, choose multiple options that are
appropriate and carries two marks each. (Total marks: 20)
1. Characteristic load is that value of load which has a --------- percentage probability of not
being exceeded during the lifetime of the structure.
a) 90%
b) 10%
c) 5%
d) 95%

Answer: d

Explanation: Please refer to module 1-2, slide #17.

2. What is the compatibility between concrete and steel indicates?

a) strain in steel and concrete is same at the level of reinforcement
b) stress in concrete and steel is same at the level of reinforcement
c) strain in steel and concrete is same at an effective depth d
d) stress in concrete and steel is same at an effective depth d
Answer: a

Explanation: Compatibility indicates the bond between steel and concrete. A good bond
ensures strain in the concrete and steel to be same. Refer module 1-1, slide #23.

3. Providing reinforcement at-------------- location improves the flexural capacity of the RC

beam
a) bottom face of the beam
b) location where tensile stresses develop
c) top face of the beam
d) location where compressive stresses develop

Answer: b

Explanation: As the concrete is weak in tension, providing reinforcement at locations where

the tension develops will be beneficial.
4. Design philosophy adopted by Indian code (IS 456:2000) for the design of reinforced
concrete structures is based on
a) ultimate load method
b) limit state method
c) working stress method
d) Reliability-based approach

Answer: b

5. What is the major difference between working stress (WSM) and limit state method
(LSM)
a) load is amplified, and strength is taken as it is in both the methods
b) load is amplified, and strength is penalized in both methods
c) load is amplified only in LSM, and strength is penalized in both the methods
d) load and strength are taken as is in both the methods
e) load is amplified in both the methods, and strength is penalized only in LSM

Answer: c

Explanation: Please refer to module 1-2, Design Methods (Philosophies)

6. Variation in loads and strength of materials follows which distribution

a) Poisson distribution
b) Normal distribution
c) Uniform distribution
d) Log-normal distribution

Answer: b

Hint: Refer to module 1-2

7. The higher safety index value indicates

a) higher probability of failure
b) No failure
c) Lesser probability of failure
d) Higher probability of failure of non-structural components

Answer: c

Hint: Refer module 1-2, slide #18.

8. What is reliability? (Where, 𝑃𝑓 is the probability of failure)
a) 1+𝑃𝑓
b) 𝑃𝑓
c) 1/𝑃𝑓
d) 1-𝑃𝑓
Answer: d

Explanation: Reliability is expressed as the complement of the probability of failure. Please

refer to module 1-2, slide #20.

9. What is the safety index? (where S is resistance, 𝜎 is the standard deviation, and R is the
load effect)
𝑆−𝑅
a) 𝜎
𝑅−𝑆
b)
𝜎
𝑅+𝑆
c) 𝜎
𝑅
d) 𝑆 − 𝜎

Answer: a

Explanation: Refer to module 1-2, slide #18.

10. What is Characteristic strength?

a) mean strength+1.65*standard deviation
b) mean strength+1.6*standard deviation
c) mean strength-1.6*standard deviation
d) mean strength-1.65*standard deviation
Answer: d

Explanation: Characteristic strength is defined as that level of strength below which a

specified proportion of all valid test results is expected to fail. Unless otherwise stated, this
proportion is taken to be 5%. Refer module 1-2, slide #17

11. What is Characteristic load?

a) mean strength+1.65*standard deviation
b) mean strength+1.6*standard deviation
c) mean strength-1.6*standard deviation
d) mean strength-1.65*standard deviation
Answer: a

Explanation: Characteristic load is that value of load that has a 95 percent probability of not
being exceeded during the lifetime of the structure. Refer to module 1-2, slide #17

12. What is the structural system used in Petronas towers?

a) Tubular Structure with shear walls and concrete frames
b) Core walls + Frame
c) Buttressed core consists of a hexagonal core reinforced by three buttresses
d) Braced frame with Outrigger Trusses
Answer: a

Explanation: Refer to module 1-1, slide #16.

13. Choose the normal distribution curve from the figure below that indicates relatively
poor concrete quality control.

a) b
b) d
c) a
d) c
Answer: c

Explanation: Narrow the normal distribution, superior the quality of concrete.

14. The correct load path for the transfer of gravity loads in a reinforced concrete moment-
resisting frame (MRF) building is:
a) Beam-Slab-Column-Foundation-Soil
 b) Slab-Column-Beam-Foundation-Soil
c) Slab-Beam-Column-Foundation-Soil
d) Beam-Slab-Foundation-Column-Soil
e) Beam-Column-Slab-Soil-Foundation

Answer: c

Explanation: The load transfer mechanism in the moment-resisting frame system under
gravity loads is, the total dead and loads will act on the slab. Then, the loads from slab will
be distributed to the beams. From the beams to the columns and then to the foundation.
Finally, the loads from the foundation will be transferred to the soil.

15. Structural systems arranged in terms of the maximum attainable height in ascending
order is:
a) Diagrid< Bundled Tube<Tube < Buttressed Core
b) Tube < Bundled Tube<Diagrid < Buttressed Core
c) Tube<Bundled Tube< Buttressed Core<Diagrid
d) Diagrid<Buttressed Core<Tube<Bundled Tube

Answer: b

Explanation: The concept of different structural systems is explained in the week-1 content.
Please refer to module 1-1, slide #14.

16. The arrangement of materials in terms of Embodied Energy/Specific Stiffness in the

descending order is given by:
a) Steel> Concrete>Aluminum> Brick>Wood
b) Wood> Brick>Aluminum> Steel>Concrete
c) Concrete> Steel>Aluminum> Brick>Wood
d) Aluminum> Steel>Concrete> Brick>Wood
e) Steel> Aluminum>Concrete> Brick>Wood

Answer: d

Explanation: Refer to module1-1, slide #25.

17. The characteristics of geopolymer cement concrete is/are:

a) Geopolymer cement concrete is made of freshly sourced raw materials and is
more energy intensive compared to Portland cement concrete
 b) Geopolymer cement concrete is made of waste materials such as fly ash and
ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and is an eco-friendly alternative to
Portland cement concrete
c) Geopolymer cement concrete contains alkaline activator solution to activate
geopolymeric source materials such as silica and aluminum
d) Drying shrinkage of geopolymer cement concrete is lower compared to Portland
cement concrete
e) Heat of hydration of geopolymer cement concrete is higher compared to
Portland cement concrete

Answer: b, c, d

Explanation: Geopolymer concrete is an innovative type of concrete that differs from

traditional Portland cement-based concrete. It is made by using an alumino-silicate binder
material instead of Portland cement, which results in a reduced carbon footprint during its
production. The binding process involves a chemical reaction between an alumino-silicate
material (such as fly ash, slag, or metakaolin) and an alkaline activator (such as sodium
hydroxide or potassium hydroxide), forming a geopolymeric network. This process leads to a
material with excellent mechanical and thermal properties. Geopolymer concrete
significantly reduces CO₂ emissions compared to traditional concrete, as it doesn't rely on the
energy-intensive production of Portland cement. Geopolymer concrete typically generates
much lower heat compared to Portland cement-based concrete. This is due to the absence of
calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) formation, which is responsible for the heat release in
conventional concrete.

18. What are the factors that are checked in the limit state of serviceability?
a) Crack width
b) Deflection
c) Buckling
d) Sliding
e) Vibration

Answer: a, b, e

Explanation: The limit state of serviceability includes checking for deflection, crack width,
and vibrations. Please refer to module 1-2, slide #23.

19. What are the allowable stresses in concrete and steel in the working stress method? if
𝑓𝑐𝑘 is the characteristic compressive strength of concrete and 𝑓𝑦 is the yield strength of
steel (choose appropriate options)
𝑓𝑐𝑘
a) 3
 𝑦 𝑓
b) 1.15
𝑓𝑐𝑘
c)
1.5
𝑓𝑦
d) 1.8
𝑓𝑦
e)
1.5
𝑓𝑐𝑘
f) 1.8

Answer: a, d

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
Explanation: allowable stresses in concrete= 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦
 Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design
Assignment-2
Question 1-20, each question carries 1 Mark & Question 21-30, each question carries 2 Marks.
(Total marks: 40)
1. Find the target mean compressive strength of M25 grade concrete (assume standard
deviation as per IS 456:2000)
a) 27.50 MPa
b) 25.00 MPa
c) 31.60 MPa
d) 30.00 MPa
e) 33.25 MPa
Answer: c

Target mean strength, 𝑓𝑚 = 𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 1.65𝜎

Target mean strength = 25+1.65𝜎 = 25+1.65(4) = 31.6 MPa (Ref. Table 8 IS 456:2000)

2. What is the maximum design compressive stress of M50 grade concrete?

a) 22.35 MPa
b) 33.5 MPa
c) 50 MPa
d) 58.25 MPa
e) 18 MPa
Answer: a
Maximum design compressive strength in concrete is 0.447*fck = 0.447*50 = 22.35 MPa. For
more information, refer to Module 2-1, slide #30
3. What is the modulus of elasticity of concrete having mean target strength 40 MPa as per IS
456:2000?
a) 30618 MPa
b) 27386 MPa
c) 31622 MPa
d) 35355 MPa
e) 28173 MPa
Answer: e

Modulus of Elasticity = 5000√𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 5000√𝑓𝑚 − 1.65𝜎 = 5000 √40 − 1.65 ∗ 5 = 28173.56

MPa

4. Which model for concrete is suitable for unconfined concrete strength 60 MPa?
a) Hognestad Model
b) Thorenfeldt Model
c) Both (a) and (b) are equally suitable
d) Park and Kent Model
Answer: b
The Hognestad’s model is valid for fck values up to 40 MPa.
Thorenfeldt’s model is valid for f ck values from 40 MPa to 100 MPa.
Park and Kent model is valid for confined concrete.

5. The constants k and n in the Thorenfeldt’s model accounts for?

a) Curve fitting and post-peak strength decay
b) Post-peak strength decay only
c) Curve fitting only
d) They doesn’t have any significance
e) Post-peak strength decay and curve fitting
Answer: e
Refer to Module 2-1, slide # 25.

6. What is the effect of strain rate on concrete under compression?

a) As strain rate increases, only strength increases
b) As strain rate increases, only stiffness increases
c) As strain rate increases, strength increases significantly, but stiffness increases
marginally
d) No change in strength and stiffness
Answer: c
Refer to Module 2-1, slide #27.
7. What is the shape of the design stress-strain curve for concrete under compression?

a) c
b) a
c) d
d) b
Answer: c Refer to Module 2-1, slide# 30.

8. Which failure theory is an extension of the Tresca failure criteria?

a) Mohr Coulomb Criterion
b) Tresca Criterion
c) Maximum shear stress Theory
d) Maximum elastic strain theory
e) Energy of distortion Theory
Answer: a
Refer to Module 2-1, slide# 43
9. What is the diametric strain in a cylinder under compression when volumetric and
longitudinal strain are 0.005 and 0.002, respectively?
a) 0.0010
b) 0.0015
c) 0.0030
d) 0.0070
Answer: b

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = ∈1 + 2 ∈3
 Where, ∈1 = 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
∈3 = 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

0.005 = 0.002 + 2 ∈3
∈3 = 0.0015

10. What is the flexural tensile strength of concrete having cylinder compressive strength 50
MPa (As per IS 456:2000)?
a) 9.375 MPa
b) 4 MPa
c) 5.53 MPa
d) 3.95 MPa
e) 5 MPa
Answer: c
Cylinder compressive strength = 50 MPa
fm value = 50*1.25 = 50*1.25 = 62.5 MPa.
fck value = 62.5 – 1.65*5 = 54.25 MPa
Flexural tensile strength = 0.7√𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.7√54.25 = 5.15 𝑀𝑃𝑎
For more information, refer to Module 2-1, slide 35.

11. What is the split tensile strength of the concrete having cylinder compressive strength of
40 MPa?
a) 3.16 MPa
b) 2.4 MPa
c) 3 MPa
d) 3.83 MPa
e) 2.74 MPa
Answer: a

Cylinder compressive strength, 𝑓𝑐′ = 50 MPa

Split tensile strength, fct = 0.5√𝑓𝑐′ = 0.5√40 = 3.16 𝑀𝑃𝑎

12. The von-Mises criteria is a generalized case of ------------- yield criteria?

a) Maximum principal stress
b) Maximum principal strain
c) Energy of distortion theory
d) Drucker Prager criteria
e) Mohr-Coulomb criteria

Answer: d

Refer to Module 2-1, slide# 43.

13. Modulus of elasticity of various reinforcement bars?
a) Prestressing Steel = Steel > GFRP > CFRP
b) Steel > Prestressing Steel = GFRP > CFRP
c) Steel = Prestressing steel > CFRP > GFRP
d) CFRP > Prestressing Steel > Steel > GFRP
e) Prestressing Steel > Steel = GFRP = AFRP

Answer: c

Refer to Module 2-3, Slide# 19.

14. What is Pozzolanic reaction?

a) Reaction of cement with water
b) Reaction of alumina and silica with water
c) Reaction of alumina and silica in the presence of water with calcium hydroxide
d) Reaction of cement and lime in the presence of water with calcium hydroxide
Answer: c
Refer to Module 2-1, slide# 10.
15. Design stress-strain curve for HYSD bars as per IS 456:2000.

a) c
b) a
c) d
d) b
Answer: c
Refer to Module 2-3, slide #11.
16. Why does a minimum aspect ratio of 2 has to be used for testing concrete cylinder under
compression?
a) St. Venant's Principle
b) D'Alembert's Principle
c) Principle of virtual work
d) Principle of virtual displacement
Answer: a
Using a minimum aspect ratio of 2 for testing concrete cylinders under compression is rooted
in Saint-Venant's principle. This principle states that the localized effects of loads applied to a
small body region will dissipate as the distance from the loading region increases. By using an
aspect ratio of 2, the middle section of the cylinder is far enough from the ends that the stress
distribution in this region is more uniform and not significantly affected by the end effects
caused by friction between the specimen and the testing machine's loading plates. This allows
the compressive force to be more uniformly distributed in the central region of the cylinder,
ensuring that the test measures the true uniaxial compressive strength of the concrete without
distortions from complex stress conditions near the ends.

17. What is the correct statement with respect to shrinkage?

a) The addition of finer cementitious particles will reduce shrinkage
b) Factors affecting creep will affect shrinkage
c) Shrinkage is almost permanent
d) Plastic shrinkage occurs during the later stage of concrete hardening
e) Steel reinforcement prevents drying shrinkage
Answer: b

Refer to Module 2-2.

18. Arrange grades of steel based on their ductility in ascending order?

i) Fe 250
ii) Fe 500
iii) Fe 415
a) i, iii, ii
b) i, ii, iii
c) iii, ii, i
d) ii, iii, i
Answer: d

With the increase in strength of steel, ductility decreases. Hence, Fe250 steel is the most ductile,
and Fe500 steel is the least ductile.
19. Order of appearance of various strains in concrete members from the time of placing of
concrete?
i) Drying shrinkage
ii) Creep strains
iii) Strain due to service loads
iv) Autogenous shrinkage
a) iii, ii, ii, iv
b) i, ii, iii
c) i, ii, iv
d) i, iv, iii
e) iv, i, iii, ii
f) i, iv, ii, iii
Answer: e

Refer to Module 2-2.

20. With the increase in grade of concrete (Choose all the suitable options)
a) Strain corresponding to peak stress increases
b) Strain corresponding to peak stress decreases
c) Ultimate strain increases
d) Ultimate strain decreases
e) Strain corresponding to peak stress and ultimate strain increases
Answer: a, d
Refer to Module 2-1, slide# 19

21. Effect of water-cement ratio on strength of concrete? (Choose all the suitable options)
a) Water cement ratio does not affect strength of concrete
b) Decreasing water-cement ratio increases strength of concrete
c) Increasing water-cement ratio increases strength of concrete
d) High water-cement ratio results in high shrinkage and creep
e) Water-cement ratio has no effect on creep and shrinkage
Answer: b, d
Refer to Module 2-1 and Module 2-3

22. What will be the change in radius of Mohr circles from case 1 to case 2:
i. Case 1: Uniaxial Compression with normal stress of ‘P’ MPa
ii. Case 2: Biaxial Compression with normal stresses of ‘P’ MPa in both axes.
Note: (+) indicate increase in radius and (-) indicate decrease in radius
a) -P
 b) 0
c) +P/2
d) -P/2
e) +P
Answer: d
Solution:
Case 1: Case 2:

Case 1: Radius = P/2

Case 2: Radius = 0
Change in radius = 0 – P/2 = -P/2

23. Choose the correct options (Choose all the suitable options)
a) High early-age strength can be achieved by higher 𝐶2 𝑆 in cement
b) High early-age strength can be achieved by higher 𝐶3 𝑆 in cement
c) Process of hydration can be slowed down by using lower 𝐶4 𝐴𝐹 in cement
d) Process of hydration can be slowed down by using lower 𝐶3 𝐴 in cement
Answer: b, d
Refer Module 2-1, slide# 11-12

24. Match the following:

1. 2.
 3. 4.
(A) Uniaxial Tension (B) Biaxial Hydrostatic Stress
(C) Uniaxial Compression (D) Pure Shear

a) 1-A 2-D 3-C 4-B

b) 1-C 2-D 3-A 4-B
c) 1-C 2-D 3-A 4-B
d) 1-C 2-B 3-A 4-D
Answer: c

Refer to Module 2-1, section on Mohr envelope

25. What is the correct order of deflection at the end of 1 year? Assume constant dimensions
and a simply supported beam
1. Beam with loading applied after 28 days of casting
2. Beam with loading applied after 1 day of casting
3. Beam with loading applied after 7 days casting
4. Beam with loading applied after 14 days casting
a) 1>4>3>2
b) 1<4<3<2
c) 1<4>3>2
d) 1>4<3<2
Answer: b
The creep coefficient increases earlier the load is applied after casting, hence, when the load is
applied only after 1 day, the creep coefficient will be highest which will cause the least elastic
modulus and hence maximum deflection.
𝐸
Effective modulus of elasticity, 𝐸𝑐𝑒 = 1+𝜃

5𝑤 𝑙 4
Deflection, 𝛿 = 384𝐸𝑐𝑒 𝐼
26. For normal strength concrete (Choose all the suitable options)
a) Strength of cement paste is less than strength of coarse aggregates
b) Strength of cement paste is greater than strength of coarse aggregates
c) Strength of concrete is more than strength of coarse aggregates
d) Stiffness of aggregates is less than stiffness of cement paste
e) Stiffness of concrete is less than stiffness of coarse aggregates
Answer: a, e
Refer to Module 2-1, slide# 21.
27. Drying shrinkage can be minimized by --------------- (Choose all the suitable options)
a) Using reinforcement
b) Less water to cement ratio
c) Proper curing
d) Increasing cement content
Answer: a, b, c
Refer to Module 2-2
28. Choose the correct options that are related to Ettringite? (Choose all the suitable options)
a) Ettringite helps in development of early age strength
b) Ettringite has needle like structure
c) Ettringite is not a product of cement hydration
d) Delayed ettringite formation causes cracking
Answer: b, d
Refer to Module 2-1, slide# 16
29. Corrosion of reinforcement can be avoided by using (Choose all the suitable options)
a) Fiber reinforced polymer bars
b) Galvanized steel
c) Corrosion is not an issue in reinforced concrete
d) Epoxy coated bars
Answer: a, b, d

Refer to Module 2-3, slide# 16

30. What are the consequences of delayed ettringite formation?

a) High early heat
b) Internal expansion
c) Increased strength
d) Increased permeability
Answer: b, d

Refer to Module 2-1, slide# 16

 Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design
Assignment-3

1. Which of the following Intrinsic factors affect durability? (Select all

suitable options) (2 points)
a) Mixing
b) Cement type
c) Abrasion
d) Aggregate
e) Placing
f) w/c
The cement and aggregate are the only intrinsic factors, and all others are extrinsic
factors. Refer to Module 3.1, slide # 7.

2. Which of the following is responsible for degradation in durability

performance? (2 points)
a) Higher w/c ratio and distributed pores
b) low w/c ratio and Distributed pores
c) Higher w/c ratio and Connected pores
d) Lower w/c ratio and connected pores
A higher w/c ratio creates more pores in the system, and connected pores create an easy
path for deleterious substances to ingress.
Refer to Module 3.1, slide # 11 and 16

3. Match the following terms (1 point)

a) Permeation 1) Movement due to electrical gradient
b) Migration 2) flow under a concentration gradient
c) Absorption 3) flow under pressure gradient
d) Diffusion 4) Capillary action
A) a-2, b-3, c-4, d-1 B) a-4, b-1, c-2, d-3 C) a-3, b-1, c-4, d-1 D)
a-2, b-2, c-2, d-3
Refer to module 3.1, slide # 15

4. Select all the factors that increase the transportation process of

aggressive agents. (Select all suitable options) (2 points)
a) Use of SCMs
b) Porous Concrete cover
c) Severe Environmental condition
d) Dense concrete cover
e) Proper curing
The porous concrete cover and severe environmental conditions increase transportation
very fast. While the dense concrete cover, SCMs, and proper curing resist it effectively.
Refer to module 3.1, slide # 10

5. How much reduction in diffusion coefficient is possible when 15% of

silica fume is used in a concrete system? (1point)
a) 10%
b) 90%
c) 20%
d) 80%
Refer to module 3.1, slide # 20

6. Which of the following factors affect the alkali-silica reaction in

concrete? Select all suitable options(1point)
a) Moisture availability
b) Greater content of Magnesium
c) Greater content of alkali
d) Reactive aggregate
Magnesium is responsible for sulphate attack, and all others in the options are
responsible for the alkali-silica reaction. Refer to module 3.2, slide # 9

7. Which chemical compound is primarily responsible for sulfate attack

on concrete?( 1 point)
a) Calcium Sulphate
b) Magnesium sulphate
c) Sodium chloride
d) Lead sulphate
Magnesium sulphate is responsible for sulphate attack. Refer to module 3.2, slide # 14

8. Which of the following aggravates the sulphate attack? ( 1point)

a) Lower w/c ratio
b) Use SCM
c) Adding more gypsum
d) Higher sulphate content cement

A harmful reaction can occur in a sulfate-rich environment, particularly when concrete

is exposed to gypsum.

Gypsum (calcium sulfate) reacts with monosulfate (calcium aluminate hydrates in

hardened cement paste) to form ettringite, an expansive mineral. Ettringite formation
typically happens during the early stages of cement hydration but can also form later
when additional sulfate sources are introduced, such as from an external sulfate attack.
This secondary formation of ettringite, called "delayed ettringite formation" (DEF), is
problematic because it occurs in the hardened concrete matrix and exerts internal
stresses due to its expansive nature. This expansion causes internal cracking and leads
to deterioration over time, compromising the durability and integrity of the concrete
structure. Refer to module 3.2, slide # 17

9. Which defect is possible due to the Alkali silica reaction in concrete

structures? (1 point)

a) A,B and C
b) B,C and D
c) A, C and D
d) A, B and D
The D-Cracking is due to freeze and thaw while all others are due to alkali silica
reaction. Refer to module 3.2, slide # 10

10. Select all the correct statements regarding freeze and thaw. (Select all
suitable options) (2 points)
a) The most common damage is scaling.
b) The cracking caused by the expansion of water upon freezing,
causing internal pressure.
c) The solidification occurs at a single temperature.
d) Air-entraining agents resist freezing and thaw damage.
Solidification will occur over different temperature ranges due to the presence of
dissolved ions. Refer to module 3.3, slide # 10,14,15
11. Abrasion is due to_____ (1point)
a) Movement of heavy vehicles
b) Movement of particles in water
c) Rapid development and dissipation of air bubbles
d) The curved surface in the structure causes localized high velocity.
Refer to module 3.3, slide # 17

12. How does carbonation lead to corrosion in concrete? (1 point)

a) By Increasing the pH of concrete
b) By reducing the alkalinity
c) By increasing the moisture ingress in concrete
d) By destroying the passive oxide layer
Fresh concrete has a high pH (~12.5 to 13) due to the presence of calcium hydroxide
(Ca(OH)₂). This high alkalinity creates a protective passive layer around the steel
reinforcement, preventing corrosion.
As calcium hydroxide reacts with CO₂, the pH of the concrete decreases (to around 8-
9), which breaks down the passive layer around the steel.
Refer to module 3.3, slide # 32

13. Which concrete design practices can help reduce the risk of
corrosion? (1point)
a) Ensuring adequate concrete cover for the reinforcement.
b) Lesser curing period
c) Use of more amount of fine aggregate
d) Using high-strength coarse aggregate
Providing adequate cover resists the penetration of chlorides and other deleterious
material, reducing the risk of corrosion. Refer to module 3.4, slide # 12

14. Which of the following is/are the effect of freezing and thawing?
(Select all suitable options) (1 points)
a) Concrete staining
b) Delamination
c) Spalling
d) Popout
e) D Cracking
Popout and D-Cracking are due to freezing and thawing, and all others in the options
are due to corrosion. Refer to module 3.3, slide # 13,14

15. Read the below statements and choose the appropriate answer. (1point)
Statement A: Durability is assumed in a performance-based design
approach.
 Statement B: In the Prescribed approach, specifications are defined
and not designed for the actual environmental condition.
a) Statement A is true, but Statement B is false.
b) Statement A is false, but statement B is true.
c) Both statements are true, and statement B correctly explains
statement A.
d) Both statements are true, but the statement B is not the correct
explanation for statement A
Solution: Refer to module 3.4, slide # 6

16. select the correct sequence of bars that exhibit a higher degree of
resistance to corrosion (1 point)

Solution: Refer to module 3.3, slide # 34

17. Select all the correct statements regarding the durability index. (Select
all suitable options) (2 points)
a) Physical, chemical, and electrochemical parameters
characterise concrete durability.
b) Some durability index tests are Sorptivitiy, oxygen
permeability, and conductivity.
c) Durability index helps in mix design.
d) The durability index helps in improving bad concrete.
Solution: Refer to module 3.4, slide # 8
18. The concrete having lower conductivity indicates (1 point)
a) Good durability performance
b) Poor durability performance
c) The strength of the concrete is higher.
d) The strength of concrete is lower.
Lower conductivity means high resistance to the chloride ion penetration. Refer to
module 3.4, slide # 10

19. What is the design crack width for the coastal structure as per IS 456-
2000? (1point)
a) 0.1
b) 0.2
c) 0.3
d) 0.4
Solution: Refer to module 3.4, slide # 16,32

20. What type of cement need to be used in construction when the

ground water containing four g/l of sulphates? (1point)
a) PPC cement
b) Sulphate-resisting cement.
c) PPC + protective coating
d) Sulphate resisting cement + Protective coating.
Solution: Refer to module 3.4, slide # 24

21. The durability test was conducted in concrete samples

collected from four different sites and had the below-
mentioned durability index. Which site has the best quality
control based on this durability index?
Durability OPI Sorptivity
Index (log (mm/√ℎ)
scale)
Site-A 12 6
Site-B 8 4
Site-C 12 4
Site-D 8 6

a) SITE A
b) SITE B
c) SITE C
d) SITE D
The OPI should be greater than ten, and sorptivity should be less than 6 for better
durability. Refer to module 3.4, slide # 10

22. What is the chloride content % (by cement mass) for the
prestressed concrete bridge in the tidal zone as per IRC 112?
(1point)
a) 0.4
b) 0.3
c) 0.2
d) 0.1
Solution: Refer to module 3.4, slide # 17,23

23. What is the surface coating recommendation by IRS 1997 to

prevent corrosion for the bridge girder constructed on a tidal
zone? (1point)
a) No Coating
b) Epoxy coating
c) CECRI integrated four-coat system
d) CFRP liners
Solution: Refer to module 3.4, slide # 27

24. What is the maximum depth of ingress of moisture as per IRS

1997 (1 point)
a) Lesser than 15 mm
b) Lesser than 20 mm
c) Lesser than 25 mm
d) Lesser than 35 mm
Solution: Refer to module 3.4, slide # 27

25. What is the allowable RCPT coulombs value for High-

Performance concrete when the bridge is exposed to Extreme
conditions? (1point)
a) <1500
b) >1500
c) <800
d) >800
Solution: Refer to module 3.4, slide # 26
 Advanced Reinforced Concrete
Module-4 Behaviour under Pure Axial Loads

Assignment-4: Detailed Solution

Maximum points: 20

Note: All the questions carry 1 point each except Questions 11, 14 and 17. Questions 11, 14 and 17
carry 2 points each.
01) Which kind of stresses are the tie members in a tied-arch bridge predominantly subjected to?
a) Compressive stresses
b) Flexural stresses
c) Tensile stresses
d) Shear stresses
Ans: c
Solution: A tied-arch bridge is a type of arch bridge wherein the outward-direction horizontal forces
in the arches are resisted by the chord tying the arch ends. The thrust acting on tied-arch bridge in
the downward direction is translated as tension in the vertical ties between the deck and the arch
(Refer Fig. 1).

Figure 1: Generic tied arch bridge (Source: Wikipedia)

02) The cracking stress of a reinforced concrete (RC) axial member under tensile loads mainly
depends on which one of the following factors?
a) Grade of concrete
b) Percentage of longitudinal reinforcement
c) Percentage of transverse reinforcement
d) None of the above

Ans: a
Solution: Tensile strength of concrete varies from 8 to 15% of its compressive strength. However,
for practical purposes, it is taken as 0.1f’c where f’c is the concrete cylinder strength. Therefore, the
cracking strength of concrete under tension depends on the grade of concrete. It is not significantly
affected by the area of longitudinal or transverse reinforcement.
03) The load in the RC column after cracking under tension is resisted by ____________.
a) Concrete alone
b) Steel alone
 c) By both steel and concrete
d) Neither concrete nor steel

Ans: b
Solution: Prior to the cracking of a reinforced concrete (RC) column under tension, the loads are
resisted by both concrete and steel. However, after the cracking of concrete, the resistance of
concrete under tension becomes zero and the loads are entirely resisted by steel only.

04) Which of the following statements is not correct regarding the compatibility between concrete
and steel reinforcement?
a) A very good bond exists between concrete and steel rebar.
b) Steel reinforcement is susceptible to corrosion, but concrete encasement provides protection
leading to higher durability
c) Both concrete and steel have very different coefficients of thermal expansion
d) Concrete is strong in compression, and steel is strong in tension
Ans: c) Both concrete and steel have very different coefficients of thermal expansion

Solution: Concrete and steel complement each other as construction materials. Concrete is strong
in compression, while steel is strong in tension. Concrete and steel have almost similar values of
coefficient of thermal expansion and have mutually excellent bonding. Further, steel is susceptible
to corrosion from the external environment, however, the concrete encasement around the
reinforcing steel provides protection against corrosion.
05) An RC axial member is subjected to tension. Which of the following statements is/are correct
and corresponds to the occurrence of the first crack in the member? (Select multiple options if
necessary)
a) Axial member reaches its ultimate tensile capacity
b) Concrete reaches its maximum tensile stress
c) Steel reaches its ultimate tensile strain
d) Steel reaches stress corresponding to the maximum tensile strain of concrete
e) Steel reaches its yield strain
Ans: b) and d)

Solution: The point of occurrence of first crack in an RC member under tension corresponds to the
strain at which concrete cracks under tensile loading. At this point, concrete reaches its maximum
tensile stress. Due to strain compatibility, the stress developed in steel corresponds to the maximum
tensile strain in concrete.
06) Axial members with square, circle, triangle, and hexagon shapes with an equal cross-section
area and equal reinforcement ratio are subjected to pure axial tension. Arrange the axial tension
capacities of columns in ascending order.
a) Triangle < Circle < Square < Hexagon
b) Hexagon < Square < Circle < Triangle
c) Square < Hexagon < Circle < Triangle
d) Circle < Square < Triangle < Hexagon
e) Triangle = Hexagon = Square = Circle
Ans: e) Triangle = Hexagon = Square = Circle
Solution: The tensile capacities of RC columns is given by Equation 1:

𝑁 = 𝑓𝑐 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠 (1)

where fc = stress in concrete; fs = stress in steel; Ac = area of concrete and As = area of steel.
Therefore, the tensile capacity depends on the area of cross-section and not dependent on the shape
of the cross-section.
07) The approximate ratio of stress to cylinder compressive strength (fc/f’c) of concrete
corresponding to the half of peak compressive load in the axial member with no reinforcement
is ____. Assume the parabolic stress-strain curve for concrete in compression. (where, fc =
compressive stress in concrete and fc’= compressive strength of concrete)
a) 0.25
b) 0.5
c) 0.75
d) 1
e) < 1
Ans: b) 0.5
Solution: The stress in concrete as per the parabolic law is given by Equation 2:

𝑓𝑐 𝜀𝑐 𝜀𝑐 2
= 2 ( ) − ( )
𝑓𝑐′ 𝜀𝑐′ 𝜀𝑐′
where fc is the stress in concrete; f’c is the peak stress of concrete cylinder; εc is the strain in concrete
and ε’c is the peak strain in concrete. Assuming the ratio of strain in concrete to peak strain (ε c /
ε’ c ) as 0.5, we get the ratio of stress in concrete to concrete cylinder strength ( fc / f’c) as 0.5.
08) Calculate the first cracking strain of the circular column, which has a mean cylinder strength of
30 MPa and is subjected to pure tension. Consider ft = 10% of mean cylinder strength.
a) 0.001240
b) 0.000111
c) 0.000124
d) 0.000089
e) 0.000098
Ans: b) 0.000111

Solution: The mean cylinder strength, f’c = 30 MPa.

Further, the tensile strength of concrete, ft = 0.1 × 30 = 3 MPa.
Characteristic strength of concrete, fck = 30 × 1.25 – 1.65 × 5 = 29.25 MPa
Modulus of elasticity of concrete, Ec = 5000fck = 5000 29.25 = 27,041.63 MPa
Strain corresponding to tensile cracking, ε c = f c/ E c = 0.000111.
09) For the circular member given in Q8, what would be the first cracking strain when subjected to
pure tension corresponding to a mean cube strength of 50 MPa? Consider ft = 10% of mean
cylinder strength.
a) 0.001240
b) 0.000111
c) 0.000124
 d) 0.000089
e) 0.000098

Ans: c) 0.000124

Solution: The mean cube strength, f’cu = 50 MPa.

The mean cylinder strength, f’c = 50/1.25 = 40 MPa.
Further, the tensile strength of concrete, ft = 0.1 × 40 = 4 MPa.
Characteristic strength of concrete, fck = 50 – 1.65 × 5 = 41.75 MPa
Modulus of elasticity of concrete, Ec = 5000fck = 5000 41.75 = 32,307.12 MPa
Strain corresponding to tensile cracking, ε c = f c/ E c = 4/32,307.12 = 0.000124.
10) A circular axial member of 300 mm diameter has a 1.5% longitudinal reinforcement ratio. The
cylindrical compressive strength of the concrete is 40 MPa, and the tensile strength of the steel
is 500 MPa. What is the compression and tension capacity of the member? (Modulus of
elasticity of steel = 2 × 105 MPa)
a) Compression = 3210 kN; Tension = 425 kN
b) Compression = 3350 kN; Tension = 530 kN
c) Compression = 3210 kN; Tension = 530 kN
d) Compression = 3350 kN; Tension = 425 kN
Ans: c) Compression = 3210 kN; Tension = 530 kN
Solution: Concrete cylinder strength, = 40 MPa
Gross cross-sectional area, Ag = 𝝅/4 × 3002 = 70,685.83 mm 2
Cross-sectional area of steel, As = 1.5/100 × (𝝅/4 × 3002) = 1060.29 mm 2
Cross-sectional area of concrete, Ac = Ag – As = 69,625.54 mm 2
The compressive strength of RC column is given by Equation 1.
𝑁 = 𝑓𝑐 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠 (1)
Stress in concrete, fc = 40 MPa
Stress in steel, fs = εc × Es = 0.002 × 200000 = 400 MPa
N = (40 × 69,625.54 + 400 × 1060.29)/1000 = 3210 kN
The tensile strength of RC column is given by Equation 1:

𝑁 = 𝑓𝑐 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠 (1)
Stress in concrete at ultimate tensile load, fc = 0 MPa
Stress in steel at ultimate tensile load, fs = Ec × εs = 0.002 × 200000 = 400 MPa
N = (0 × 69,625.54 + 400 × 1060.29)/1000 = 530 kN

11) For the axial member stated in Q10, the compression and tension capacities (X and Y) should
be increased to 2X and 1.5Y, respectively. Choose the optimum solution given below.
a) Ac, req = 2.08Ac, existing
b) As, req = 1.5As, existing
c) Ac, req = 2Ac, existing and As, req = 1.5As, existing
d) Ac, req = 1.5Ac, existing and As, req = 2As, existing
e) Ac, req = 2.08Ac, existing and As, req = 1.5As, existing
 f) Ac, req = 2.0Ac, existing and As, req = 1.6As, existing
Ans: e) Ac, req = 2.08Ac, existing and As, req = 1.5As, existing

Solution: The answer can be obtained by solving two simultaneous equations considering the cases
mentioned above.

New compression capacity, Nc2 = 3210 × 2 = 6420 kN

New tensile capacity, Nt2 = 530 × 1.5 = 795 kN
Using Equation 1 for compressive capacity,
6420 × 1000 = 40 × Ac + 1060.29 × As (2)
Using Equation 1 for tensile capacity,
795 × 1000 = 0 × Ac + 1060.29 × As (3)
Solving the Equations (2) and (3):
As, reqd = 1590.44 mm2
Ac, reqd = 144,821.12 mm2
12) Choose the incorrect statement with respect to the influence of longitudinal reinforcement on
the tension behaviour of an RC column. (Select all the correct answers)
a) Increase in Ast increases the post-cracking stiffness of the member
b) Increase in Ast provides absolutely no change in the cracking load
c) Increase in Ast provides a marginal increase in the cracking load
d) Increase in Ast increases the tension capacity of the member
Ans: b
Solution: Since concrete is weak in tension, adding steel reinforcement to columns improve their
behaviour under tensile loads. (a) Compared to a plain concrete column, the cracking load is higher
for an RC column under tension because of the additional resistance provided by the steel rebars
to axial loading; (b) The post-cracking stiffness on an RC column increases due to the presence of
steel reinforcement; (c) The ultimate tensile capacity of RC column is also much higher compared
to a plain concrete column.
13) Choose the correct statement with respect to the influence of compressive strength of concrete
cylinder (fc’) on the axial behaviour of an RC column.
a) Increase in fc’ increases only the axial capacity of the member
b) Increase in fc’ increases the axial capacity and also increases the tensile capacity of the
member
c) Increase in fc’ increases the axial capacity and tensile cracking load but it does not change
in the tension capacity
d) Increase in fc’ increases the axial capacity, tensile cracking load and also tension capacity
of the member

Ans: c) Increase in f’c increases the axial capacity and tensile cracking load but it does not
change in the tension capacity
Solution: The compressive strength of concrete influences the axial (compression) capacity and
tensile capacity of an RC column according to Equation 1 (Refer to the solution in Question 6).
However, when the concrete has cracked and the ultimate tensile capacity of an RC column is being
evaluated, the contribution from concrete is zero. Hence, the ultimate tensile capacity of an RC
column is independent of the concrete strength.

14) A square axial member having size of 250x250 mm. The f c’ of the concrete is 30 MPa. What is
the effect of adding 1% reinforcement in the axial behavior of the member? consider fy =
415 MPa. Consider ft = 0.1fc’.
a) Only an increase in peak tension load of 38.35%
b) Only an increase in peak compression load of 12.3%
c) Increase in peak compression and tension load of 38.35% and 12.3%, respectively
d) Increase in peak compression and tension load of 12.3% and 38.35%, respectively

Ans: d) Increase in peak compression and tension load of 12.3% and 38.35% respectively
Solution: The ultimate compressive and tensile capacities of plain concrete axial member:

𝑁𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = 𝑓𝑐 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠

Ncomp = (30 × 2502)/1000 = 1875 kN

𝑁𝑡𝑒𝑛 = 𝑓𝑐 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠
Nten = (3 × 2502)/1000 = 187.5 kN
The ultimate compressive and tensile capacities of reinforced concrete axial member:

𝑁𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = 𝑓𝑐 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠

As = 0.01 × 2502 = 625 mm 2

Ac = 2502 – 625 = 61875 mm 2
Ncomp = (30 × 61875 + 400 × 625)/1000 = 2106.25 kN
𝑁𝑡𝑒𝑛 = 𝑓𝑐 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠
Nten = (415 × 625)/1000 = 259.4 kN
Therefore, after adding steel reinforcement, the peak compressive and tensile loads increased by
12.3% and 38.35% respectively.
15) For a concrete having a cylinder strength (fc’) of 35 MPa, what is the modulus of elasticity (E c)?
a) 28,890 MPa
b) 30,790 MPa
c) 39,890 MPa
d) 29,790 MPa

Ans: d) 29,790 MPa

Solution: The mean cylinder strength, f’c = 35 MPa.

Characteristic strength of concrete, fck = 35 × 1.25 – 1.65 × 5 = 35.5 MPa
Modulus of elasticity of concrete, E c = 5000 f ck = 5000 35.5 = 29,790 MPa.
16) Consider a 400 mm square RC column with concrete properties mentioned in Q15, and 8 Fe500
grade steel rebars of 20 mm diameter distributed on all four sides of the column cross-section.
Determine the load resistance of the column at a compressive strain of 0.001.
a) 4636.7 kN
 b) 4737.6 kN
c) 3646.7 kN
d) 3486.6 kN
Ans: a) 4636.7 kN
Solution: The compressive load is determined using the following equation:

𝑁𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = 𝑓𝑐 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠

As = (𝝅/4 × 202) × 8 = 2513.27 mm 2

Ac = 4002 – 2513.27 = 157,486.73 mm 2

Stress in concrete, fc (using parabolic law) = 26.25 MPa

Stress in steel, fs = εc × Es = 0.001 × 200000 = 200 MPa

Ncomp = (26.25 × 157,486.73 + 200 × 2513.27)/1000 = 4636.7 kN
17) What are the ultimate compressive and tensile capacities of the RC column described in Q16?
a) 6715.8 kN, 1364.2 kN
b) 7516.3 kN, 2156.5 kN
c) 6517.3 kN, 1256.6 kN
d) 7615.4 kN, 1984.9 kN

Ans: c) 6517.3 kN, 1256.6 kN

Solution: The ultimate compressive and tensile capacities of the RC column are:

𝑁𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = 𝑓𝑐 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠

As = (𝝅/4 × 202) × 8 = 2513.27 mm 2

Ac = 4002 – 2513.27 = 157,486.73 mm 2
Ncomp = (35 × 157,486.73 + 400 × 2513.27)/1000 = 6517.34 kN

𝑁𝑡𝑒𝑛 = 𝑓𝑐 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠
Nten = (500 × 2513.27)/1000 = 1256.64 kN
 Assignment-05
Advanced Reinforced Concrete
Module-5 Behaviour and design under flexure

Total Marks: 25

01) What are the equivalent stress block parameters (α, β) for the following compressive
stress-strain variation in the concrete section instead of parabolic variation? (4 marks)

a) 𝛼 = 2/3, 𝛽 = 3/4
b) 𝜶 = 𝟑/𝟒, 𝜷 = 𝟐/𝟑
c) 𝛼 = 3/8, 𝛽 = 4/3
d) 𝛼 = 4/3, 𝛽 = 3/8

Ans: b) 𝛼 = 3/4, 𝛽 = 2/3

Solution: In the class, equivalent rectangular stress block parameters are

derived for concrete with a parabolic stress-strain curve (module 1-1, slide
#14-16). Using similar procedure

By equating the location of compressive force

𝑥 𝛽𝑥 2
= ⇒𝛽=
3 2 3

By equating the magnitude of compressive force

1 ′ 3
𝑓𝑐 𝑥𝑏 = 𝛼𝑓𝑐′ 𝛽𝑥𝑏 ⇒ 𝛼 =
2 4
02) A simply supported beam of length L has the uniform curvature of φ throughout the
length of the section. What is the deflection of the beam? (3 marks)

a) 0.086 φL2
b) 0.063 φL2
c) 0.125 φL2
d) 0.500 φL2

Ans: c) 0.125 φL 2

Solution:

Using the conjugate beam method, the deflection at the mid-span of the beam is obtained by
finding the bending moment at the same point when the curvature distribution is applied as
𝜙𝑙 2
the load on the conjugate beam i.e., = 0.125𝜙𝑙 2
8

03) A rectangular RC beam subjected to four-point bending loading configuration, select the
suitable option (1 mark)

a) The bending moment and shear force is constant between the loading points
b) The shear force is zero, along the length of the beam
c) The bending moment is zero and shear force is constant between the loading
points
d) The bending moment is constant and shear force is zero between the loading
points

Ans: d) The bending moment is constant and shear force is zero between the loading
points

Solution:
04) The elastic deflection curve of the beam for most of the engineering applications is
represented by (1 mark)

a) Linear first-order differential equation

b) Linear second-order differential equation
c) Non-linear first-order differential equation
d) Non-linear second-order differential equation
e) None of the above

Ans: b) Linear second-order differential equation

𝑀 1
Explanation: From elastic beam theory, =
𝐸𝐼 𝑅

𝑦 ′′ 1
′ 2 3/2
=
(1 + (𝑦 ) ) 𝑅
Since the slope of the elastic curve for most structures is very small, we will use small
deflection theory and assume y^' = 0
𝑴
𝒚′′ =
𝑬𝑰

05) The assumption in elastic-beam theory “Plane section normal to the axis of beam remain
plane after bending” is meant for, (1 mark)

a) Stress is uniform throughout the depth of the beam

b) Strain is uniform throughout the depth of the beam
c) Stress is proportional to the distance from the neutral axis
d) Strain is proportional to the distance from the neutral axis

Ans: d) Strain is proportional to the distance from the neutral axis

Explanation: Assumption-1 (module 5-1) Plane sections normal to the beam axis remain
plane after bending, i.e., in an initially straight beam, strain varies linearly over the depth of
the section.
06) The assumption in elastic-beam theory “Plane section normal to the axis of beam remain
plane after bending” is valid for, (1 mark)

a) Slender beams
b) Deep beams
c) Reinforced concrete beams
d) Steel beams

Ans: a) Slender beams

Explanation: In the case of the slender beam, where the length of the beam >>> depth, the
shear deformations are small and neglected. Therefore, the assumption plane sections remain
plane is valid. In deep beams, the shear deformations are high and cannot be neglected and
the strain variation is not linearly along the depth.

07) A RC section under flexure is said to be failed under over-reinforced failure mode, when?
(1 mark)

a) Both concrete and steel reach the yield strain

b) Both concrete and steel reach the ultimate strain values
c) The concrete reaches the ultimate strain and the strain in steel is less than
yield strain
d) Concrete reaches the ultimate strain and steel reaches the yield strain
simultaneously
e) None of the above

Ans: c) The concrete reaches the ultimate strain and the strain in steel is less than
yield strain

Explanation: In over-reinforced failure mode, the concrete reaches ultimate strain,

and strain in steel is less than yield strain. Therefore, it is an undesirable failure mode.

08) A rectangular beam of cross-section 300x450 is heavily under-reinforced with Ast = 750
mm2 at the bottom of the section with 40 mm effective cover. What is the moment
capacity of the section? Consider f’c = 35 MPa, fy = 500 MPa, Parabolic stress-strain curve
for concrete and elastic-plastic stress-strain curve for steel. Ignore the contribution of
concrete in tension. (3 marks)

a) 165 kN-m
b) 146 kN-m
c) 125 kN-m
d) 105 kN-m
e) Capacity cannot be calculated

Ans: b) 146 kN-m

Solution:
Given data, b = 300mm, d = 410mm, 𝑓𝑐′ = 35 MPa, 𝑓𝑦 = 500 MPa, and 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 750 mm2

The section is heavily under-reinforced. Hence, the steel yields before the
concrete reaches its ultimate strain.
@𝜀𝑐 = 0.0035 , The internal force equilibrium C = T
𝛼𝑓𝑐′ 𝛽𝑥𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦
𝛼 = 0.81, 𝛽 = 0.90 ⇒ 0.81 ∗ 35 ∗ 0.90 ∗ 𝑥 ∗ 300 = 500 ∗ 750
𝑥 = 48.99 𝑚𝑚
The moment capacity
𝛽𝑥
𝑀 = 𝑇𝑠 ∗ 𝑥 ∗ (𝑑 − )
2
48.99
𝑀 = 500 ∗ 750 ∗ (410 − 0.90 ∗ ) ≅ 146 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
2

09) The beam stated in question (Q6), what is the limit of reinforcement ratio to change the
under-reinforced failure mode to over-reinforced failure mode? Consider f’c = 35 MPa, fy
= 500 MPa, Parabolic stress-strain curve for concrete and elastic-plastic stress-strain curve
for steel. Ignore the contribution of concrete in tension. (3 marks)

a) 0.5%
b) 2.0%
c) 2.3%
d) 2.7%
e) 3.1%
f) None of the above

Ans: d) 2.7%

The balanced reinforcement ratio,

From, the strain distribution
 0.0035 0.0025
= ⇒ 𝑥 = 239.16 𝑚𝑚
𝑥 410 − 𝑥
From the internal force equilibrium
𝛼𝑓𝑐′ 𝛽𝑥𝑏 = 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝛼 = 0.81, 𝛽 = 0.90 ⇒ 0.81 ∗ 35 ∗ 0.9 ∗ 239.16 ∗ 300 = 500 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 3661.3 𝑚𝑚2
3661.3
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 300∗450 ∗ 100 = 2.7%

10) Choose the appropriate answers corresponding to the behaviour of a singly-reinforced

section in flexure (Tension-controlled failure mode) (1 mark) (Select all the suitable
answers)
a) As the Ast increases the moment capacity decreases
b) As the Ast increases the ultimate curvature of the section decreases
c) The strength of concrete has a minor influence on the moment capacity and
ultimate curvature
d) Increase in the grade of concrete does not increase the moment capacity but
increases the ultimate curvature

Ans: b) and d)

Explanation: Please refer Example 5-2,3 in module 5-2 for more clarification.

b) As the 𝐴𝑠𝑡 increases, the ultimate curvature decrease (Shown in Figure 1)

Figure 1: Variation of moment and curvature with Ast

 Figure 2: Moment –curvature relation for different grade of concrete

11) What is the limit of neutral axis depth to change the failure mode from tension control to
compression control for the following section? consider fy = 500 MPa, Young’s modulus
of steel = 200000 MPa, parabolic stress-strain curve for concrete and elastic-plastic stress-
strain curve for steel. Ignore the contribution of concrete in tension. (2 marks)

a) xu,limit = 262.5 mm
b) xu,limit = 282.3 mm
c) xu,limit = 225.0 mm
d) xu,limit = 250.0 mm

Ans: a) xu,limit = 262.5 mm

From the strain distribution

0.0035 0.0025
= ⇒ 𝑥 = 262.5 𝑚𝑚
𝑥 450 − 𝑥

12) Choose the appropriate answers concerning the effect of the grade of the reinforcement
provided in the singly-reinforced sections. (3 marks) (Select all the suitable answers)

a) As fy increases the neutral axis depth from the bottommost fiber of the
balanced section increases
b) As fy increases the neutral axis depth from the topmost fiber of the balanced
section increases
c) Grade of steel does not affect the neutral axis depth of the balanced section
d) As fy increases the balanced reinforcement ratio increases
e) As fy increases the balanced reinforcement ratio decreases
 f) Grade of steel does not affect the balanced reinforcement ratio

Ans: a) and e)

Explanation:
𝑓𝑦
0.0035 𝐸𝑠 𝑓
1. For balanced section, = ⇒ 𝐸𝑦 𝑥 = 0.0035𝑑 − 0.0035𝑥
𝑥 𝑑−𝑥 𝑠

𝑓𝑦
⇒ 𝑥( + 0.0035) = 0.0035𝑑
𝐸𝑠
𝑥 0.0035
⇒ =
𝑑 𝑓𝑦
𝐸𝑠 + 0.0035
From the above equation, if 𝑓𝑦 increases, then neutral axis depth (x) decreases from the
top fiber (Increases from the bottom fiber).

2. 𝛼𝑓𝑐′ 𝛽𝑥𝑙𝑖𝑡 𝑏 = 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑙𝑖𝑚

From the above equation, as 𝑓𝑦 increases, 𝑥𝑙𝑖𝑡 decreases. To satisfy the equilibrium
the balanced reinforcement ratio should decrease.

13) For an under-reinforced rectangular concrete beam, with the increase in top fiber
concrete strain results in ----------- of neutral axis depth. (1 marks)
a) Increase
b) Decrease
c) No change
d) Cannot be decided

Ans: b)

Explanation: The increase in top fiber strain results in a decrease in neutral axis depth.
Please refer to the problem solved in module 5-2 (Example 5-1).
 Assignment - 06
Advanced Reinforced Concrete
Module-5 Behaviour and design under flexure

Total Marks: 20

01) A rectangular beam of cross-section 400x600 is heavily under-reinforced with Ast = 1200
mm2 at the bottom of the section with 50 mm effective cover. The axial load P =0.2f’cAg
is applied to the beam. What is the moment capacity of the section? Consider f’c = 40
MPa, fy = 500 MPa, parabolic stress-strain curve for concrete and elastic-plastic stress-
strain curve for steel. Ignore the contribution of concrete in tension. (3 marks)

a) 680 kN-m
b) 610 kN-m
c) 600 kN-m
d) 661 kN-m

Ans: d) 661 kN-m

Solution:

∈𝑠𝑡 0.0035
From strain distribution, = ∈ 𝑠𝑡 = 0.00541
𝑑−𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑢
Axial load P =0.2f c’Ag = 0.2x40x400x600 = 1920 kN
From equilibrium condition with axial compression, T+P = C
𝑃 + 𝑓𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝛼𝑓𝑐′𝛽𝑥𝑢 𝑏
It is given that the section is under reinforced. So, fst= fy.
[α = 0.81, β = 0.9]
500 ∗ 1200 0.81 ∗ 40 ∗ 0.9 ∗ 𝑥𝑢 𝑏
1920 + =
103 103

𝑥𝑢 = 216 𝑚𝑚
𝑥 𝐷 𝛽𝑥
Moment Capacity, 𝑀 = 𝑇𝑠 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐶𝑐 ( − ) M = 661 kNm
2 2 2

02) The beam stated in question (Q1), The axial load is increased from 0.2f’cAg to 0.5f’cAg.
What is the % increase or decrease in the moment capacity and ultimate curvature ?
Consider f’c = 40 MPa, fy = 500 MPa, parabolic stress-strain curve for concrete and elastic-
plastic stress-strain curve for steel. Ignore the contribution of concrete in tension.
(3 marks)

a) 𝑴𝒖 = 𝟖. 𝟕% 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆; 𝝋𝒖 = 𝟗𝟓. 𝟏𝟖% 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆

b) 𝑀𝑢 = 8.7% 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒; 𝜑𝑢 = 95.18% 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒
c) 𝑀𝑢 = 75.18% 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 ; 𝜑𝑢 = 5.7% 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒
d) 𝑀𝑢 = 75.18% 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 ; 𝜑𝑢 = 5.7% 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒
e) None of the above

Ans: a) 𝑀𝑢 = 8.7% 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 ; 𝜑𝑢 = 95.18% 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒

 Solution: From question 1, M = 661 kN.
∈𝑐 0.0035 1
∅= = = 16.2 ∗ 10−6 ( )
𝑥𝑢 216 𝑚𝑚

Similarly, Axial load P = 0.5f c’Ag = 0.5*40*400*600 = 4800 kN

Maximum strain allowed in Fe500 steel, ∈𝑐𝑢 = 500/200,000 = 0.0025

For 𝑥𝑢 = 360 𝑚𝑚 , ∈ 𝑠𝑡 = 0.0065

For 𝑥𝑢 = 400 𝑚𝑚 , ∈ 𝑠𝑡 = 0.0013 > 0.0025

By trial and error and adjusting ′𝑥𝑢 ′ for equating values of P+T and Cc , final value of 𝑥𝑢 comes
out to be 420 mm (approximately).
∈𝑐 0.0035 1
For this 𝑥𝑢 , M = 608 kN and ∅ = = = 8.3 ∗ 10 −6 ( )
𝑥𝑢 420 𝑚𝑚

03) The rectangular beam has a size of 300x500mm. The section is reinforced with 6000 mm 2
at the bottom and top of the section with an effective cover of 50mm. Choose the
appropriate answer regarding the failure mode of the section under pure flexure. (2 mark)

a) Tension-controlled failure mode

b) Balanced failure mode
c) Compression-controlled failure mode
d) Mixed failure mode
e) Cannot be commented

Ans: a) Tension-controlled failure mode

The reinforcement ratio for the tension side without compression reinforcement =
6000∗100
= 4%
300∗500
With additional compression reinforcement, the section becomes under-reinforced.
Hence, the beam failure mode will be tension-controlled failure.

04) What is the ultimate curvature for the following section? Consider f’c = 30 MPa, fy = 415
MPa, parabolic stress-strain curve for concrete and elastic-plastic stress-strain curve for
steel. Ignore the contribution of concrete in tension. (3 marks)

a) 𝜑𝑢 = 15.3x10−6 𝑚𝑚 −1
b) 𝝋𝒖 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟓𝐱𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒎𝒎−𝟏
 c) 𝜑𝑢 = 31.9x10−6 𝑚𝑚 −1
d) 𝜑𝑢 = 52.3x10−6 𝑚𝑚 −1
e) None of the above

Ans: 𝑏) 𝜑𝑢 = 18.5x10−6 𝑚𝑚−1

Solution:

Assume the neutral axis depth 𝑥=189.71 𝑚𝑚

@𝜀𝑐=0.0035, Tension force in bottom Steel,

0.0035 ∈ 𝑐𝑠
= → ∈𝑐𝑠 = 0.0048
189.71 450−189.71

From the strain distribution, 𝑇𝑠=5000x415=2075 𝑘𝑁 (𝑇)

The compression force in the top steel shall be determined by strain.

From the strain distribution,

0.0035 ∈𝑐𝑠
= →∈ 𝑐𝑠 = 0.00258
189.71 189.71 − 50
C𝑠=2500x415=1037.5 𝑘𝑁 (𝐶)

The compressive force in the concrete, 𝐶=𝛼𝑓𝑐′𝛽𝑥𝑏

𝛼=0.81, 𝛽=0.90⟹0.81x30x0.90x189.71x250=1037.2 𝑘𝑁 (𝐶)

Thus, the internal force equilibrium is achieved. 𝐶 + Cs ≈𝑇s

The ultimate curvature
∈𝑐
𝜑= = 0.0035/189.71≈18.5x10−6 𝑚𝑚−1
𝑥

05) Which statement is true regarding effect of axial compression on beam behaviour (select
all the correct options) (2 marks)
a) Beam action is predominant when axial load is more than 20% of axial
compressive strength of concrete
b) Beam-column action is predominant when axial load is less than 20% of axial
compressive strength of concrete
c) Beam action is predominant when axial load is less than 20% of axial
compressive strength of concrete
d) Beam-column action is predominant when axial load is more than 20% of axial
compressive strength of concrete

Ans: c) and d)

Refer to Module 5-3, slide #5

06) The relation between strain and curvature is correctly represented by which of the
following relationships? Assume under reinforced section (select all the correct options)
(2 mark)
 a) Curvature = Strain * depth of NA
b) Strain = Curvature * depth of NA
c) Curvature top level= Curvature level of tension steel
d) Curvature top of section ≠ Curvature section of tension steel

Ans: b) and c)
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 , ∅ =
𝑁𝐴 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
According to the linear strain variation in a section, the curvature of the beam above the
neutral axis and below the neutral axis up to the level of tension reinforcement will be
equal.

07) For a beam having reinforcement ratio is ρ and compressive reinforcement ratio is ρ’,
effective reinforcement ratio is (1 mark)
a) ρ + ρ’
b) ρ - ρ’
c) ρ
d) ρ’

Ans: b)

Refer to Module 5-4, slide # 8

08) Choose the appropriate answers concerning the effect of compression reinforcement on
the behaviour of the RC member under flexure. (1 mark)

a) The addition of Asc reduces long-term deflections due to sustained loads

b) The addition of Asc increases the ductility of the member
c) The addition of Asc changes the mode of failure from compression to tension
d) All the above
e) None of the above

Ans: d) All the above

Refer to Module 5-4

09) Where are the doubly reinforced beams required? (select all suitable options) (1 mark)

a) Where depth of the beam is restricted

b) Where width of the beam is restricted
 c) Where tension steel limit is reached
d) Where high strength is required

Ans: a) and c)

• A singly reinforced beam may not be sufficient to resist higher bending moments. In this
case, additional reinforcement (compression steel) is added to the compression side to
increase the beam's moment-carrying capacity.
• In situations where architectural or design constraints restrict the beam's depth, the
section may not be large enough to handle the required moment with just tensile
reinforcement. Adding compression reinforcement compensates for this limitation.
• In an over-reinforced beam, the tension steel may reach its yield stress before the
concrete in the compression zone reaches its ultimate strain. Doubly reinforced beams
are designed to ensure ductile failure by balancing the tensile and compressive forces to
prevent brittle compression failure.

10) Choose the appropriate answers concerning the effect of axial compression (P) on the
flexural behaviour of heavily under-reinforced sections. (Select all the appropriate
answers) (1 marks)

a) An increase in P increases the ductility of the member

b) An increase in P decreases the ductility of the member
c) An increase in P changes the failure mode from compression control to tension
control
d) An increase in P decreases the neutral axis depth
e) None of the above

Ans: b)

Refer to the Solved example in Module 5-3

11) What is the equilibrium equation of internal forces for the singly reinforced section under
flexure with axial compression? (where, 𝐶𝑐 =compressive force in concrete, 𝑇𝑠 =Tensile
force in steel, and 𝑃=axial compressive force) (1 mark)

a) 𝐶𝐶 + 𝑃 = 𝑇𝑠
b) 𝑪𝑪 = 𝑻𝒔 + 𝑷
c) 𝐶𝐶 = 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑃
d) None of the above

Ans: 𝑏) 𝐶𝐶 = 𝑇𝑠 + 𝑃

Refer to Module 5-3

12) RC rectangular singly reinforced section is subjected to pure flexure. Moreover, it is

heavily under-reinforced with Ast = 1000 mm2. The grade of steel used in the section is
Fe500. What is the magnitude of internal force which satisfies the equation of
 equilibrium? Consider parabolic stress-strain curve for concrete and elastic-plastic stress-
strain curve for steel. Ignore the contribution of concrete in tension. (2 marks)

a) 500 kN
b) 415 kN
c) 435 kN
d) 361 kN
e) Internal forces cannot be calculated

Ans: a) 500 kN
Solution:
The section is heavily under-reinforced. Hence, the tension steel yields before concrete
reaches its ultimate compressive strain. Therefore, the internal tension force required to
satisfy the force equilibrium is equal to Ts= 𝑓𝑦 x 𝐴𝑠

13) Choose the appropriate answers concerning the effect of compression reinforcement
(Asc) on the over-reinforced section under pure flexure. (Select all the appropriate
answers) (2 mark)

a) An increase in Asc increases the neutral axis depth

b) An increase in Asc increases the ductility of the member
c) An increase in Asc reduces the ultimate curvature
d) An increase in Asc changes the failure mode from tension control to compression
control

Ans: b) An increase in Asc increases the ductility of the member

Refer to Module 5-4

14) An under-reinforced section (300x600mm) is subjected to pure flexure. The provided

reinforcement is Ast = 1200 mm2 & Asc = 600 mm2 with an effective cover of 50 mm (Top
& bottom). Comment on the behaviour, when the compression reinforcement is removed
from the section. (1 marks)

a) The moment capacity will be reduced by 50%

b) The moment capacity will be increased by 50%
c) The ultimate curvature will be reduced by 50%
d) The ultimate curvature will be increase by 50%
e) None of the above.

Ans: e) None of the above.

Solution:
The compression steel does not affect the moment capacity. It only increases the ultimate
curvature marginally for the heavily under-reinforced sections.
 Assignment-07
Advanced Reinforced Concrete
Module-5 Behaviour and design under flexure shear

Total Marks: 25

01) A beam has a cross-section of 250x500 mm. It is reinforced with Ast of 2000 mm 2 with an effective
cover of 50mm from the bottom of the section. Classify the section based on IS 456: 2000. Consider
fck = 30 MPa and Fe 415 steel grade, and design stress-strain curves of concrete and steel as per IS
456. Ignore the concrete contribution in tension. (2 marks)

a) Under-reinforced section
b) Balanced section
c) Over-reinforced section
d) Section cannot be classified
e) None of the above

Solution
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑃𝑡,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.414 ∗ ( )∗( )
𝑑 𝑓𝑦
𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥
For Fe 415 grade, = 0.479
𝑑

30
𝑃𝑡,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.414 ∗ 0.479 ∗ ( ) = 0.0143
415
𝑨𝒔𝒕,𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝑃𝑡,𝑙𝑖𝑚 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.0143 ∗ 250 ∗ 450 = 1612 𝑚𝑚2

Hence, provided reinforcement of 2000 mm 2 is over reinforced

02) What is the limiting reinforcement of the following section as per IS 456: 2000? Consider fck =
40 MPa and fy = 250 MPa. (2 marks)

a) 𝟑𝟗𝟓𝟕
b) 2150
c) 4397
d) 1888

Solution

𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑃𝑡,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.414 ∗ ( )∗( )
𝑑 𝑓𝑦
 40
𝑃𝑡,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.414 ∗ 0.531 ∗ ( ) = 0.0351734
250
𝑨𝒔𝒕,𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝑃𝑡,𝑙𝑖𝑚 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.0351734 ∗ 250 ∗ 450 = 3957 𝑚𝑚2

03) What is the actual neutral axis depth for the following section as per IS 456 : 2000? Consider fck
= 40 MPa and fy = 500 MPa. (2 marks)

a) 𝒙𝒖 = 𝟏𝟐𝟏 𝒎𝒎
b) 𝑥𝑢 = 205 𝑚𝑚
c) 𝑥𝑢 = 228 𝑚𝑚
d) 𝑥𝑢 = 160 𝑚𝑚

Solution

For equilibrium

0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑥𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡

0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑥𝑢 =
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏
0.87 ∗ 500 ∗ 1000
𝑥𝑢 = = 120.83 𝑚𝑚
0.36 ∗ 40 ∗ 250

04) For the section stated in Q03, what is the moment of resistance of the section as per IS 456: 2000?
(2 marks)

a) Mu = 174 kN-m
b) Mu = 143 kN-m
c) Mu = 196 kN-m
d) Mu = 184 kN-m

Solution

For Fe 500 steel bar

𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.456 ∗ 450 = 205.2 𝑚𝑚

We have calculated xu from the previous question as 120.83 mm.

Hence, 𝑥𝑢 < 𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 . So, it is an under-reinforced section.

𝑀𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 0.42 ∗ 𝑥𝑢 )

𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 ∗ 500 ∗ 1000(450 − 0.42 ∗ 121)

𝑀𝑢 = 173.64 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

05) In the design of a singly reinforced beam, which of the following assumptions is not made
according to IS 456:2000? (1 mark)

a)
The plane sections remain plane before and after bending.
b)
The tensile strength of concrete is 10% of compressive strength.
c)
The stress-strain curve for steel is linear up to the yield point.
d)
The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fibre is taken as
0.0035.
The tensile strength of concrete is ignored in the design of RC elements. Refer to module 5.5, slide #
5

06) Choose the appropriate answers concerning the effect of grade of the reinforcement on the design
of singly reinforced section under flexure as per IS 456 : 2000. Where 𝑓𝑦 – yield strength of
reinforcement, 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 – limiting depth of neutral axis, and 𝑃𝑡,𝑙𝑖𝑚 – limiting reinforcement ratio.
(Select all the suitable answers) (2 marks)

a) As 𝑓𝑦 increases, 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 increases

b) As 𝒇𝒚 increases, 𝒙𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙 decreases
c) As 𝒇𝒚 increases, 𝑷𝒕,𝒍𝒊𝒎 decreases
d) As 𝑓𝑦 increases, 𝑃𝑡 ,𝑙𝑖𝑚 increases
e) None of the above

Solution:

From strain distribution

0.87𝑓𝑦
0.0035 + 0.002
𝐸𝑠
=
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑑 − 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.0035
=
𝑑 0.87𝑓𝑦
+ 0.0055
𝐸𝑠
when 𝑥𝑢 = 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥

From equation of equilibrium

0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑙𝑖𝑚

𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑃𝑡,𝑙𝑖𝑚
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 ( )
𝑑 100
𝑃𝑡 ,𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓𝑦 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
( ) = 0.414 ( )
100 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑑
 Grade of Steel 250 415 500

𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
0.531 0.479 0.456
𝑑

𝑷𝒕 ,𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇𝒚
( ) 0.22 0.198 0.189
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒄𝒌

Refer to module 5.5, slide # 9,10

07) What are the criteria to ensure the under-reinforced failure mode as per IS 456: 2000? Where, 𝑥𝑢 –
neutral axis depth, 𝑥𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 – limiting depth of neutral axis, 𝑀𝑢 – moment of resistance of the section,
and 𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 – limiting moment of resistance of the section. (Select all the suitable answers)
(1 marks)

a) 𝒙𝒖 ≤ 𝒙𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙
b) 𝑥𝑢 ≥ 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
c) 𝑴𝒖 ≤ 𝑴𝒖,𝒍𝒊𝒎
d) 𝑀𝑢 ≥ 𝑀𝑢 ,𝑙𝑖𝑚

Refer to module 5.5, slide # 11

08) According to IS 456 : 2000, What is the area of tension reinforcement in the doubly reinforced
section? Where 𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑙𝑖𝑚 – limiting area of tension reinforcement, 𝐴𝑠𝑐 – Area of compression
reinforcement, 𝐴𝑠𝑡2 – Area of tension reinforcement, a function of 𝐴𝑆𝐶 .
(1 mark)

a) Equals to 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ,𝑙𝑖𝑚

b) Lesser than 𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑙𝑖𝑚
c) Equals to 𝐴𝑠𝑐
d) Lesser than 𝐴𝑠𝑐
e) Sum of 𝑨𝒔𝒕,𝒍𝒊𝒎 and 𝑨𝒔𝒕𝟐

Solution: Refer to module 5.6, slide # 26

09) The rectangular beam has a width of 300mm and is reinforced with four numbers of 12 mm Fe
415 grade bars at an effective depth of 350mm. what is the limiting neutral axis depth in mm?
Assume an effective cover of 50 mm (1 mark)

a) 215
b) 191
 c) 167.65
d) Insufficient data

Solution:
𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥
For Fe 415 grade, = 0.479
𝑑

𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.479 ∗ 350 = 167.5 𝑚𝑚

10) Which of the following is valid for the design of a doubly reinforced beam according to IS
456:2000? (1 mark)

a) The compressive stress in the steel is always ignored.

b) Only tensile stress in the steel is considered in the design.
c) Both compressive and tensile reinforcement are considered to calculate the
ultimate moment of resistance
d) Compression steel yield if the reinforcement is less

Compression and tension face reinforcement contributes to resitting the applied moment in the doubly
reinforced section. Refer to module 5.6, slide # 24,30

11) For a slender beam loaded in a linear regime, variation of flexural stresses and shear stresses
along the depth of the beam
(2 mark)
a) Parabolic and uniform
b) Parabolic and hyperbolic
c) Linear and hyperbolic
d) Linear and parabolic
f) Linear and uniform
e) Zero
Solution: Refer to module 6.1, slide # 12

Answer: d
12) What is the relationship between shear force and bending moment (V=shear force, M=
Bending moment, x= distance along the length of the beam, w= load acting on the beam)
(1 mark)
a) M=dV/dx
b) V=dM/dx
c) w=dV/dx
d) M=dx/dV
e) V=dx/dM
f) M=dw/dx
Solution: Refer to module 6.1, slide # 11

13) Which element is in pure shear for a simply supported beam, as shown below? (1mark)

a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) None of them
f) All of them

Element 3 is in a neutral axis where the bending stress is zero, and it is subjected to only shear. Refer
to module 6.1, slide # 17

14) The below shown simply supported beam has a moment capacity of 30 kN-m and a shear
capacity of 10 kN. What mode of failure will occur? (2 mark)

a) Shear failure
b) Flexure failure
c) Flexure shear
d) Insufficient data
Solution:
The maximum shear force and bending moment produced in the beam due to the given loading is

V=P=10 kN
M=Pa =10*1= 10 kNm
The shear and moment capacity of the section is 10 kN and 30 kN.m

The bending capacity of the section is much higher than bending demand and shear demand is equals
to that of shear capacity. So, it will fail in shear.

15) A simply supported RC beam carrying loads as shown in the figure below. The failure
mode corresponds to lower and high shear span (a) to depth ratios is (2
mark)

a) Flexure and shear failure, respectively

b) Flexural failure mode for both a/d ratios
c) Shear failure mode for both a/d ratios
d) Shear and flexure failure, respectively

Solution:

In a low a/d ratio, the shear span is relatively short compared to the effective depth of the beam. This
leads to a diagonal crack, and failure occurs predominantly due to high shear stresses before
significant flexural cracks can develop.

In a high a/d ratio, the shear span is relatively long compared to the depth, the beam is more likely to
experience flexural failure, which occurs due to excessive bending stresses. In this case, the bending
moment dominates over shear, and the tensile reinforcement in the tension zone will yield before any
significant shear cracks form

Refer to module 6.1, slide # 20

16) Select all the options that contribute to the shear resistance of the RC beam (choose all
suitable options) (2
marks)
a) Aggregate interlock
b) Uncracked concrete
c) Shear reinforcement
d) Longitudinal reinforcement (dowel action)
e) Cracked concrete

Aggregate interlock- When cracks form in concrete due to shear, the roughness of the
aggregate on either side of the crack interlocks, which helps transfer some shear across the
crack.
Uncracked concrete- In uncracked sections, concrete itself resists the shear. The concrete
can carry shear stresses through its internal matrix if it remains uncracked.
Shear reinforcement- Typically in vertical or inclined stirrups, resists shear by bridging
diagonal tension cracks and directly carrying the vertical shear forces.
The longitudinal reinforcement (tension bars) helps resist shear through dowel action.
When shear cracks occur, the longitudinal reinforcement can act as a dowel, transferring
forces across the cracks. Refer to module 6.1, slide # 30
 Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design
Assignment-8
1. Why there is a limit for maximum spacing of stirrups in the design of RC beams? (1 point)
a) To control deflection
b) To ensure an adequate bond between steel and concrete
c) To limit the width of shear cracks
d) To reduce the depth of the beam

Solution:
If the stirrups are spaced too far apart, the shear cracks can grow more comprehensive and
longer before being intercepted by a stirrup. Refer to module 6.2, slide # 19

2. Calculate shear stress at a cross-section in a beam with varying depth and bending moment
diagram as shown in the figure. The shear force and bending moment acting at the cross-
section is 150kN and 200kN-m. The effective depth and width at the section are 600mm
and 200mm, respectively (As per IS 456:2000). (2 points)

a) 1.875 MPa
b) 0.5 MPa
c) 0.87 MPa
d) 2.00 MPa
Solution
𝑀𝑢
𝑉𝑢 ,𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑉𝑢 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
𝑑
0.6 − 0.4 0.2
tan 𝛽 = =
1.5 1.5
200 0.2
𝑉𝑢 ,𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 150 − ∗
0.6 1.5
𝑉𝑢 ,𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 105.55

𝑉𝑢 ,𝑛𝑒𝑡 105.55 ∗ 1000

𝜏𝑣,𝑛𝑒𝑡 = = = 0.879 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑑 200 ∗ 600

3. Which of the following is true regarding the shear span-to-depth ratio (a/d) for an RC beam?
(1 point)
a) A high 𝑎/𝑑 ratio indicates a deep beam
b) A low a/d ratio indicates a short beam
c) A low a/d ratio indicates shear failure is more likely
d) A high a/d ratio means the beam is less prone to shear failure
Answer c)
Solution:
In a low a/d ratio, the shear span is relatively short compared to the effective depth of the
beam. This leads to a steep diagonal crack, and failure occurs predominantly due to high
shear stresses before significant flexural cracks can develop. Refer to module 6.1, slide #
10

4. The shear force acting at a cross-section of a beam having dimensions 200 x 400mm is
120kN, the grade of concrete used is M30. The effective cover provided is 30mm. One
percentage of longitudinal tension reinforcement is provided. Comment on the design for
shear. (Use IS 456:2000 for any missing data) (2 points)
a) Minimum shear reinforcement required
b) No shear reinforcement required
c) Design for shear reinforcement is to be done
d) Revise cross-sections dimensions

Solution

𝑉𝑢 120 ∗ 103
𝜏𝑣 = = = 1.621 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏𝑑 370 ∗ 200
For 1 % of longitudinal reinforcement 𝜏𝑐 = 0.66 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑀30 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝜏𝑐,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝜏𝑐 < 𝜏𝑣 < 𝜏𝑐 ,𝑚𝑎𝑥 so the section needs to be designed for shear reinforcement.

5. Why 𝜏𝑣 ≤ 𝜏𝑐,𝑚𝑎𝑥 condition need to be satisfied while designing for shear? (1 point)

a) To avoid ductile mode of failure

b) It has nothing to do with mode of failure
c) To avoid brittle mode of compression failure
d) None of the above
 Solution:
If the total cross-sectional area AsvA_{sv}Asv of the stirrup legs and bent-up bars exceeds
a specific limit, the section may become more robust in diagonal tension than in diagonal
compression. Consequently, a shear-compression failure could occur before the shear
reinforcement has reached its full potential, leading to a brittle failure mode. To avoid such
shear-compression failures and ensure that the shear reinforcement yields properly at the
ultimate limit state, it is essential to satisfy the condition𝜏𝑣 ≤ 𝜏𝑐,𝑚𝑎𝑥 Refer to module 6.2,
slide, # 12

6. As the thickness of the slab decreases, why does the shear factor for concrete shear strength
of solid slabs increase in IS 456:2000? (1 point)
a) Transverse shear stresses will be low as the thickness decreases
b) Transverse shear stresses will be high as thickness decreases
c) Transverse shear stresses independent of the thickness of slab
d) The shear strength of the concrete doesn’t depend on transverse shear stresses
e) none of the above
Solution:
Shear friction, the resistance to sliding between surfaces, can be more effective in thinner
slabs, contributing to higher shear strength (low shear stress produced). However, as the
depth of the slab increases, this effect tends to diminish.
Refer to module 6.2, slide # 10
7. The factored shear force acting at a cross-section of a beam having dimensions 200 x
450mm is 250kN, the grade of steel and concrete used is Fe415 (use 10mm dia bars) and
M40. Area of longitudinal tension reinforcement is provided is 1762.5 mm2. The effective
cover provided is 30mm. Calculate vertical shear reinforcement spacing for two-legged
stirrups -------------- (Use IS 456:2000 for any missing data) (2 Points)
a) 125mm
b) No shear reinforcement is required
c) 250mm
d) Revise cross-sections dimensions
e) 300mm
f) 170mm

Solution

𝑉𝑢 250 ∗ 103
𝜏𝑣 = = = 2.38 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏𝑑 420 ∗ 250
1762.5
𝑝𝑡 = 100 ∗ = 1.678
250 ∗ 420
For 1 .678% of longitudinal reinforcement 𝜏𝑐 = 0.824 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑀40 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝜏𝑐,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝜏𝑐 < 𝜏𝑣 < 𝜏𝑐 ,𝑚𝑎𝑥 so the section needs to be designed for shear reinforcement.
𝑉𝑠 = (𝜏𝑣 − 𝜏𝑐 ) ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑

𝑉𝑠 = (2.38 − 0.824) ∗ 250 ∗ 420 = 163.48 𝑘𝑁

0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑑 420
𝑠= = 0.87 ∗ 415 ∗ 2 ∗ 78.53 ∗ = 145.685 𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑠 163.48 ∗ 1000
So provide spacing of stirrups 125 mm

8. Which of the following is a valid assumption in the design of shear reinforcement in RC

beams? (1 point)
a) Concrete does not resist any shear
b) Shear is resisted only by the concrete
c) Shear is resisted by both concrete and shear reinforcement
d) Shear is resisted only by the shear reinforcement
Solution:
In the design of shear reinforcement for reinforced concrete (RC) beams:
• Concrete: Concrete does contribute to shear resistance, especially in the uncracked
state. However, its ability to resist shear diminishes after cracking.
• Shear Reinforcement: Shear reinforcement (typically in the form of stirrups) is added
to enhance the shear capacity of the beam, particularly after concrete cracking.
• Refer to module 6.2, slide # 15

9. Select all the correct statements related to the soap film analogy (choose all the correct
options) ( 2points)
a) The distribution of shearing stresses on a cross-section can be visualised by
using the soap-film analogy.
b) The distribution of shearing stresses can be visualised by cutting an opening in
a plate that is proportional to the shape of the cross-section loaded in torsion.
c) The distribution of shearing stresses can be visualised by cutting an opening in a
plate that is inversely proportional to the shape of the cross-section loaded in
torsion.
d) The distribution of shearing stresses can be visualised by cutting an opening in a
plate that is proportional to the surface area of the section loaded in torsion.
e) The slope at each point in the membrane is proportional to the shearing stress
at that point.
Solution:
The distribution of the shear stress is directly proportional to the shape of the cross -
section. Refer to module 7.1 slide # 17,18

10. Select the correct shear stress distribution due to torsion in circular and rectangular cross -
sections. (1 point)
 a) a
b) b
c) c
d) d
Solution:

In circular section
Shear stress in a circular cross-section is indeed symmetrical around the center of the
section. This means the stress distribution is concentric and depends only on the radial
distance from the center.
In square cross-section
In a square cross-section, the shear stress distribution is more complex due to the
shape’s geometry.
Middle of the Sides: Along the middle of each side of the square cross-section, the
shear stress distribution is relatively uniform and can be approximated as linear. Shear
stress is constant at a given distance from the axis of rotation along the length of the
side.
Corners: At the corners of the square cross-section, the shear stress distribution is
more complex. The stress is higher near the corners and decreases away from them.
The distribution can be described as parabolic with maximum stress at the corners.
Warping and Displacement: Due to the non-uniform distribution of shear stress,
sections perpendicular to the axis of torsion experience warping and out -of-plane
displacements. This is because the shape's corners lead to varying shear flows, resulting
in more pronounced distortions.
Refer to module 7.1 slide # 18,19

11. Select all the correct statements related to torsion. (Choose all the correct options) ( 2
points)
a) Equilibrium torsion is dependent on the torsional stiffness of the member.
b) Compatibility torsion is dependent on the torsional stiffness of the member.
 c) No specific design for torsion is necessary, provided torsional stiffness is
neglected in the calculation of internal forces.
d) In an indeterminate structure, torsion can be eliminated by including the redundant
reaction.
e) Equilibrium torsion is independent of the torsional stiffness of the member.
Solution: Refer to module 7.1 slide # 7,8

12. What do the diagonal concrete struts represent in the space truss analogy for torsion design?
( 1 point)
a) Tensile reinforcement
b) Compressive forces within the concrete
c) Shear forces
d) Flexural strength of the beam

Solution:
• Corner longitudinal bars will act as stringers in tension
• Closed stirrup legs will act as a tie member
• Concrete between diagonal cracks will act as compression diagonals

Refer to module 7.1, slide # 28

13. Calculate the torsional shear stress produced in the rectangular beam having a cross-section
of 300mm X 400 mm when it is subjected to a torsional moment of 25 kN m. (1 points)
a) 3.02 MPa
b) 1.22 MPa
c) 2.82 MPa
d) 2.44 MPa
Solution
𝑇
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝛼𝑥 2 𝑦
1 1
𝛼= 1.8𝑥 = 300 = 0.2298
3+ 3 + (1.8 ∗ )
𝑦 400

25 ∗ 106
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 3.02 𝑀𝑃𝑎
0.2298 ∗ 300 ∗ 300 ∗ 400

14. Select the correct statements related to the rectangular section's behavior subjected to
torsion. (Choose all the correct options) ( 2 points)
a) Increasing the reinforcement will increase the torsional stiffness, and it doesn’t have
any influence on the angle of twist at failure.
 b) Increasing the amount of reinforcement increases the angle of twist at failure
but not the torsional stiffness
c) A small reinforcement will increase the twist angle at failure but not torsional
capacity.
d) Providing more torsional reinforcement may lead to diagonal compression
failure.
e) When the beam is heavily reinforced for torsion the section capacity and
failure angle will increase.
Answer b,c,d,e
Solution:
Increasing the torsion reinforcement will increase only the twist angle at failure, not the
stiffness. Torsional stiffness is governed by the concrete section (uncracked behaviour) and
increasing torsion reinforcement does not increase this stiffness. Refer to module 7.1, slide #
24

15. A beam is reinforced with 3-legged rectangular vertical stirrups as transverse

reinforcement. How many legs are effective in torsion and shear, respectively? (1 point)
a) 2, 2
b) 1, 3
c) 1, 1
d) 1, 4
e) 3, 1
f) 3, 3

Solution
All 3 legs of the stirrup are effective in resisting shear forces
Only 1 legs are effective in resisting torsion

16. The rectangular RC beam has an effective depth of 550mm and width of 300mm, and it is
reinforced with 4 numbers of 20 mm diameter bars at an effective cover of 50mm. The
beam is subjected to ultimate torsional and flexural moments of 120 kN- m and 150 kN-m,
respectively. Calculate the effective (Mt) and equivalent bending moment (Me1 and Me2)
in kN-m, respectively. (2 points)
a) 212,362,62
b) 200,350,50
c) 362,212,62
d) 350,200,50
Solution

𝐷 𝐷 600
𝑇𝑢 (1 + ( )) 𝑇𝑢 (1 + ( )) (1 + ( ))
𝑏 𝑏 300
𝑀𝑡 = = 𝑀𝑡 = = 120 ∗ = 211.76 𝑘𝑁 𝑚
1.7 1.7 1.7
𝑀𝑒1 = 𝑀𝑡 + 𝑀 = 212 + 150 = 262 𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑀𝑒2 = 𝑀𝑡 − 𝑀 = 212 − 150 = 62 𝑘𝑁𝑚

17. What kind of failure will occur in the wide rectangular cantilever beam subjected to
bending and torsional moment? ( 1point)
a) Modified bending failure
b) Lateral bending failure
c) Negative bending failure.
d) Insufficient data
Solution:
Mode 3 (negative bending failure) is possible when the compression zone occurs at the
bottom, and the area of the longitudinal top steel is much less than that of the bottom steel; this
type of failure is sometimes called a negative bending failure. Refer to module 7.1 slide # 31

18. Why IS 456 2000 recommend providing the minimum transverse reinforcement for the
members subjected to torsion combined with shear and flexure? ( 1 point)
a) To resist the torsion combined with flexure shear.
b) To resist flexure shear failure
c) To resist torsion combined with moment.
d) To resist the torsion
Solution:
The purpose of providing minimum transverse reinforcement is to prevent flexural shear
failure, particularly in cases where torsion is minimal compared to shear. In the extreme case
where torsion is absent, the requirement for minimum transverse reinforcement is solely
determined by the need to resist flexural shear forces. Refer to module 7.2, slide # 6
 Solution for Assignment-09
Advanced Reinforced Concrete
Week-9 Columns
All questions carry equal marks

Total Marks: 30
1. As per IS 456 : 2000, the pure axial capacity of the column is calculated by using the following
expression 𝑷𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝑨𝒄 + 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝒇𝒚 𝑨𝒔𝒄. Here, what is the reason for using 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝒇𝒚 instead
of 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚 ?
a) Only because of the code is suggesting the value
b) At ultimate compressive strain, the strain in the steel is lesser than the yield strain
c) The code is considering 90% of the yield stress in steel
d) All the above
e) None of the above
Ans: (b)
At the ultimate compressive strain of concrete, the strain in the steel is lesser than its yield strain.

2. As per IS 456, the capacity of spiral columns are considered 5% more than the capacity of
tied column (for similar cross section) because
a) Spiral columns fails abruptly.
b) Spiral columns exhibit more ductility.
c) Both of them.
d) Neither of them.
Ans:(b)
The spiral columns can sustain more
deformation than tied columns at ultimate
failure. Hence, the IS code suggests
increasing the axial capacity by 5% to take
advantage of the ductile behaviour of the
spiral column.
𝐋
3. According to ACI, we say a braced column as slender column when ( 𝐞) is greater than
𝐫
a) 22
b) 30
c) 34
d) 40
Ans: (c)
ACI Code recommends that the dividing line between short columns and slender columns be taken
as le/r equal to 34 for braced columns.
4. An RC circular column with a diameter of 450 mm has an unsupported length of 4m. What
is the minimum eccentricity of the column as per IS 456: 2000?
a) 16mm
b) 23mm
c) 20mm
d) 10mm
Ans: (b)
L D
Minimum Ecentricity = greater of (i) + and (ii) 20mm
500 30
Where L = Unsupported length, D = diameter of column
L D 4000 450
+ = + = 23 mm
500 30 500 30
Hence minimum eccentricity = greater of (i) 23mm and (ii) 20mm
= 23mm

5. What is the range of effective length factors (𝒌) for sway and non-sway columns?
a) For sway 0 < 𝑘 < 1; for non-sway 1 < 𝑘 < ∞
b) For sway 0.5 < 𝑘 < 1; for non-sway 0.5 < 𝑘 < 1
c) For sway 0.5 < 𝑘 < 1; for non-sway 1 < 𝑘 < ∞
d) For sway 1 < 𝑘 < ∞; for non-sway 0.5 < 𝑘 < 1
e) All the above
Ans: (d)
Fig 26 and Fig 27 of IS 456-2000 show the range of effective length factors for non – sway and
sway columns, respectively.

6. What is the pure axial capacity of a circular column of diameter 450 mm with 1.5%
longitudinal reinforcement as per IS 456 : 2000? Consider the M35 grade of concrete and the
Fe500 grade of steel. The column is laterally reinforced with ties. Select the nearest answer.
a) 4530 kN
b) 3865 kN
c) 2995 kN
d) 5200 kN
Ans: (c)
Pu = 0.4fckAg + (0.67fy – 0.4fck)Asc
π 1.5 π
= {0.4 x 35 x ( x 4502)} + [{(0.67 x 500) – (0.4 x 35)} x ( x x 4502)]
4 100 4
= (2226.6 x 103) + (765.8 x 103)
= 2992.4 kN
Hence, the nearest correct answer = 2995 kN
7. Choose the appropriate statements regarding the need for transverse reinforcement in the
form of lateral ties in a column. (Select all the appropriate answers)
a) Lateral ties increase the required section dimension
b) Lateral ties decrease the axial load-carrying capacity of the member
c) Lateral ties provide confinement to the concrete core, thus improving the ductility and strength
d) Lateral ties provide resistance against shear and torsion
e) All the above
Ans: (c) and (d)
Lateral ties provide confinement to the concrete core, which increases the ductility compared to
unconfined concrete. The lateral ties also help in resisting shear as well as torsion.
Hence, the correct options are (c) and (d).

8. As per IS 456, the ratio of the volume of helical reinforcement to the volume of the core should
not be less than which of the following? Where Ag = Gross cross-sectional area, Ac = Concrete
Area, As = Steel Area, fck = Characterestic strength of concrete, fy = Yield strength of Steel.
Ag fck
a) 0.36( − 1)
Ac fy

Ag fck
b) 0.36( − 1)
As fy

As fck
c) 0.36( − 1)
Ac fy

Ac fck
d) 0.36( − 1)
As fy

Ans: (a)
Refer to clause 39.4.1 of IS 456 - 2000

9. When a spirally reinforced short column is loaded axially, the concrete inside the core is
subjected to
a) Bending and compression
b) Biaxial compression
c) Triaxial compression
d) Uniaxial compression
Ans: (c)
When a spirally reinforced short column is axially loaded, the transverse reinforcement provides
lateral compressive stress due to its confinement. Hence, the concrete core is subjected to triaxial
compression.
10. What are the theoretical values of the effective lengths of the columns for the given support
conditions?

a) 2L for A; L for B
b) L for A; 2L for B
c) L for A; L for B
d) L for A; ∞ for B
Ans: (d)
Fig(A) – The column is non sway. Effective length factor = 1. Hence, effective length = L
Fig(B) – The column is swaying. Effective length factor = ∞. Hence, effective length = ∞

11. The axial load of the column on the floor is 7500 kN. The story's clear height is 7.5 m. It is
subjected to the lateral load, which produces a story shear of 100 kN and a relative
displacement of 12.5 mm. What is the stability index of the column? Also, state the column
type.
a) Stability index = 0.125, Unbraced column
b) Stability index = 0.125, Braced column
c) Stability index = 0.176, Unbraced column
d) Stability index = 0.176, Braced column
Ans: (a)
Pu ∆ 7500 x 12.5
Stability Index = =
Vu Lc 100 x 7500
= 0.125
Since the Stability Index is more than 0.04 (as per IS 456-2000), it is an unbraced column

12. The minimum number of longitudinal bars should be provided in Rectangular and Circular
columns, respectively are
a) 6 and 4
b) 8 and 10
c) 4 and 6
d) 10 and 8
Ans: (c)
Refer 26.5.3.1 (c) of IS 456 - 2000
13. Choose the appropriate answers concerning the lateral flexibility of the frame
a) The flexibility is calculated by only considering the column as the flexible member
b) The flexibility is calculated by only considering the beam as the flexible member
c) The total flexibility is the sum of flexibility due to flexible columns and flexible beams
d) All the above
e) None of the above
Ans: (c)
The lateral flexibility of a frame is the summation of the flexibility of all columns and beams of
that frame.
14. The lateral confinement stress (𝒇𝟐 ) in the spirally reinforced columns are increased by ____
(Select all the suitable answers)
a) Increasing the volumetric ratio
b) Increasing the grade of confinement steel
c) Decreasing the volumetric ratio
d) Decrease the grade of confinement steel
e) None of the above
Ans: (a) & (b)
ρs fyt
It is derived that f2 =
2
Hence, Increasing the volumetric ratio and increasing the
grade of confinement steel will increase the lateral
confinement stress of spirally reinforced columns.

15. A cross section column 300mm x 450mm is reinforced with 4 numbers of 25mm diameter
longitudinal rebar. What is the diameter of the transverse ties and spacing of the transverse
ties, respectively, as per IS 456? Choose the appropriate answer from the following options.
a) 8mm and 300 mm
b) 10mm and 300 mm
c) 8mm and 400 mm
d) 10mm and 456 mm
Ans: (a)
∅long
Tie diameter = greater of (i) and (ii) 6mm
4
Ølong
Ølong = 25 mm ⇒ = 6.25
4
Tie Diameter = greater of (i) 6.25 and (ii) 6mm. Hence, the correct option will be 8 mm.
Spacing = Minimum of (i) Least lateral dimension (ii) 16 Ølong, min (iii) 300 mm

Least lateral dimension = 300 mm, 16 Ølong,min = 16 x 25 = 400 mm

Spacing of ties = minimum of (i) 300 mm (ii) 400. Hence, correct option will be 300 mm
Compression behaviour of Slender Column Design: Theory - Part 1 (unit?unit=25&lesson=112)

Compression behaviour of Slender Column Design: Example as per IS 456 - Part 2 (unit?unit=25&lesson=113)

Week 10 Feedback Form: Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design (unit?unit=25&lesson=154)

Quiz: Week 10 : Assignment 10 (assessment?name=165)

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Problem Solving Session - July 2024 ()

Week 10 : Assignment 10
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.
Due on 2024-10-02, 23:59 IST.

Assignment submitted on 2024-10-02, 23:58 IST

1) What is the depth of the neutral axis for the columns subjected to pure axial 2 points
compressive load?

Zero

Lies at the topmost fibre

Lies at the bottommost fibre

Infinity

Yes, the answer is correct.

Score: 2
Accepted Answers:
Infinity

2) A RC column having square cross section (400 mm x 400mm) has its moment 2 points
interaction diagram as shown. What is the maximum uniaxial eccentricity at which a factored
load Pu = 640 kN can be applied safely? (fck = 20 MPa)

300mm

400mm

600mm

800mm

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
600mm

3) When the loading eccentricity is relatively low, such that the entire section is 2 points
subjected to compression and the NA lies outside the section (Xu > D) the code specifies the
strain in the highly compressed edge as

Less than 0.002

Between 0.002 and 0.0035

0.0035

0.002

Yes, the answer is correct.

Score: 2
Accepted Answers:
Between 0.002 and 0.0035

4) Choose the inappropriate answers concerning the P-M interaction curves of the 2 points
column.

The interaction curve is established with the values of moments and axial loads at failure for
the various values of the neutral axis ranging from infinity to infinity (i.e., −∞ ≤ x ≤ ∞)
The neutral axis always lies inside the section for any point in between the
decompression point and the pure axial point

The balanced point is the point of separation between the compression control and
tension control failure mode

The pure moment point is the point where the axial load is zero.

Yes, the answer is correct.

 Score: 2
Accepted Answers:
The neutral axis always lies inside the section for any point in between the decompression point
and the pure axial point

5) When the NA is outside the section, upto which distance from the most 2 points
compression edge of the section, the compressive strength remains constant to 0.45fck? (D =
Overall column depth)

4D/7

3D/7

D/2

Yes, the answer is correct.

Score: 2
Accepted Answers:
3D/7

6) A column is subjected to primary moments of 30 kNm and 60 kNm. The column is 2 points
bending in double curvature. As per ACI – 318, what is the minimum value of slenderness ratio to
consider it as a slender column?

20

30

40

45

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
40

7) The factored moments Mux and Muy acting on a column section (with respect to 2 points
bending about the major axis and minor axis, respectively) can be resolved into a single resultant
moment Mu, which acts about

Axis parallel to the two principal axes

Axis parallel to the two major bending axes

Axis inclined to the two principal axes

Axis inclined to the major bending axes.

Yes, the answer is correct.

Score: 2
Accepted Answers:
Axis inclined to the two principal axes

8) A column of size 300 mm x 450 mm is subjected to an axial load of 1500 kN. It has 2 points
effective length of 3.5m in both directions. Find the additional moments as per IS 456.

20.4 kNm , 30.6 kNm

 25.5 kNm , 38.2 kNm

15.2 kNm , 30.6 kNm

20.4 kNm , 38.2 kNm

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
20.4 kNm , 30.6 kNm

9) The correct expression of strength reduction coefficient as per IS 456 (lef = 2 points
Effective Length, b = Least lateral dimension)

lef
1.25 −
160b

lef
1.25 −
48b

lef
1.25 −
165b

lef
1.25 −
45b
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 2
Accepted Answers:
lef
1.25 −
48b

10) Choose the correct option showing proper description about points A, B, C of the P- 2 points
M Interaction graph

Compression failure, Balanced failure, Decompression Point

 Compression failure, Decompression Point, Balanced failure

Decompression Point, Compression failure, Balanced failure

Balanced failure, Compression failure, Decompression Point

Yes, the answer is correct.

Score: 2
Accepted Answers:
Compression failure, Decompression Point, Balanced failure

11) What is the value of “αn ” in Bresler’s formulation for High axial load level and low 0 points
axial load level respectively?

2 and 1

1 and 1

2 and 1

1 and 2

Yes, the answer is correct.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
2 and 1

12) A column 300 mm x 300 mm is subjected to moments Mux & Muy respectively 120 2 points
kNm and 60kNm at the top end. The effective height of the column is 4.5m. Assume that the
column is bend at double curvature, what are the primary moments Mpx and Mpy respectively?
Assume that at bottom the moment is 50% of that in top.

24 kNm and 12 kNm

24 kNm and 48 kNm

12 kNm and 24 kNm

48 kNm and 24 kNm

Yes, the answer is correct.

Score: 2
Accepted Answers:
48 kNm and 24 kNm

13) What is the failure strain of concrete in compression at the decompression point? 2 points

0.002

0.00295

0.0035

0.005

Yes, the answer is correct.

Score: 2
Accepted Answers:
0.0035
 14) Which of the following statements regarding the additional moment method are 2 points
correct? (Choose all the suitable options.)

Every slender column should be designed for biaxial eccentricities, including the P – Δ
moment.

The permissible stresses in concrete and steel are multiplied by a strength reduction
coefficient

The additional moment method requires a modification factor because it assumes the
column is braced, bends in single curvature and the axial load level is approximately equal to
the balanced failure condition.

Failure of the column at the ultimate limit state is expected to occur at the section
corresponding to the maximum bending moment.

Yes, the answer is correct.

Score: 2
Accepted Answers:
Every slender column should be designed for biaxial eccentricities, including the P – Δ moment.
The additional moment method requires a modification factor because it assumes the column is
braced, bends in single curvature and the axial load level is approximately equal to the balanced
failure condition.

15) Each point on the interaction surface corresponds to the values of PuR , Mux and 2 points
Muy depending on

Magnitude of axial load

Neutral axis location and orientation

Neutral axis orientation

Only the neutral axis location

Yes, the answer is correct.

Score: 2
Accepted Answers:
Neutral axis location and orientation
 NPTEL: Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design
Module-9: Serviceability, Bond and Anchorage
Assignment-11: Detailed Solution
Maximum points: 20

Note: All questions carry 1 point each, except Question 8 which carries 3 points.
1. Why is it important to check for the slenderness limit of a beam as per Section 3 of IS 456:2000?
a) To control deflection
b) To control crack width
c) To ensure lateral stability
d) All the above
Ans: c
Solution: Refer to the Clause 23.3 of IS 456:2000 on ‘Slenderness Limits for Beams to Ensure
Lateral Stability’ and Slide 40 in Module 9.1 of the Lecture Slides.
2. Why are modification factors introduced in IS 456:2000 for deflection calculation? (Select all the
correct statements)
a) Amount of tension reinforcement decreases the service stresses within the tension steel.
b) Compression reinforcement reduces long-term deflection due to creep and shrinkage.
c) The compression reinforcement decreases the stiffness of the system.
d) In a flanged beam, ratio of web width to flange width affects the magnitude of deflection.
Ans: a, b and d
Solution: Refer to Clause 23.2.1 of IS 456:2000 on the control of deflection and Slides 36-39 in
Module 9.1 of the Lecture Slides.
3. What will happen to the basic value of span to depth (L/D) ratio in a reinforced concrete beam if
the service stress in the reinforcing steel in tension zone increases?
a) The basic L/D ratio will increase.
b) The basic L/D ratio will decrease.
c) The basic L/D ratio remains unchanged.
Ans: b
Solution: As per Figure 4 of IS 456:2000 on Page 38, as the service stress increases, the modification
factor and the basic L/D ratio decreases.
4. The short term deflection of a reinforced concrete flexural member is calculated using the usual
methods for elastic deflections using short-term modulus of elasticity and effective moment of
inertia, Ieff. Ieff should satisfy which of the following criteria? Note: Igr: Gross moment of inertia;
Icr: Cracked moment of inertia.
a) 𝑰𝒄𝒓 ≤ 𝑰𝒆𝒇𝒇 ≤ 𝑰𝒈𝒓
b) 𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≥ 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 ≤ 𝐼𝑔𝑟
c) 𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 ≥ 𝐼𝑔𝑟
d) 𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≥ 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 ≥ 𝐼𝑔𝑟
Ans: a
 Solution: Refer to Clause C-2.1 in ‘Annexure C: Calculation of Deflection’ of IS 456:2000, and Slide
19 in Module 9.1 of the Lecture Slides.
5. A cantilever beam made of M25 concrete and having cross-sectional dimensions of 300 × 500 mm
is symmetrically reinforced with 3 Fe 415 bars of 20mm diameter on the compression and tension
sides. Find the deflection in the beam due to shrinkage as per Annex C of IS 456:2000. Take span
as 3 m.
a) 1.36
b) 1.25
c) 0
d) Insufficient data
Ans: c
Solution: Refer to Clause C-3.1 in ‘Annexure C: Calculation of Deflection’ of IS 456:2000, and Slide
26 in Module 9.1 of the Lecture Slides. The term k4 used to calculate deflection due to shrinkage
becomes zero as both the tension and compression reinforcement are equal. Thus, the term acs, which
represents deflection due to shrinkage, becomes zero.
0.5𝐷
6. In the effective curvature formulation for calculating the cracking moment, the factor 𝑑−0.5𝐷
is
included for what reason?
a) To conservatively estimate the deflection of the section when the applied moment is much
greater than the cracking moment capacity of the section.
b) To conservatively estimate the deflection of the section when the applied moment is slightly
greater than the cracking moment capacity of the section.
c) To conservatively estimate the deflection of the section when the applied moment is
slightly less than the cracking moment capacity of the section.
d) This is the statistical factor which takes care of the high variation in the measured deflection
from the experiments.
Ans: c
Solution: Refer to Slide 22 in Module 9.1 of the Lecture Slides. It is to ensure that when the applied
moment is less than but close to the ‘cracking moment’ Mcr, it would be more appropriate and
conservative to treat the section as a cracked section to estimate deflections.
7. Consider two statements, A and B, and choose the correct option.
Statement A: Creep strain produces curvature which is additive in nature to the curvature due to
the applied bending moment.
Statement B: Providing compression reinforcement in the beam reduces the strain on the concrete
and, thereby, deflection.
a) Statement A is true, and B is false.
b) Statement A is false, but B is true.
c) Both statements are correct, and statement B is the correct explanation for statement A
d) Both statements are correct, but both statements are not related.
Ans: d
Solution: Statements A and B both describe the phenomenon of deflection. However, while Statement
A describes deflection due to creep, statement B describes deflection in general.
8. A cantilever beam of span 3 m and dimensions 300 × 500 mm is subjected to a uniformly
distributed load of 25 kN/m under service conditions. The beam is reinforced with 4 Fe 500 bars
of 20 mm diameter on the tension side at an effective cover of 50 mm. Determine the short-term
deflection at the free end of the beam as per Annex C of IS 456:2000. Assume M25 concrete in
calculations.
a) 5.9 mm
b) 7.9 mm
c) 9.9 mm
d) 11.9 mm
e) 13.9 mm
f) 15.9 mm
Ans: b
Solution: The data provided are as follows:
L = 3000 mm
b = 300 mm
D = 500 mm
d = 450 mm
w = 25 kN/m
M = 25 × (3)2/2 = 112.5 kN-m
𝜋
Ast = 4 × (20)2 × 4 = 1256.64 𝑚𝑚 2
fck = 25 MPa
fy = 500 MPa
Moment of Inertia:
3 3
𝐼𝑔𝑟 = 𝑏𝐷 ⁄12 = 300 × 500 ⁄12 = 3125 × 106 𝑚𝑚 4
𝐷
𝑦𝑡 = = 250 𝑚𝑚
2
𝐸𝑠 2 × 105
𝑚= = =8
𝐸𝑐 5000√25
Position of neutral axis:
300𝑥 2
= 𝑚𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 𝑥)
2
300𝑥 2
2
= 8 × 1256.64 × (450 − 𝑥), 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑥 = 143.36 𝑚𝑚
Lever arm, z = d – (x/3) = 402.2 mm
Cracked moment of inertia, Icr:
𝑏𝑥 3 300 × 143.363
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = + 𝑚𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 𝑥)2 = + 8 × 200000 × (450 − 143.36)2
3 3
= 1239.9 × 106 𝑚𝑚 4
Cracking moment, Mcr:
𝑓𝑐𝑟 = 0.7√𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.7√25 = 3.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑐𝑟 𝐼𝑔𝑟 3.5 × 3125 × 106
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = = = 43.75 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑦𝑡 250
Effective moment of inertia, Ieff:
𝐼𝑐𝑟 1239.9 × 106
𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 = =
𝑀 𝑧 𝑥 43.75 402.2 143.36
1.2 − 𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑑 (1 − 𝑑) 1.2 − ( ) (1 − )
112.5 450 450
𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 1287.3 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
Short term deflection, Δs:
𝑤𝑙 4 25 × (3000)4
∆𝑠 = = = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟔𝟓 𝒎𝒎
8𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 8 × 25000 × 1287.3 × 106

9. Which of the following factors contributes to the controlling of crack width in reinforced concrete
members? (Select all the correct options)
a) Increased spacing of the longitudinal bars.
b) Reduced spacing of the longitudinal bars.
c) Limiting the tensile stresses in steel.
d) Increasing the tensile stresses in the steel.
e) Providing side face reinforcement in case of deep beam.
f) Reducing the concrete cover to longitudinal steel.
Ans: b, c, and e
Solution: Refer to Slide 13 of Module 9.2 of the Lecture Slides. Statements (b), (c) and (e) are correct.
Though the longitudinal bars should be close to the concrete surface, the nominal cover requirements
to ensure durability, as per Table 16 of IS 456:2000, should be maintained. Hence, statements (a), (d)
and (f) are incorrect.
10. Which of the following parameters does not influence the size of crack width in a reinforced
concrete member?
a) The mean tensile strain (εsm) in the neighbouring reinforcement.
b) The distance (acr) to the nearest longitudinal bar that runs perpendicular to the crack.
c) The distance to the neutral axis location (in the case of flexural cracks).
d) Overall depth of the member.
e) All of the parameters influence crack width.
Ans: e
Solution: Refer to Slide 13 of Module 9.2 in the Lecture Slides and the expression for design surface
crack width (Wcr) given in Annex F of IS 456:2000. All the parameters (a), (b), (c) and (d) influence
the size of crack width.
11. The surface crack width for a water storage tank subjected to moderate environmental conditions
should be limited as per IS 456:2000 to __________ mm.
a) 0.10
b) 0.15
c) 0.20
d) 0.25
e) 0.30
Ans: c
Solution: Refer to Slide 11 of Module 9.2 in the Lecture Slides and Clause 35.3.2 on ‘Limit States
of Serviceability: Cracking’ of IS 456:2000. It states, “In members where cracking in the tensile zone
is harmful either because they are exposed to the effects of the weather or continuously exposed to
moisture or in contact soil or groundwater, an upper limit of 0.2 mm is suggested for the maximum
width of cracks.” Since the concrete surface of a water storage tank is continuously exposed to water,
an upper limit of 0.2 mm is desirable for the maximum width of cracks.
12. As per Annex F of IS 456:2000 on crack width, the average strain at the level considered (εm) is
𝑏(ℎ−𝑥)(𝑎−𝑥) 𝑏(ℎ−𝑥)(𝑎−𝑥)
given by the equation: 𝜀𝑚 = 𝜀1 − 3𝐸𝑠 𝐴𝑠 (𝑑−𝑥)
. What does the term “ 3𝐸𝑠 𝐴𝑠 (𝑑−𝑥)
” represent?

a) Tension stiffening in concrete.

b) Strain due to accidental loading.
c) Factor accounting for percentage tensile reinforcement.
d) Influence of neutral axis depth on crack width.
Ans: a
Solution: Refer to Slide 16 of Module 9.2 in the Lecture Slides and description on the expression for
average steel strain at the level considered (εm) in Annex F of IS 456:2000.
13. Choose the incorrect statement on the development of bond strength of the reinforcing steel in a
concrete member.
a) It is essential for the bond force to develop at the steel-concrete interface to prevent the
slipping of reinforcing steel inside the concrete member.
b) The bond strength developed in a plain mild steel bar is primarily due to chemical adhesion
and some frictional mechanical interlock.
c) Deformed bar developed enhanced bond force due to the projecting ribs and interlocking of
concrete with the reinforcing steel.
d) End anchorages or hooks are rendered ineffective after bond breaks in the member.
e) All the statements are correct.
Ans: d
Solution: Refer to Slide 5 of Module 9.3 in the Lecture Slides. End anchorages are effective even in
bond broken beams.
14. Which of the following factors decreases the bond strength between concrete and reinforcements?
a) Increasing the grade of concrete.
b) Providing ribs in the reinforcing steel.
c) Increasing the diameter of the bar.
d) Proving bends and hooks in the reinforcements.
e) None of the above.
Ans: c
Solution: Refer to the expression on development length in Slide 13 of Module 9.3 in the Lecture
Slides and Clause 26.2.1 of IS 456:2000. Higher the development length required, the lesser the bond
strength. (a) Higher grade of concrete; (b) Ribbed bars; and (c) Standard bends and hooks reduce the
development length requirement. On the other hand, bars of higher diameter increase the required
development length. Thus, “Option (c): Increasing the diameter of the bar” increases the required
development length and reduces the bond strength.
15. For the tapered cantilever beam shown in Figure 1, what should be the development length (𝐿𝑑 ) of
the bar to be provided on the tension side considering maximum allowable tensile strength of steel
reinforcement, as per IS 456:2000? Consider M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.

Figure 1
a) 640 mm
b) 740 mm
c) 840 mm
d) 940 mm
Ans: d
Solution: The data provided are as follows:
Diameter of the longitudinal bars in tension, ∅𝑡 = 20 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Design bond stress, 𝜏𝑏𝑑 = 1.2 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 26.2.1.1 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑆 456: 2000)
∅𝜎𝑠 20×(0.87×415)
Development length required on the tension side, 𝐿𝑑𝑡 = = = 𝟗𝟒𝟎. 𝟐 𝒎𝒎
4𝜏𝑏𝑑 4×1.2×1.6

16. For the cantilever beam given in Question 15, what should be the development length (𝐿𝑑 ) of the
bar to be provided on the compression side considering maximum allowable tensile strength of
steel reinforcement, as per IS 456:2000?
a) 650 mm
b) 550 mm
c) 450 mm
d) 350 mm
Ans: c
Solution: The data provided are as follows:
Diameter of the longitudinal bars in compression, ∅𝑐 = 12 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Design bond stress, 𝜏𝑏𝑑 = 1.2 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 26.2.1.1 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑆 456: 2000)
∅𝜎𝑠 12×(0.87×415)
Development length required on the comp. side, 𝐿𝑑𝑐 = = 4×1.2×1.6×1.25 = 𝟒𝟓𝟏. 𝟑 𝒎𝒎
4𝜏𝑏𝑑

17. If the development length provided is inadequate, which of the following steps can be taken to
improve the bond strength as per IS 456:2000? (Select all the correct options)
 a) Increasing the diameter of longitudinal bar.
b) Decreasing the diameter of longitudinal bar.
c) Increasing the grade of concrete.
d) Increasing the grade of longitudinal bars.
e) Introducing standard 90° bends.
Ans: b, c and e
Solution: Refer to the expression on development length in Slide 13 of Module 9.3 in the Lecture
Slides and Clause 26.2.1 of IS 456:2000. Options (b), (c) and (e) increase the development length
provided or decrease the required development length. Thus, they are the correct options. On the other
hand, options (a) and (d) have the opposite effect.
18. What is the ratio of the anchorage length considered for a 90° bend to that of a standard U-type
hook, made of a steel bar of same diameter as per IS 456:2000?
a) 0.5
b) 1
c) 1.5
d) 2
Ans: a
Solution: Refer to Slide 16 of Module 9.3 in the Lecture Slides. The equivalent anchorage lengths for
a standard 90° bend and U-type hook are 8ϕ and 16 ϕ, respectively, where ϕ denotes the bar diameter.
Thus, the ratio of anchorage length is 0.5.
Two way slabs - Direct Design Method - Part 1 (unit?unit=27&lesson=130)

Two way slabs - Direct Design Method - Part 2 (unit?unit=27&lesson=131)

Two way slabs - Equivalent Frame Method - Part 1 (unit?unit=27&lesson=134)

Two way slabs - Equivalent Frame Method (Example) - Part 2 (unit?unit=27&lesson=133)

Week 12 Feedback Form: Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design (unit?unit=27&lesson=156)

Quiz: Week 12 : Assignment 12 (assessment?name=167)

Lecture notes ()

DOWNLOAD VIDEOS ()

Transcript ()

Problem Solving Session - July 2024 ()

Week 12 : Assignment 12
Assignment not submitted Due date: 2024-10-16, 23:59 IST.

1) Code coefficient method of design of two-way slabs is suitable for ________. (Select 1 point
all the correct options)

Slabs supported on rigid beams

Slabs supported on flexible beams

Slabs supported on walls

Flat slabs

Flat plates

2) For a higher aspect ratio of slab (ly /lx >> 2) , which of the following statements is 1 point
true regarding their deflection profile.

The slab deflects mainly along the longer span

The slab deflects mainly along the shorter span

The slab deflects almost equally along both the spans

None of the above

3) Select all the correct statements on equivalent frame method and direct design 1 point
method of reinforced concrete slabs

The longitudinal moments in equivalent frame method are calculated based on empirical
moment coefficients.
 The longitudinal moments in equivalent frame method are calculated based on structural
analysis of the frame using actual stiffness of structural members

The longitudinal moments are calculated in direct design method based on empirical
moment coefficients.

The longitudinal moments in direct design method are calculated based on structural
analysis of the frame using actual stiffness of structural members.

4) The longitudinal moment coefficients for an interior panel in direct deign method are 1 point
________.

negative moment coefficient near support = 0.65, positive moment coefficient near span
= 0.65.

negative moment coefficient near support = 0.35, positive moment coefficient near span
= 0.65.

negative moment coefficient near support = 0.65, positive moment coefficient near span
= 0.35.

negative moment coefficient near support = 0.35, positive moment coefficient near span
= 0.35.

5) 3 points

The floor slab system of a four-storey building is shown in Figure 1. All the slabs are supported
on 230 mm thick masonry walls as shown. The slabs of 125 mm thickness, support a live load of
4 kPa and floor finish load of 1 kPa in addition to their self-weight. The slabs are reinforced along
both the longitudinal and transverse directions using 10 mm bars, at a clear cover of 20 mm.
Determine the design moments along the shorter span for the corner panel S3
shown in the Figure 1, as per Annexure D of IS 456:2000.

5.0 kN-m and 7.4 kN-m

6.0 kN-m and 8.4 kN-m

7.0 kN-m and 9.4 kN-m

 8.0 kN-m and 10.4 kN-m

6) For the corner slab panel S3 given in Question 5, determine the design moments 3 points
along the longer span as per Annexure D of IS 456:2000.

4.1 kN-m and 5.5 kN-m

5.1 kN-m and 6.5 kN-m

6.1 kN-m and 7.5 kN-m

7.1 kN-m and 8.5 kN-m

7) Consider a two-way slab, where the center to center distance between columns in 2 points
the longitudinal and transverse directions are 4 m and 3 m, respectively. The total factored load
acting on the slab is 8 kN/m2 . The columns are of dimensions 300 × 300 mm. Assuming that all
the conditions for the design of two-way slabs by direct design method are satisfied, determine
the static design moment (M0 ).

41.07 kN-m

61.605 kN-m

138.61 kN-m

75.5 kN-m

8) An edge panel shown in Figure 2a is to be designed as per the ‘Direct Design 3 points
Method’ as a twoway slab. The centre-to-centre distance between the columns in the longitudinal
and transverse directions are 5 m and 6 m, respectively. The slab is supported by 400 mm square
columns running along the height of the building. If floor to floor height is 3.7 m, calculate the
parameter αc , used to determine the distribution of moments along the longitudinal direction.
The cross section of the slab-beam member of the edge panel is shown in Figure 2b.

Figure 2: (a) Edge panel to be designed; (b) Cross-section of slab-beam member of the edge
panel.

0.26

0.36

0.46

0.56
 9) The slabs supported on rigid beams should be checked for _______. 1 point

One-way shear only

Two-way shear only

Both one-way and two-way shear

It is not necessary to check for shear

10) The stiffness of an equivalent column (Kec ) is a function of _________. (Choose all 1 point
the correct options).

Stiffness of the actual columns or walls (Kc )

Stiffness of the torsional members (Kt )

Stiffness of the slab-beam member (Ks )

All the above

None of the above

11) Choose the inappropriate answer concerning the equivalent column stiffness (Kec ). 1 point

Kec = ∑ Kc , when the torsional stiffness of the lateral torsional member is infinite

Kec = Kt , when the column stiffness is infinite

Kec is always greater than ∑ Kc

Kec = 0, when the slab is simply supported in the masonry wall

12) What is the Torsional Constant (C) of the flanged beam shown in the Figure 3? 2 points

27 × 108 mm4

37 × 108 mm4

47 × 108 mm4

57 × 108 mm4

67 × 108 mm4
You may submit any number of times before the due date. The final submission will be
considered for grading.
Submit Answers
 ‭NPTEL: Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design‬
‭Module-10: Analysis and Design of Two-way Slabs‬
‭Assignment-12: Detailed Solution‬
‭No. of Questions: 12‬
‭Maximum points: 20‬
‭1.‬ ‭Code‬ ‭coefficient‬ ‭method‬ ‭of‬ ‭design‬ ‭of‬ ‭two-way‬ ‭slabs‬ ‭is‬ ‭suitable‬ ‭for‬ ‭________.‬ ‭(Select‬ ‭all‬ ‭the‬
‭correct options)‬ ‭(1 mark)‬
‭a.‬ ‭Slabs supported on rigid beams‬
‭b.‬ ‭Slabs supported on flexible beams‬
‭c.‬ ‭Slabs supported on walls‬
‭d.‬ ‭Flat slabs‬
‭e.‬ ‭Flat plates‬
‭Ans: a, c‬
‭ olution:‬‭Refer‬‭to‬‭the‬‭Slide‬‭16‬‭in‬‭Module‬‭10.1‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Lecture‬‭Slides.‬‭The‬‭code‬‭coefficient‬‭method‬
S
‭given in Annex D of IS 456:2000 is applicable for slabs resting on walls and stiff beams.‬
‭2.‬ ‭For‬‭a‬‭higher‬‭aspect‬‭ratio‬‭of‬‭slab‬‭(l‬‭y‬‭/l‬‭x‬ ‭>>‬‭2),‬‭which‬‭of‬‭the‬‭following‬‭statements‬‭is‬‭true‬‭regarding‬
‭their deflection profile.‬ ‭(1 mark)‬
‭a.‬ ‭The slab deflects mainly along the longer span‬
‭b.‬ ‭The slab deflects mainly along the shorter span‬
‭c.‬ ‭The slab deflects almost equally along both the spans‬
‭d.‬ ‭None of the above‬
‭Ans: b‬
‭Solution:‬‭Refer to the Slide 5 in‬‭Module 10.1‬‭of the‬‭Lecture Slides.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Select‬ ‭all‬ ‭the‬ ‭correct‬ ‭statements‬ ‭on‬ ‭equivalent‬ ‭frame‬ ‭method‬ ‭and‬ ‭direct‬ ‭design‬ ‭method‬ ‭of‬
‭reinforced concrete slabs.‬ ‭(1 mark)‬
‭a.‬ T
‭ he‬‭longitudinal‬‭moments‬‭in‬‭the‬‭equivalent‬‭frame‬‭method‬‭are‬‭calculated‬‭based‬‭on‬‭empirical‬
‭moment coefficients.‬
‭b.‬ ‭The‬ ‭longitudinal‬ ‭moments‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭equivalent‬ ‭frame‬ ‭method‬ ‭are‬ ‭calculated‬ ‭based‬ ‭on‬
‭structural analysis of the frame using the actual stiffness of structural members.‬
‭c.‬ T
‭ he‬ ‭longitudinal‬ ‭moments‬ ‭are‬ ‭calculated‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭direct‬ ‭design‬ ‭method‬ ‭based‬ ‭on‬
‭empirical moment coefficients.‬
‭d.‬ ‭The‬ ‭longitudinal‬ ‭moments‬ ‭in‬ ‭direct‬ ‭design‬ ‭method‬ ‭are‬ ‭calculated‬ ‭based‬ ‭on‬ ‭structural‬
‭analysis of the frame using actual stiffness of structural members.‬
‭Ans: b, c‬
‭Solution:‬‭Refer to Slide 6 in‬‭Module 10.2‬‭and Slides‬‭4, 33-34 in‬‭Module 10.3‬‭of the Lecture Slides.‬
‭4.‬ ‭The‬‭longitudinal‬‭moment‬‭coefficients‬‭for‬‭an‬‭interior‬‭panel‬‭in‬‭direct‬‭deign‬‭method‬‭are‬‭________.‬
‭(1 mark)‬
‭a.‬ n
‭ egative‬ ‭moment‬ ‭coefficient‬ ‭near‬ ‭support‬‭=‬‭0.65,‬‭positive‬‭moment‬‭coefficient‬‭near‬‭span‬‭=‬
‭0.65.‬
 ‭b.‬ ‭negative‬ ‭moment‬ ‭coefficient‬ ‭near‬ ‭support‬‭=‬‭0.35,‬‭positive‬‭moment‬‭coefficient‬‭near‬‭span‬‭=‬
‭0.65.‬
‭c.‬ n
‭ egative‬‭moment‬‭coefficient‬‭near‬‭support‬‭=‬‭0.65,‬‭positive‬‭moment‬‭coefficient‬‭near‬‭span‬
‭= 0.35.‬
‭d.‬ ‭negative‬ ‭moment‬ ‭coefficient‬ ‭near‬ ‭support‬‭=‬‭0.35,‬‭positive‬‭moment‬‭coefficient‬‭near‬‭span‬‭=‬
‭0.35.‬
‭Ans: c‬
‭ olution:‬ ‭Refer‬ ‭to‬ ‭Slide‬ ‭12‬ ‭in‬ ‭Module‬ ‭10.2‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭Lecture‬ ‭Slides‬ ‭and‬ ‭Clause‬ ‭31.4.3.2‬ ‭in‬ ‭IS‬
S
‭456:2000.‬
‭5.‬ ‭The‬‭floor‬‭slab‬‭system‬‭of‬‭a‬‭four-storey‬‭building‬‭is‬‭shown‬‭in‬‭Figure‬‭1.‬‭All‬‭the‬‭slabs‬‭are‬‭supported‬
‭on‬‭230 mm‬‭thick‬‭masonry‬‭walls,‬‭as‬‭shown.‬‭The‬‭slabs‬‭of‬‭125 mm‬‭thickness,‬‭support‬‭a‬‭live‬‭load‬‭of‬
‭4 kPa‬‭and‬‭floor‬‭finish‬‭load‬‭of‬‭1‬‭‬‭kPa‬‭in‬‭addition‬‭to‬‭their‬‭self-weight.‬‭The‬‭slabs‬‭are‬‭reinforced‬‭along‬
‭both‬ ‭the‬ ‭longitudinal‬ ‭and‬ ‭transverse‬ ‭directions‬ ‭using‬ ‭10 mm‬ ‭bars‬ ‭at‬ ‭a‬ ‭clear‬ ‭cover‬ ‭of‬ ‭20 mm.‬
‭Determine‬ ‭the‬ ‭design‬ ‭moments‬ ‭along‬ ‭the‬ ‭shorter‬ ‭span‬ ‭(M‬‭ux‬‭+‬ ‭and‬ ‭M‬‭ux‬‭-‬‭)‬ ‭for‬ ‭the‬ ‭corner‬‭panel‬‭S3‬
‭shown in Figure 1, as per Annexure D of IS 456:2000.‬ ‭(3 marks)‬
‭a.‬ ‭5.0 kN-m and 7.4 kN-m‬
‭b.‬ ‭6.0 kN-m and 8.4 kN-m‬
‭c.‬ ‭7.0 kN-m and 9.4 kN-m‬
‭d.‬ ‭8.0 kN-m and 10.4 kN-m‬
‭Ans: c‬

‭Figure 1:‬‭Floor slab system‬

‭Solution:‬‭The data provided are as follows:‬
‭Clear span for corner panel S3: 5000 × 3000 mm‬
‭Thickness of the slab panel, D = 125 mm.‬
‭ ffective‬‭depth‬‭along‬‭the‬‭shorter‬‭span,‬‭d‬‭x‬ ‭=‬‭125‬‭–‬‭20‬‭–‬‭10/2‬‭=‬‭100 mm.‬‭(Taking‬‭20 mm‬‭clear‬‭cover‬
E
‭and 10 mm reinforcing bars)‬
‭Effective depth along the longer span,‬‭d‭y‬ ‬ ‭= 100 –‬‭10 = 90 mm.‬
‭Effective span along the shorter direction,‬‭l‭x‬ ‬ ‭= 3000‬‭+ 100 = 3100 mm.‬
‭Effective span along the longer direction,‬‭l‭y‬ ‬ ‭= 5000‬‭+ 90 = 5090 mm.‬
 ‭ ote‬ ‭that‬ ‭the‬ ‭effective‬ ‭span‬ ‭is‬ ‭taken‬ ‭as‬ ‭(clear‬‭span‬‭+‬‭d),‬‭since‬‭it‬‭is‬‭less‬‭than‬‭the‬‭centre-to-centre‬
N
‭span between the supports. (Refer‬‭Clause 22.2‬‭of IS‬‭456:2000)‬
‭𝑙‬‭𝑦‬
‭Effective span ratio,‬‭𝑟‬ = ‭𝑙‬‭𝑥‬
= ‭1.‬ ‭642‬‭.‬

‭Load on the slab due to floor finishes = 1 kPa.‬

‭Live load on the slab = 4 kPa.‬
‭Factored load on the slab,‬‭𝑤‬‭𝑢‬ = ‭1.‬ ‭5×‬(‭25×0‬. ‭125‬ + ‭1‬ + ‭4)‬ = ‭12.2 kPa.‬

‭ rom‬‭Table‬‭26‬‭of‬‭IS‬‭456:2000‬‭,‬‭the‬‭bending‬‭moment‬‭coefficients‬‭for‬‭the‬‭shorter‬‭span‬‭are‬‭obtained‬
F
‭by linear interpolation (Row 4: Two adjacent edges discontinuous).‬
+
∝‭𝑥‬ = ‭0.‬ ‭06‬

−
∝‭𝑥‬ = ‭0.‬ ‭08‬

‭Factored moments in the slab along the shorter span are:‬

+ + ‭2‬ ‭2‬
‭𝑀‬‭𝑢𝑥‬ = ∝‭𝑥‬‭𝑤‬‭𝑢‬‭𝑙‬‭𝑥‬ = ‭0.‬ ‭06×12‬. ‭2×‬‭3.‬ ‭1‬ = ‭7.‬ ‭03‬‭‭𝑘
‬ 𝑁𝑚‬

− − ‭2‬ ‭2‬
‭𝑀‬‭𝑢𝑥‬ = ∝‭𝑥‬‭𝑤‬‭𝑢‬‭𝑙‬‭𝑥‬ = ‭0.‬ ‭08×12‬. ‭2×‬‭3.‬ ‭1‬ = ‭9.‬ ‭38‬‭‭𝑘
‬ 𝑁𝑚‬

‭6.‬ ‭For‬‭the‬‭corner‬‭slab‬‭panel‬‭S3‬‭given‬‭in‬‭Question‬‭5,‬‭determine‬‭the‬‭design‬‭moments‬‭along‬‭the‬‭longer‬
‭span (M‬‭uy‬‭+‬ ‭and M‬‭uy‬‭-‬‭) as per Annexure D of IS 456:2000.‬ ‭(3 marks)‬
‭a.‬ ‭4.1 kN-m and 5.5 kN-m‬
‭b.‬ ‭5.1 kN-m and 6.5 kN-m‬
‭c.‬ ‭6.1 kN-m and 7.5 kN-m‬
‭d.‬ ‭7.1 kN-m and 8.5 kN-m‬
‭Ans: a‬
‭ olution:‬‭From‬‭Table‬‭26‬‭of‬‭IS‬‭456:2000‬‭,‬‭the‬‭bending‬‭moment‬‭coefficients‬‭for‬‭the‬‭longer‬‭span‬‭are‬
S
‭obtained (Row 4: Two adjacent edges discontinuous).‬
+
∝‭𝑦‬ = ‭0.‬ ‭035‬

−
∝‭𝑦‬ = ‭0.‬ ‭047‬

‭Factored moments in the slab along the longer span are:‬

+ + ‭2‬ ‭2‬
‭𝑀‬‭𝑢𝑦‬ = ∝‭𝑦‬‭𝑤‬‭𝑢‬‭𝑙‬‭𝑥‬ = ‭0.‬ ‭035×12‬. ‭2×‬‭3.‬ ‭1‬ = ‭4‬. ‭10‬‭‬‭𝑘𝑁𝑚‬

− − ‭2‬ ‭2‬
‭𝑀‬‭𝑢𝑦‬ = ∝‭𝑦‬‭𝑤‬‭𝑢‬‭𝑙‬‭𝑥‬ = ‭0.‬ ‭047×12‬. ‭2×‬‭3.‬ ‭1‬ = ‭5‬. ‭51‬‭‬‭𝑘𝑁𝑚‬

‭7.‬ ‭Consider‬‭a‬‭two-way‬‭slab,‬‭where‬‭the‬‭center-to-center‬‭distance‬‭between‬‭columns‬‭in‬‭the‬‭longitudinal‬
‭and‬‭transverse‬‭directions‬‭are‬‭4 m‬‭and‬‭3 m,‬‭respectively.‬‭The‬‭total‬‭factored‬‭load‬‭acting‬‭on‬‭the‬‭slab‬
‭is‬‭8‬‭kN/m‬‭2‬‭.‬‭The‬‭columns‬‭are‬‭of‬‭dimensions‬‭300 × 300 mm.‬‭Assuming‬‭that‬‭all‬‭the‬‭conditions‬‭for‬
‭the‬ ‭design‬ ‭of‬ ‭two-way‬ ‭slabs‬ ‭by‬ ‭direct‬ ‭design‬ ‭method‬ ‭are‬ ‭satisfied,‬ ‭determine‬ ‭the‬ ‭static‬ ‭design‬
‭moment (‬‭𝑀‬‭0‬‭).‬ ‭(2 marks)‬

‭a.‬ ‭41.07 kN-m‬

 ‭b.‬ ‭61.605 kN-m‬
‭c.‬ ‭138.61 kN-m‬
‭d.‬ ‭75.5 kN-m‬
‭Ans: a‬
‭Solution:‬‭The data provided are as follows:‬
‭Span in the longitudinal direction,‬‭l‬‭1‬ ‭= 4000 mm.‬
‭Span in the transverse direction,‬‭l‭2‬ ‬ ‭= 3000 mm.‬
‭Clear span in the longitudinal direction,‬‭l‬‭n‬ ‭=‬‭l‭1‬ ‬ ‭-‬‭d‭c‬‬ ‭= 4000 – 300 = 3700 mm.‬
‭2‬
‭𝑤‬‭𝑢‬‭𝑙‬‭2‭𝑙‬ ‬‭𝑛‬ ‭2‬
‭8×3‬.‭0×‬‭3‬.‭7‬
‭Static design moment,‬‭𝑀‬‭0‬ = ‭8‬
= ‭8‬
= ‭41‬. ‭07‬‭‭𝑘
‬ 𝑁𝑚‬.

‭8.‬ ‭An‬ ‭edge‬ ‭panel‬ ‭shown‬ ‭in‬ ‭Figure‬ ‭2a‬ ‭is‬ ‭to‬ ‭be‬ ‭designed‬ ‭as‬ ‭per‬ ‭the‬ ‭‘Direct‬ ‭Design‬ ‭Method’‬ ‭as‬ ‭a‬
‭two-way‬ ‭slab.‬ ‭The‬ ‭centre-to-centre‬ ‭distance‬ ‭between‬ ‭the‬ ‭columns‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭longitudinal‬ ‭and‬
‭transverse‬ ‭directions‬ ‭are‬ ‭5 m‬ ‭and‬ ‭6 m,‬ ‭respectively.‬ ‭The‬ ‭slab‬ ‭is‬ ‭supported‬ ‭by‬ ‭400 mm‬ ‭square‬
‭columns‬ ‭running‬ ‭along‬ ‭the‬ ‭height‬‭of‬‭the‬‭building.‬‭If‬‭floor‬‭to‬‭floor‬‭height‬‭is‬‭3.7 m,‬‭calculate‬‭the‬
‭parameter‬ α‭𝑐‭,‬ ‬‭used‬‭to‬‭determine‬‭the‬‭distribution‬‭of‬‭moments‬‭along‬‭the‬‭longitudinal‬‭direction.‬‭The‬
‭cross-section of the slab-beam member of the edge panel is shown in Figure 2b.‬ ‭(3 marks).‬
‭a.‬ ‭0.26‬
‭b.‬ ‭0.36‬
‭c.‬ ‭0.46‬
‭d.‬ ‭0.56‬
‭Ans: c‬

‭(a)‬ ‭(b)‬
‭Figure 2:‬‭(a) Edge panel to be designed; (b) Cross-section‬‭of slab-beam member of the edge panel.‬
‭Solution:‬‭The data provided are as follows:‬
‭Floor-to-floor height,‬‭h‭c‬‬ ‭= 3700 mm‬
‭Span in the longitudinal direction,‬‭l‬‭1‬ ‭= 5000 mm‬
‭Span in the transverse direction,‬‭l‭2‬ ‬ ‭= 6000 mm‬
‭Sides of the square column, D = 400 mm‬
‭3‬ ‭3‬
‭𝑏‬‭𝐷‬ (‭400‬) ‭8‬ ‭4‬
‭Moment of inertia of the column,‬‭𝐼‬‭𝑐‬ = ‭12‬
= ‭400×‬ ‭12‬
= ‭21‬. ‭33×‬‭10‬ ‭𝑚𝑚‬
 ‭ or‬ ‭the‬ ‭slab-beam‬ ‭member‬‭shown‬‭in‬‭Figure‬‭2b,‬‭the‬‭neutral‬‭axis‬‭depth‬‭and‬‭moment‬‭of‬‭inertia‬‭are‬
F
‭shown in the‬‭Figure 2S‬‭shown below.‬
‭8‬ ‭4‬
‭Moment of inertia of the slab-beam member,‬‭𝐼‬‭𝑠𝑏‬ = ‭125‬. ‭86×‬‭10‬ ‭𝑚𝑚‬ .

∑‭𝐾‭𝑐‬ ‬ ‭2‬‭𝐼‬‭𝑐‬‭𝑙‬‭1‬
‭Parameter to distribute moments in longitudinal direction,‬∝‭𝑐‬ = ‭𝐾‭𝑠‬ 𝑏‬
= ‭𝐼‬‭𝑠𝑏‬‭ℎ‬‭𝑐‬

‭8‬
‭2×21‬.‭33×‬‭10‬ ‭×5000‬
∝‭𝑐‬ = ‭8‬ = ‭0.‬ ‭458‬
‭125‬.‭86×‬‭10‬ ‭×3700‬

‭Figure 2S:‬‭Cross-section of the slab-beam member and‬‭its properties‬

‭9.‬ ‭The slabs supported on rigid beams should be checked for _______.‬ ‭(1 mark)‬
‭a.‬ ‭One-way shear only‬
‭b.‬ ‭Two-way shear only‬
‭c.‬ ‭Both one-way and two-way shear‬
‭d.‬ ‭It is not necessary to check for shear‬
‭Ans: a‬
‭ olution:‬ ‭Refer‬ ‭to‬ ‭Slide‬ ‭32‬ ‭of‬ ‭Module‬ ‭10.2‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭Lecture‬ ‭Slides.‬ ‭For‬ ‭slabs‬ ‭supported‬ ‭on‬ ‭rigid‬
S
‭beams‬ ‭or‬ ‭walls,‬ ‭only‬ ‭one-way‬ ‭shear‬ ‭needs‬ ‭to‬ ‭be‬ ‭checked.‬ ‭Additionally,‬‭Section‬‭11.8‬‭on‬‭‘Shear‬‭in‬
‭Column Supported Two-way Slabs’ in‬‭Pillai and Menon‬‭(2021)‬‭can be referred.‬
‭10.‬ ( )
‭The‬ ‭stiffness‬ ‭of‬ ‭an‬ ‭equivalent‬ ‭column‬ ‭𝐾‬‭𝑒𝑐‬ ‭is‬ ‭a‬ ‭function‬ ‭of‬ ‭_________.‬ ‭(Choose‬ ‭all‬ ‭the‬
‭correct options).‬ ‭(1 mark)‬
‭a.‬ ‭Stiffness of the actual columns or walls‬ ‭𝐾‬‭𝑐‬ ( )
( )
‭b.‬ ‭Stiffness of the torsional members‬ ‭𝐾‬‭𝑡‬

‭c.‬ ‭Stiffness of the slab-beam member‬(‭𝐾‬‭𝑠)‬

‭d.‬ ‭All the above‬

‭e.‬ ‭None of the above‬
‭Ans: a & b‬
‭Solution:‬‭Refer to Slides 10-13 of‬‭Module 10.3‬‭in‬‭the Lecture Slides.‬
‭11.‬‭Choose the inappropriate answer concerning the equivalent column stiffness‬ ‭𝐾‬‭𝑒𝑐‬ . ‭‬ ( ) ‭(1 mark)‬

‭a.‬ ‭𝐾‬‭𝑒𝑐‬ = ‭∑‬‭𝐾‬‭𝑐‬‭‭,‬ when the torsional stiffness of‬‭the lateral-torsional member is infinite‬

‭b.‬ ‭𝐾‬‭𝑒𝑐‬ = ‭𝐾‬‭𝑡‬‭, when the column stiffness is infinite‬

 ‭c.‬ ‭𝐾‬‭𝑒𝑐‬ ‭is always greater than‬‭∑‬‭𝐾‭𝑐‬ ‬

‭d.‬ ‭𝐾‬‭𝑒𝑐‬ = ‭0‬, ‭when the slab is simply supported in the‬‭masonry wall‬

‭Ans: c‬
‭Solution:‬‭Refer to Slide 12 of‬‭Module 10.3‬‭in the‬‭Lecture Slides.‬
‭1‬
‭●‬ ‭Option‬‭(a):‬‭When‬‭the‬‭torsional‬‭stiffness‬‭of‬‭lateral-torsional‬‭member‬‭is‬‭infinite,‬ ‭𝐾‬ =‭0‬ ‭.‬‭Hence,‬
‭𝑡‬

‭𝐾‬‭𝑒𝑐‬ = ‭∑‬‭𝐾‬‭𝑐‭.‬ ‬
‭1‬
‭●‬ ‭Option (b): When the column stiffness is infinite,‬ ‭. Hence,‬‭𝐾‬‭𝑒𝑐‬ = ‭𝐾‬‭𝑡‭.‬ ‬
∑‭𝐾‬ =‭0‬
‭𝑐‬

‭𝐾‭𝑡‬ ‬
‭●‬ ‭Option (c):‬‭𝐾‬‭𝑒𝑐‬ ‭is always less than‬‭∑‬‭𝐾‭𝑐‬ ‬‭.‬‭Because‬ < ‭1.‬ ‭0.‬ ‭‬
‭𝐾‬‭𝑡‬+∑‭𝐾‬‭𝑐‬

‭●‬ ‭Option (d):‬‭𝐾‬‭𝑡‬ = ‭0‬‭; thus,‬‭𝐾‬‭𝑒𝑐‬ = ‭0‭.‬‬

‭12.‬ ‭What is the Torsional Constant‬(‭𝐶)‬ ‭of the flanged‬‭beam shown in the Figure 3?‬ ‭(2 marks)‬

‭Figure 3:‬‭Cross section of the flanged beam‬

‭8‬ ‭4‬
‭a.‬ ‭27 × 10‬ ‭mm‬
‭b.‬ ‭37 × 10‬‭8‬ ‭mm‬‭4‬
‭c.‬ ‭47 × 10‬‭8‬ ‭mm‬‭4‬
‭d.‬ ‭57 × 10‬‭8‬ ‭mm‬‭4‬
‭e.‬ ‭67 × 10‬‭8‬ ‭mm‬‭4‬
‭Ans: b‬
‭ olution:‬ ‭The‬ ‭flanged‬ ‭section‬ ‭is‬ ‭divided‬ ‭into‬ ‭two‬ ‭rectangles‬ ‭as‬ ‭shown‬ ‭in‬ ‭Figure‬ ‭3S‬‭,‬ ‭and‬ ‭the‬
S
‭corresponding shorter and longer sides are as follows:‬
‭𝑥‬‭1‬ = ‭200‬‭‬‭𝑚𝑚‬

‭𝑦‬‭1‬ = ‭800‬‭‬‭𝑚𝑚‬

‭𝑥‬‭2‬ = ‭300‬‭‬‭𝑚𝑚‬

‭𝑦‬‭2‬ = ‭400‬‭‬‭𝑚𝑚‬

)( )
‭3‬
‭𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙‬‭‭𝑐‬ 𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡‬, ‭‬‭𝐶‬ = ∑ ‭1‬ − ( ‭0.‬‭63‬‭𝑥‬
‭𝑦‬
‭𝑥‬ ‭𝑦‬
‭3‬

)( ) ( )( ) = ‭36‬. ‭96×‬‭10‬ ‭𝑚𝑚‬

‭3‬ ‭3‬

(
‭𝐶‬ = ‭1‬ −
‭0‬.‭63×200‬
‭800‬
‭200‬ ‭×800‬
‭3‬
+ ‭1‬ −
‭0.‬‭63×300‬
‭400‬
‭300‬ ‭×400‬
‭3‬
‭8‬ ‭4‬
‭Figure 3S:‬‭Cross-sectional dimensions to determine‬‭the torsional constant of the flanged beam‬