Program No.

- 01

Download and install R-Programming environment and install basic packages using
install.packages() command in R.

Ans.

Step 1: Download and Install R Programming Environment

• Visit the official R website: https://cran.r-project.org.

• Choose your operating system (Windows, macOS, or Linux).
• Download the appropriate version of R for your system.
• Follow the installation instructions to complete the setup.
Step 2: Install Basic Packages in R

• Open the R console or RStudio (a popular IDE for R).

• Use the install.packages() function to install basic packages.

• Wait for the installation to complete. The packages will be downloaded from CRAN and
installed in your system.
Step 3: Verify Package Installation

• To check if a package is successfully installed, use the library() command:

If no error message appears, the package has been installed correctly.

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 Program No. - 02

Learn all the basics of R-Programming (Data types, Variables, Operators etc.)

Ans. Basics of R Programming

1. Data Types in R: R has several data types, which are essential for handling different kinds of data.
• Numeric: Numbers (e.g., 3.14, 42)

• Integer: Whole numbers (e.g., 7L, 100L; note the 'L' suffix)

• Character: Text data (e.g., "Hello", "R Programming")

• Logical: Boolean values (TRUE, FALSE)

• Complex: Complex numbers (e.g., 3+2i)

2. Variables in R: Variables are used to store data values.

• Assigning values to variables:

• Rules for variable names:

o Must start with a letter.
o Cannot contain spaces or special characters (except _ and .).
o Case-sensitive (Var and var are different).

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3. Operators in R: R has several types of operators for performing various operations.

• Arithmetic Operators:

• Relational Operators:

• Logical Operators:

• Assignment Operators:

4. Built-in Functions: R comes with many useful built-in functions:

• print(): Displays output.

• class(): Checks the data type.

• length(): Finds the length of a vector.

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 Program No. - 03

Write a program to find list of even numbers from 1 to n using R-Loops.

Ans.

# Input: User specifies the value of n

n <- as.integer(readline(prompt = "Enter the value of n: "))

# Initialize an empty vector to store even numbers

even_numbers <- c()

# Loop from 1 to n
for (i in 1:n) {
# Check if the number is even
if (i %% 2 == 0) {
# Add the even number to the list
even_numbers <- c(even_numbers, i)
}
}

# Print the list of even numbers

cat("The even numbers from 1 to", n, "are:\n")

print(even_numbers)

Output:

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 Program No. - 04

Create a function to print squares of numbers in sequence.

Ans.

# Function to calculate and print squares of numbers in a sequence

print_squares <- function(start, end) {
# Loop through the sequence
for (i in start:end) {
square <- i^2
# Print the number and its square
cat("Number:", i, "Square:", square, "\n")
}
}

Output:

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 Program No. - 05

Write a program to join columns and rows in a data frame using cbind() and rbind() in R.

Ans.

# Create initial data frames

df1 <- data.frame(ID = c(1, 2, 3), Name = c("Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"))
df2 <- data.frame(Age = c(25, 30, 35), City = c("New York", "Los Angeles", "Chicago"))

# Join columns using cbind()

combined_columns <- cbind(df1, df2)

# Print the data frame with combined columns

cat("Data Frame After cbind():\n")
print(combined_columns)

# Create another data frame to add rows

new_rows <- data.frame(ID = c(4, 5), Name = c("David", "Eva"), Age = c(40, 22), City =
c("Houston", "Miami"))

# Join rows using rbind()

combined_rows <- rbind(combined_columns, new_rows)

# Print the data frame with combined rows

cat("\nData Frame After rbind():\n")
print(combined_rows)

Output:

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 Program No. - 06

Implement different String Manipulation functions in R.

Ans.

# Define a sample string

text <- "R programming is fun!"

# 1. Find the length of a string

length_of_string <- nchar(text)
cat("Length of the string:", length_of_string, "\n")

# 2. Convert string to uppercase

uppercase_text <- toupper(text)
cat("Uppercase:", uppercase_text, "\n")

# 3. Convert string to lowercase

lowercase_text <- tolower(text)
cat("Lowercase:", lowercase_text, "\n")

# 4. Extract substrings
substring_text <- substr(text, start = 3, stop = 14)
cat("Substring (3rd to 14th character):", substring_text, "\n")

# 5. Replace a substring
replaced_text <- sub("fun", "amazing", text)
cat("Text after replacement:", replaced_text, "\n")

# 6. Split a string into words

split_text <- strsplit(text, " ")
cat("Split into words:\n")
print(split_text)

# 7. Concatenate strings
concatenated_text <- paste("Learning", "R", "is fun!", sep = " ")
cat("Concatenated string:", concatenated_text, "\n")

# 8. Trim leading and trailing spaces

text_with_spaces <- " R programming "
trimmed_text <- trimws(text_with_spaces)
cat("Trimmed text:", trimmed_text, "\n")

# 9. Count occurrences of a pattern

pattern_count <- gregexpr("is", text)
matches <- regmatches(text, pattern_count)
cat("Occurrences of 'is':", length(unlist(matches)), "\n")

# 10. Check if a string starts or ends with a specific pattern

starts_with <- startsWith(text, "R")

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ends_with <- endsWith(text, "fun!")
cat("Starts with 'R':", starts_with, "\n")
cat("Ends with 'fun!':", ends_with, "\n")

Output:

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 Program No. - 07

Implement different data structures in R (Vectors, Lists, Data Frames)

Ans.

1. Vectors
# Creating a numeric vector
numeric_vector <- c(10, 20, 30, 40, 50)
cat("Numeric Vector:\n")
print(numeric_vector)

# Creating a character vector

char_vector <- c("Apple", "Banana", "Cherry")
cat("\nCharacter Vector:\n")
print(char_vector)

# Creating a logical vector

logical_vector <- c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, TRUE)
cat("\nLogical Vector:\n")
print(logical_vector)

Output:

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2. Lists

# Creating a list with different types of elements

my_list <- list(
name = "John Doe",
age = 25,
scores = c(85, 90, 95),
graduated = TRUE
)

cat("\nList:\n")
print(my_list)

# Accessing elements in a list

cat("\nAccessing Name from List:\n")
print(my_list$name)

cat("\nAccessing Scores from List:\n")

print(my_list$scores)

Output:

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3. Data Frames

# Creating a data frame

student_data <- data.frame(
ID = c(1, 2, 3),
Name = c("Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"),
Age = c(20, 22, 23),
Score = c(85, 90, 88)
)

cat("\nData Frame:\n")
print(student_data)

# Accessing a column in the data frame

cat("\nAccessing 'Name' column:\n")
print(student_data$Name)

# Adding a new column

student_data$Grade <- c("A", "A+", "B")
cat("\nData Frame after adding a new column:\n")
print(student_data)

Output:

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 Program No. - 08

Write a program to read a csv file and analyze the data in the file in R.

Ans.

Step 1: Reading the CSV File

# Load necessary library
library(dplyr)

# Read the CSV file

file_path <- readline(prompt = "Enter the path of the CSV file: ")
data <- read.csv(file_path, header = TRUE)

# Print the first few rows of the data

cat("Preview of the data:\n")
print(head(data))

Step 2: Basic Analysis

# 1. Summary of the data
cat("\nSummary of the data:\n")
print(summary(data))

# 2. Structure of the data

cat("\nStructure of the data:\n")
print(str(data))

# 3. Checking for missing values

cat("\nMissing values in each column:\n")
print(colSums(is.na(data)))

# 4. Calculating basic statistics for numeric columns

cat("\nBasic statistics for numeric columns:\n")
numeric_data <- select_if(data, is.numeric)
print(summary(numeric_data))

Step 3: Data Visualization

# Load ggplot2 for visualization

library(ggplot2)
# Example: Histogram of a numeric column (replace 'ColumnName' with an actual column)
if ("ColumnName" %in% names(data)) {
ggplot(data, aes(x = ColumnName)) +
geom_histogram(binwidth = 10, fill = "blue", color = "black") +
labs(title = "Histogram of ColumnName", x = "ColumnName", y = "Frequency")
} else {
cat("\nReplace 'ColumnName' with a numeric column from your dataset.\n")
}

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Output:

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 Program No. - 09

Create pie chart and bar chart using R.

Ans.

1. Pie Chart
# Define data for the pie chart
categories <- c("Category A", "Category B", "Category C", "Category D")
values <- c(25, 35, 20, 20)

# Create a pie chart

cat("\nCreating Pie Chart...\n")
pie(values,
labels = paste(categories, "(", values, "%)", sep = ""),
col = rainbow(length(values)),
main = "Pie Chart Example")

Output:

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2. Bar Chart
# Define data for the bar chart
categories <- c("Product A", "Product B", "Product C", "Product D")
sales <- c(50, 75, 60, 90)

# Create a bar chart

cat("\nCreating Bar Chart...\n")
barplot(sales,
names.arg = categories,
col = "skyblue",
main = "Bar Chart Example",
xlab = "Products",
ylab = "Sales",
border = "blue")

Output:

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 Program No. - 10

Create a data set and do statistical analysis on the data using R.

Ans.

Step 1: Create a Dataset

# Create a data frame

set.seed(123) # Set seed for reproducibility
data <- data.frame(
ID = 1:20,
Age = sample(20:40, 20, replace = TRUE),
Salary = sample(30000:70000, 20, replace = TRUE),
Department = sample(c("HR", "Finance", "IT", "Marketing"), 20, replace = TRUE)
)

# View the dataset

cat("\nDataset:\n")
print(data)

Step 2: Perform Statistical Analysis

# 1. Summary Statistics
cat("\nSummary Statistics:\n")
print(summary(data))

# 2. Mean and Median of Salary

mean_salary <- mean(data$Salary)
median_salary <- median(data$Salary)
cat("\nMean Salary:", mean_salary, "\n")
cat("Median Salary:", median_salary, "\n")

# 3. Standard Deviation and Variance of Salary

std_dev_salary <- sd(data$Salary)
variance_salary <- var(data$Salary)
cat("Standard Deviation of Salary:", std_dev_salary, "\n")
cat("Variance of Salary:", variance_salary, "\n")

# 4. Correlation between Age and Salary

correlation <- cor(data$Age, data$Salary)
cat("\nCorrelation between Age and Salary:", correlation, "\n")

# 5. Frequency Distribution of Department

cat("\nFrequency Distribution of Departments:\n")
print(table(data$Department))

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Step 3: Visualize the Dataset

# Histogram of Age
hist(data$Age,
main = "Histogram of Age",
xlab = "Age",
col = "lightblue",
border = "black")

# Boxplot of Salary
boxplot(data$Salary,
main = "Boxplot of Salary",
ylab = "Salary",
col = "lightgreen")

# Barplot of Department Frequencies

dept_freq <- table(data$Department)
barplot(dept_freq,
main = "Barplot of Department Frequencies",
col = "orange",
xlab = "Departments",
ylab = "Frequency")

Output:

Dataset

Statistical Analysis

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