Physics

Electricity

𝑄
• Current: I= 𝑡
[Unit = Ampere - A] Q = Charge in coulombs

𝑊 t = time in seconds
• Potential Difference (Voltage): V= [Unit = Volt - V]
𝑄
W = work in joules
𝜌𝑙
• Resistance: R= [Unit = Ohm - Ω] ρ = resistivity of resistance
𝐴
l = length in metres
V V
• Ohm’s Law: V = IR I= R=
R I A = area in metre2

• Series Combination: R = r1 + r2 + r3 + ... + rn V = Voltage in Volts

I = Current in Amperes
1 1 1 1 1
• Parallel Combination: = + + + ⋯+
𝑅 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟3 𝑟𝑛 R = resistance in ohms

• Electrical Energy: E=P*t [Unit = KWh] P = Power in Watts

H = Heat Energy in Joules

𝑉2𝑡
• Electrical Heat: H = 𝐼2 𝑅𝑡 H= H = 𝑉𝐼𝑡 [Unit = Joule - J]
𝑅

𝑉2
• Electrical Power: P = 𝐼2 𝑅 P= P = 𝑉𝐼 [Unit = Watt - W]
𝑅

Light

Refractive Index
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 1 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑖
μ= = f of Concave Mirror / Lens is –ve
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑟
f of Convex Mirror / Lens is +ve
Mirror Formula
1 1 1 −𝑣 ℎ𝑖 m = magnification
= + and m= =
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢 𝑢 ℎ𝑜 u = object distance

Lens Formula v = image distance

1 1 1 𝑣 ℎ𝑖
= - and m= = ho = object height
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢 𝑢 ℎ𝑜
hi = image height
Power of a Lens f = focal length in metres
1 1
P= f= [Unit = Diaptre - D]
𝑓 𝑃
 Chemistry
Acids – Bases – Salts
• Acid + Metal → Salt + H2 gas [Exceptions: Metals like Cu, Hg, Ag do not react]
[Exceptions: Acid HNO3 gives H2O instead of H2]

• Acid + Salt → Another Salt + Another Acid [Double Displacement Reaction]

• Acid + Carbonate Salt → Another Salt + H2O + CO2

• Acid (H2SO4) + Non-Metal → Acidic Oxide + SO2 + H2O

• Acid + Base → Salt + Water [Neutralization Reaction]

• Acid + Metallic Oxide → Salt + Water [Neutralization Reaction]

• Base + Metal (Amphoteric: Zn/Al) → Complex salt + H2 gas

Metals & Non-Metals

Metal Hydroxide [Metals like Na, K, Ca]
• Metal + Water Metal Oxide [Metals like Mg, Zn, Fe] [Exception: Al do not react]
No reaction [Metals like Cu, Ag, Hg]

• Metal + Non-Metals (Halogen) → Ionic Salts [Combination Reaction]

• Metal + Acid → Salt + H2 [Displacement Reaction]

• Amphoteric Metal + Base → Salt + H2

• Metal + Salt → Another Salt + Another Metal [Displacement Reaction as per Metal Activity Series]

Carbon & Its Compounds

• Alkane / Alkene (Combustion in O2) → CO2 + H2O + Heat [Combustion Reaction]

• Alkane (Oxidation with KMnO4 / K2Cr2O7) → Alcohol [Oxidation Reaction]

• Alkane + Halogen (under Sunlight / UV light) → Halo-alkanes [Substitution Reaction]

• Alkene + H2 (using Nickel catalyst) → Alkane [Addition Reaction]

• Alkyne + H2 (using Nickel catalyst) → Alkene

• Alcohol (Oxidation with KMnO4 / K2Cr2O7) → Carboxylic Acid / Oic Acid [Complete Oxidation]
• Alcohol (Oxidation with Na2Cr2O7 / K2Cr2O7) → Aldehyde [Partial Oxidation]

• Alcohol + Sodium → Sodium Alkoxide + H2 gas

• Alcohol (Heating & Dehydration with H2SO4) → Alkene

• Alcohol + Oic Acid → Ester + H2O [Esterification Reaction]

• Ester + NaOH → Sodium Alkanoate + Alcohol [Saponification Reaction]

• Oic acid + Sodium → Sodium Alkanoate + H2 gas

• Oic Acid + Carbonate salt → Alkanoate salt + CO2 + H2O