JavaScript Exam Study Material
1. Functions in JavaScript
Definition:
A function is a block of code designed to perform a specific task. Functions can accept parameters and return values.
Syntax:
function functionName(parameter1, parameter2) {
// Code to execute
return result;
Passing and Returning Parameters:
Example:
function add(a, b) {
return a + b;
let result = add(5, 3); // Passing parameters 5 and 3
console.log(result); // Output: 8
Passing Function by Reference:
Example:
function displayResult(sumFunction, x, y) {
let result = sumFunction(x, y);
console.log("Result:", result);
function sum(a, b) {
return a + b;
}
displayResult(sum, 4, 6); // Output: Result: 10
2. Anonymous Functions
Definition:
Anonymous functions are functions without a name. They are often used as arguments to other functions or assigned to
variables.
Example:
let greet = function(name) {
console.log("Hello, " + name);
};
greet("John"); // Output: Hello, John
Use in Arrays:
Example:
let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4];
numbers.forEach(function(num) {
console.log(num * 2);
});
// Output: 2, 4, 6, 8
3. Objects in JavaScript
Definition:
Objects in JavaScript are collections of properties (key-value pairs).
Common Properties and Methods:
- hasOwnProperty(key): Checks if a property exists.
- Object.keys(object): Returns an array of keys.
- Object.values(object): Returns an array of values.
Example:
let person = {
name: "Alice",
age: 25,
greet: function() {
console.log("Hello, " + this.name);
};
console.log(person.name); // Output: Alice
person.greet(); // Output: Hello, Alice
4. Arrays as Stacks and Queues
- Stack: Use push() and pop() (Last-In-First-Out).
- Queue: Use push() and shift() (First-In-First-Out).
Example:
let stack = [];
stack.push(1); // [1]
stack.push(2); // [1, 2]
stack.pop(); // Removes 2 -> [1]
let queue = [];
queue.push(1); // [1]
queue.push(2); // [1, 2]
queue.shift(); // Removes 1 -> [2]
5. Regular Expressions
Definition:
Regular Expressions (RegEx) are patterns used to match strings.
Basic Syntax:
let pattern = /hello/;
let result = pattern.test("hello world");
console.log(result); // Output: true
Character Classes:
- \d: Matches digits.
- \w: Matches word characters (a-z, A-Z, 0-9, _).
- \s: Matches whitespace.
Example:
let pattern = /\d+/; // Matches one or more digits
console.log(pattern.test("abc123")); // Output: true
Lookahead and Lookbehind:
Example:
let pattern = /\d(?=abc)/;
console.log("2abc".match(pattern)); // Output: ["2"]
6. DOM (Document Object Model)
Definition:
The DOM is an interface that represents the structure of an HTML document as a tree.
Accessing DOM Elements:
document.getElementById("id");
document.getElementsByClassName("class");
document.querySelector(".class");
Changing Content:
Example:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1 id="title">Hello World</h1>
<button onclick="changeText()">Click Me</button>
<script>
function changeText() {
document.getElementById("title").innerText = "Text Changed!";
</script>
</body>
</html>
7. Event Handling
Events:
- onclick: Triggered when an element is clicked.
- onmouseover: Triggered when the mouse hovers.
Example:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<div onmouseover="changeColor(this)" style="width:100px; height:100px; background-color:blue;"></div>
<script>
function changeColor(element) {
element.style.backgroundColor = "red";
</script>
</body>
</html>
8. Form Handling
Form Validation Example:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<form onsubmit="return validateForm()">
Name: <input type="text" id="name" />
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>
<script>
function validateForm() {
let name = document.getElementById("name").value;
if (name === "") {
alert("Name must not be empty!");
return false;
return true;
</script>
</body>
</html>
9. Window Methods and Features
Methods:
- alert(): Displays an alert box.
- confirm(): Displays a confirmation box.
Example:
if (confirm("Do you want to proceed?")) {
alert("Proceeding!");
} else {
alert("Canceled.");
10. Practice Programs
1. Calculator:
function calculate(op, a, b) {
switch (op) {
case "add":
return a + b;
case "subtract":
return a - b;
case "multiply":
return a * b;
case "divide":
return a / b;
default:
return "Invalid operation";
console.log(calculate("add", 5, 3)); // Output: 8
2. Form Validation Example:
<form onsubmit="return validate()">
Email: <input type="email" id="email" />
<input type="submit" />
</form>
<script>
function validate() {
let email = document.getElementById("email").value;
if (!email.includes("@")) {
alert("Invalid email!");
return false;
return true;
</script>
