DEVELOPMENT OF ARDUINO BASED

REAL-TIME BUS TRACKING AND

MONITORING SYSTEM

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

HARINI BALA S (913120106030)

YALINI P (913120106113)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

in

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

VELAMMAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

(AUTONOMOUS), MADURAI – 625 009

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

MAY 2024

i
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “DEVELOPMENT OF ARDUINO

BASED REALTIME BUS TRACKING AND MONITORING
SYSTEM” is the bonafide work of “HARINIBALA S (913120106030),
YALINI P (9131201060113)” who carried out the project work under my
supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

SUPERVISOR HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Dr. S. Vasuki, M.E, Ph.D.,

Mr. Karthi Kumar R, M.Tech.,
Ph.D., Assistant Professor, HoD/ECE & Dean(R&D),

Department of ECE, Department of ECE,

Velammal College of Engineering Velammal College of Engineering

and Technology, Viraganoor, and Technology, Viraganoor,

Madurai – 625 009 Madurai - 625 009

Submitted for the viva-voce examination held at VELAMMAL COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (AUTONOMOUS), MADURAI –

625 009 on ……………

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are much obliged to sincerely thank the ALMIGHTY for the

blessings towards us to finish this project in a successful manner

We wish to express our earnest gratefulness to our Honourable Chairman

SHRI. M. V. MUTHURAMALINGAM for his encouragement extended to
undertake this project work.

We also extend our heartfelt thanks to Dr. P. ALLI, M.S., Ph.D.,

Principal of our college for her consistent encouragement and guidance, which
have been of immense help to us.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to Dr. S. VASUKI, M.E,

Ph.D., HoD/ECE & Dean(R&D), Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering for extending her consistent encouragement and
untiring support throughout the development of this project.

We thank ANNA UNIVERSITY and NAAN MUDHALVAN for their

support.

We feel highly elated in manifesting our deepest gratitude to our guide

Mr. R. Karthik Kumar M.E.,(Ph.D), Assistant Professor, Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering, for motivating and supporting us
with creative ideas in the relevant field.

We extend our sincere thanks to co-ordinator Dr. N. NAGARANI, M.E.,

Ph.D., Assistant Professor and Mr. B. KARTHIKEYAN, M. Tech., Assistant
Professor for their inspiring support to enhance our knowledge. We also owe to
thank all STAFF MEMBERS in our department for helping us to do this
project. Finally, we would like to thank our PARENTS and FRIENDS for
transforming their enthusiasm and energy to complete our project successfully.

iii
 ABSTRACT

Abstract— Our project aims to streamline bus tracking for urban

commuters by introducing an IoT-based Android application with a
notification and missing details page. With real-time bus location updates
and user-friendly interface, users can effortlessly track buses and monitor
their movement. By utilizing GPS technology, our app provides live bus
locations and timings, enhancing user experience and reducing wait
times. This innovative solution addresses the challenges faced by both
commuters and bus management, ensuring efficient public transportation
services.

Index Terms— Bus tracking, IoT-based Android application, Real time updates,
GPS technology, User-Friendly interface environmentally responsible future for
the maritime industry.

iv
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
NO NO

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

ABSTRACT iv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS viii

LIST OF FIGURES ix

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Problem Statement 1

1.2 Implementing real-time monitoring 2

1.3 Motivation of project 3

1.4 Overview of project 4

2. LITERATURE SURVEY 5

3. EXISTING METHODOLOGIES 12

3.1 Bus tracking 12

3.2 Automatic Passenger Counting (APC) 13

v
 3.3 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) 14
Tracking

3.4 Manual Tracking 14

3.5 Drawbacks of Existing methodologies 15

4. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY 16

4.1 APP 16

4.2 GPS Module 19

4.3 Antenna 21

4.4 Node MCU 23

4.4.1 Key features of Node MCU 37

4.5 Microcontroller 35

4.5.1 Features 36

4.5.2 Description 40

4.6 Integration 41

4.7 Data set 43

5. Result and discussion 44

vi
AREF Analog reference

SST Static Spiral test

EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable read only memory

ESP8266 Wifi module

MISO Multiple input single output

UART Universal Serial Bus

API Application programming interface

WIFI Wifi fedility

RFID Radio frequency indentification

USB Universal serial port

SOC System on Chip

IR Infrared
 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE FIGURE NAME PAGE
NO NO

4.1 Nirutham app icon 30 16

4.2 Live Bus Tracking 31 19

4.3 App Notification 32 21

4.4 Route map 34 23

4.5 Bus fare display 35 26

4.6 Missing details 37 27

4.7 Neo-M6 GPS Module 28

4.8 Antenna 29

4.9 UFL Connector 31

4.10 Pin Connection for GPS Module 32

4.11 Pin diagram of ESP 8266 with various 32

functionalities

4.12 ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module board layout 34

4.13 Block diagram 37

4.14 Data set 42

5.1 Real Time Tracking 44

5.2 Notification Updates 45

5.3 Real Time Tracking 46

5.4 Route map 49

6.1 Project work 50

 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Public transport serves as the lifeblood of urban centers, offering a multitude of

benefits alongside a set of challenges. On the positive side, it provides an
essential service to millions, fostering accessibility, connectivity, and inclusivity
within communities. Economically, efficient public transport systems stimulate
productivity by reducing travel times, enabling individuals to access
employment, education, and recreational opportunities more readily. Moreover,
public transport plays a crucial role in mitigating traffic congestion, thereby
decreasing fuel consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and overall
environmental pollution. Service reliability and frequency can vary, impacting
user satisfaction and confidence in the system. Moreover, concerns regarding
safety and security may deter certain demographics, particularly women and
vulnerable populations, from utilizing public transport services. Additionally, the
integration of emerging technologies and innovations poses both opportunities
and challenges, necessitating careful planning and adaptation to ensure seamless
integration and equitable access for all. Despite these challenges, the imperative
for sustainable, accessible, and efficient public transport remains paramount in
fostering vibrant, resilient, and inclusive urban environments for current
andfuture generations.

1.1 Problem Statement

● The challenge of accurately predicting public bus arrival times not only leads
to prolonged waits and uncertainty among commuters but is also compounded
by the complexities associated with estimating schedules and the delays incurred
due to road damage, presenting a multifaceted issue in the realm of public
transportation management.

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● Individuals navigating through unfamiliar districts encounter significant
transportation hurdles stemming from their limited understanding of local routes
and infrastructure, highlighting a pressing need for improved accessibility
solutions in such areas.

● The persistent absence of a systematic mechanism for announcing and

recovering lost items on public transport not only contributes to the frustration of
passengers but also perpetuates the problem of irretrievable losses, underscoring
the urgency for implementing efficient and standardized protocols to address this
recurring issue.

1.2 Implementing Real Time Monitoring

Implementing real-time monitoring in public transport systems is a
transformative step towards enhancing operational efficiency, improving service
reliability, and enriching the overall passenger experience. Real-time monitoring
leverages advanced technologies such as GPS tracking, sensors, and

communication networks to collect and analyze data on vehicle locations,

passenger counts, and service status in real-time. By providing transportation
agencies and operators with instant access to critical information, real-time
monitoring enables proactive decision-making and rapid response to emerging
issues, thereby minimizing disruptions and optimizing service delivery.

One of the key benefits of real-time monitoring is its ability to improve schedule
adherence and reliability. By tracking the precise location and movement of
vehicles, operators can identify delays, deviations, and congestion in real-time,
allowing them to adjust schedules, deploy additional resources, or reroute
vehicles as needed to maintain service continuity and minimize wait times for
passengers. This proactive approach not only enhances passenger satisfaction

2
but also fosters confidence in the reliability of public transport services,
encouraging greater ridership and reducing dependency on private vehicles.
Moreover, real-time monitoring enables more efficient resource allocation and
fleet management. By monitoring passenger loads and demand patterns in real
time, operators can optimize the deployment of vehicles and adjust service
frequencies dynamically to match fluctuating demand levels throughout the day.
This flexibility not only maximizes operational efficiency but also minimizes
operating costs by avoiding unnecessary service duplication or underutilization
of resources. Additionally, real-time monitoring facilitates enhanced safety and
security measures within public transport systems. By monitoring vehicle
movements and incidents in real-time, operators can quickly detect and respond
to emergencies, accidents, or security threats, ensuring the safety and well-being
of passengers and staff. Integration with CCTV cameras and other surveillance
systems further enhances situational awareness and enables swift intervention in
case of any untoward incidents. Overall, the implementation of real-time
monitoring in public transport systems represents a significant advancement
towards creating more responsive, reliable, and passenger-centric transportation
networks. By harnessing the power of real-time data analytics and
communication technologies, transportation agencies and operators can optimize
service operations, improve service quality, and ultimately contribute to the
sustainable development of urban mobility ecosystems.

1.3 Motivation of the project

In today's urban landscape, the challenges of accurately predicting public bus

arrival times have become a pressing concern for commuters. The uncertainty
surrounding arrival schedules, compounded by the intricacies of estimating
routes and the inevitable delays caused by road damage, presents a multifaceted
dilemma within the realm of public transportation management. Moreover,
individuals navigating unfamiliar districts often find themselves grappling with

3
significant transportation obstacles due to their limited understanding of local
routes and infrastructure, emphasizing the urgent need for improved accessibility
solutions in such areas. Furthermore, the persistent absence of a systematic
mechanism for announcing and recovering lost items on public transport not
only adds to the frustration of passengers but also perpetuates the issue of
irretrievable losses. This underscores the critical importance of implementing
efficient and standardized protocols to address this recurring challenge, ensuring
a smoother and more reliable public transportation experience for all.

1.4 Overview of the Project

In summary, our project embodies a transformative approach to enhancing

safety, efficiency, and sustainability in maritime activities, particularly deep-sea
fishing. By leveraging cutting-edge technology such as real-time tracking, live
weather updates, and LoRa communication, we aim to empower fishermen with
the tools they need to navigate the challenges of the open sea safely. The
seamless integration of our mobile application and LoRa hardware module
facilitates continuous monitoring and swift response to emergencies, ensuring
the well-being of fishermen at all times. Moreover, our solution promotes
sustainable fishing practices and environmental stewardship by optimizing catch
yields and minimizing by catch. Through collaboration and innovation, we
envision a future where deep-sea fishermen can operate with confidence,
knowing that they have access to advanced resources and support systems that
prioritize their safety and prosperity.

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 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

[1] Estimation of Bus Arrival by Tracking and Analyzing the Users Real Time
Location-2023

High level business strategies are continuously being improved by changes in

innovation. In the system, a number of methods have been shown to enhance the
comfort and health of people's daily lives. The paper's major goal is to use
cutting-edge GPS and IoT in Intelligent Transportation Systems. The bus could
have been delayed for several reasons. Clogged roads, malfunctions, and bad
weather are examples of these. People waiting at bus stops have no idea of the
bus's delay or arrival time. These issues can be addressed by using Intelligent
Transportation Systems (ITS) that use GPS and IoT in mobile applications to
allow passengers to track the locations of their bus in real time They may also
check the Estimated Time of Arrival of a certain bus, which is derived using
machine learning techniques and takes into account environmental changes as
well as other aspects such as traffic density and weather conditions, and follow
their bus positions in real time. The main scope of this intelligent mobile app is
to display the current area of a client's separate transportation in Google Maps
along with the It is a Real-time tracking as if the source address of the transport
is restored every second as scope of latitudes and longitudes, which are gained
by customers by their app with the assistance of the Google Map API. This
system can effectively address the problems related to bus timing transparency
and arrival time forecasting. The buses are equipped with a real-time vehicle
tracking module containing Real-time tracking with Transport global positioning
(TPS). The traffic congestion in the current location of the bus and weather data
are some of the factors used for the ETA prediction using the Distance Matrix
API.

5
[2] Tracking and Security Features Enhancement in a Smart School Bus
Using IoT-2023

Likith proposed Public transportation systems are often not taken into account
by the parents as a mode of transport, due to the risks and lack of safety
measures they possess. The Internet of Things (IoT) based applications and
devices implemented in these School buses, rectify the concerns amongst the
parents to have a trustworthy infrastructure. The system provides a solution to
meet safety requirements by consistent student tracking using RFID and GPS
technologies to report boarding and deboarding time of the student passing
through 2 checkpoints, real-time bus location, and speed tracking to abide by the
rules. Furthermore, a dual authentication to confirm that no unauthorised person
can access the bus system, and surveillance IP camera for indoor monitoring.
Sensors like Door sensors and Proximity sensors connected to Arduino Uno are
used to mark the onboard and post-deboarding safety to depict a child's presence
in the red zones, respectively. This can nullify or drastically bring down the
occurrence of any undesirable instances. A mobile application displaying all the
necessary information is made available for the ease of parents. Overall, the
proposed system can uplift the safety of school children while travelling,
providing parents with a stress-free and worriless environment.

[3] Advancements in Public Transport: Design and Implementation of an

Android-Based Real-Time Bus Tracking System-2023
In cities, bus transportation is becoming a vital form of transportation. Most
people in cities and villages use this form of public transportation. But since
nothing in life is flawless, there is one shortcoming with buses as well

6
passengers must wait too long for the bus to arrive without having knowledge of
where the bus is. This shortcoming encourages the use of private vehicles, which
leads to an increase in fuel consumption and pollution. People move from one
city to another for a variety of reasons, such as education, employment, travel,
and so forth; therefore, they may not be familiar with all the locations in the new
city. They encounter challenges when trying to visit some of the city's new
locations. The Indian Government has initiated the Smart Cities Mission to
improve people's living quality in cities and towns by using best practices,
information, digital technology, etc. Such people migrating from one city to
another face the major problem of finding city buses. As they are new to the city,
they are unaware of the city's bus timings and bus numbers. To solve these
difficulties, this proposed system of bus app was created. The passengers would
benefit from knowing the buses' approximate arrival times so they may schedule
their travel accordingly rather than waiting for them. This app provides
information on the arrival and departure times of metropolitan city buses and
tracks them. Since most people have smartphones, the bus driver's phone was
used to track all of the buses along the route and was embedded with the Google
Maps API. Users may log in and see all the buses that are close by with live
tracking. This smart bus app may help in solving locality identification problems
for passengers.

[4] Fisherman Communication at Deep Sea Using Border Alert System - 2020

This paper proposed a past working model of the school bus system, there was a
chance to categorize many methodologies. Nowadays there is an increase in
crimes and accidents in the boarding and operation of school bus. Parents are
worried about their kids on many reasons when they are going to schools like
falling asleep in the school bus, children may miss the bus or may leave at the

7
wrong place, too much delayed in pickup and drop, waiting long time in
boarding and receiving, missing and tracking, no reasons on abnormality,
unusual behaviour of children, boarding in other bus etc. To overcome these
problems, use of GSM, GPS, Wi-Fi and RFID technologies for tracking and
monitoring the school bus has proposed as the solution in this work. This has
become an advantage for efficient tracking with low cost GPS and Wi-Fi Module
or GSM which helps parents to keep track their children, sends an alert message
to the parents about the present location of the vehicle and sends the emergency
message alerts to the school on abnormal situations. Sensors play a vital role in
this research for sensing the problems like fire, break down, accident,
consumption of alcohol or metal detection.

[5] IoT Bus Tracking System Localization via GPS-RFID-2022

Minal K Deore proposed An average person in a city roughly spends thirty

minutes for bus arrival every single day that merely adds up eight hours a week.
Energy consumption by buses has dramatically increased and so the dependency
on petroleum with raising pollution. In addition, lack of proper bus transportation
data like navigation, timetable, and seat availability in the bus. The practice of
paper tickets causing environmental damage by deforestation and also poor
services like seating, lighting, shelter in the bus station. Our proposed system
aims to provide better bus management that is capable of bus tracking, route
scheduling, E-ticketing via IoT, eventually making commuter’s journey peaceful,
saving paper through digitalization.

[6] Smart Bus and Bus Stop Management System using IoT Technology-2021

Murizah Kassim proposed Bus transport is one of the important public transports
in the city and a fixed-route bus is identified as the best and cheap sense to move

8
around the city. Time is essential for daily public transport clients. In Malaysia,
bus route applications and systems are still unplanned and bus schedules are
hardly reached. Time is taken for route deviations and unwanted stops. This
paper presents a mobile application that designs a monitoring bus tracking
system and reduces passenger waiting time. The application is also able to count
the problem of route deviations and unwanted stops by the bus driver. Global
Positioning System (GPS) was built to locate the bus and RFID is used for bus
identification. Bus information is stored in a cloud server with online access.
Internet of things and with the mobile system was designed by using two
ESP8266 Wi-Fi modules that separated the GPS and functions of sensors. GPS
Neo-6m was used to track the bus route. RFID MFRC522 was used to send
messages to bus users via online Blynk mobile Apps. The result presents a
prototype of a mobile application. Testing of three locations of GPS latitude and
longitude for bus A, B, and C were analyzed that presents 0 to 5 passengers on
board. Passenger counter identification used two IR sensors to detect passengers
going in and out of the bus. A combination of Internet of Things (IoT), GPS, and
RFID is designed to track and monitor the bus. This project is essential where
the GPS and RFID help both bus drivers and passengers save and planned their
time where the system is easily accessed via internet connection.

[7] Development of Smart Bus Management System Using NB-IoT-2021

Likith The objectives of this research aim to study, research, design, and develop
a smart bus management system using NB-IoT, and to examine its efficiency by
researching related works and comparisons, analyze the development of smart
bus management system. Researchers have discovered a synthetic smart bus
management system and have developed the system based on NB-IoT which
consist of 8 subsystems: 1) Smart Tracking System 2) Smart Gate Attendance 3)
Smart Camera System 4) Smart Alert System 5) Smart Time Estimation 6) Smart

9
Suggestions 7) Smart Accident Center and 8) Smart Report. These systems will
run through an application on the user's mobile phone. This smart

bus management system performance was assessed using NB-IoT. The

evaluation found that the overall system performance was at a high level of
efficiency. Therefore, it can be concluded that the developed prototype system
can be applied in actual use.

[8] A Vehicle Tracking System Using Greedy Forwarding Algorithms for

Public Transportation in Urban Arterial-2020

Onemayin David Jimoh proposed A vehicle tracking system assists public

transportation users in their movements by providing real-time information on
the locations of vehicles in transit. Public transportation in parts of developing
nations, especially Nigeria is ineffective. The system is chaotic and frustrating,
especially at peak traffic periods. In a bid to address the problem, a vehicle
tracking system was developed as a component of an Advanced Public
Transportation System to improve commuting in an urban arterial. The
developed system is based on wireless technologies of the Global Positioning
System (GPS) and Global System for Mobile Communication module. It records
and displays real-time vehicle location using a GPS-based greedy forwarding
algorithm, computes route distance information using distance-time based
algorithm and radar range sensor (RRS). A pseudo-range mathematical model
using the Haversine formula was adopted in determining the accurate position of
an object during signal transmission from GPS satellites to the receiver message
module. The minimum inversion matrix method was used for the GPS-based
geometric dilution of precision (GDoP) selection of satellite approximation and
distance. Atmega328P controller chip was used as the logical control unit for
processing activities in the tracking system and programming in Arduino IDE

10
using C-language. The system was deployed to a university transportation
system in Nigeria: a journey to and from the Bosso and Gidan Kwano Campuses
route in the Federal University of Technology, Minna. The vehicle tracking
system was tested with 11 tracked satellite and minor dilution error (PDoP error
= 1.9, HDoP=0.9, and VDOP=1.7) was recorded. The system is efficient and
accurate in distance and time information display with a minor delay. The system
would enhance fleet management schemes for urban arterial and can be adopted
universally.

[9] A Non-GPS based Location Tracking of Public Buses using Bluetooth

Proximity Beacons-2019

Sydneyanata Gunady Tracking of public bus location requires a GPS device to

be installed, and many bus operators in developing countries do not have such a
solution in place to provide an accurate estimation of bus arrival time (ETA).
Without ETA information, it is very difficult for the general public to plan their
journey effectively. This paper proposes an innovative IoT solution to track the
location of buses without requiring the deployment of a GPS device. It uses
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) proximity beacon to track the journey of a bus by
deploying an Estimote location beacon on the bus. BLE detection devices
(Raspberry Pi 3) are installed at selected bus stops along the bus route to detect
the arrival of buses. Once detected, the location of the bus is submitted to a cloud
server to compute the bus ETAs. A field trial is currently being conducted in
Johor, Malaysia in collaboration with a local bus operator on one single bus
route. Our test results showed that the detection of BLE beacons is very accurate
and it is feasible to track the location of buses without using a GPS device in a
cost effective way. A mobile app - myBusz has been developed as well to allow
for passengers to check the bus ETA in real-time.

[10] Design of Intelligent Bus Positioning Based on Internet of Things for

Smart Campus-2018

Xiaojian Feng proposed n order to improve the means of bus dispatch, improve

11
the efficiency of bus operations, and implement a smart campus, the design of an
intelligent bus positioning system, which is based on the Internet of Things, is
studied. This paper first discusses the location awareness of IoT nodes and the
location awareness of multi-source positioning to achieve intelligent perception
of the environment. Then, the overall design of the intelligent bus system of IoT
is carried out, and the design idea of the three-tier network hierarchy based on
the perception layer, the network layer, and the application layer is given. The
system uses RFID technology to track, locate, and monitor buses. The touch
screens at bus stops can count the number of passengers waiting for each bus,
and the electronic bus-stop boards can publish the arrival time of each bus and
some other information. The Zigbee wireless network technology is used to
achieve communication between the vehicle terminal, platform system, and
dispatch monitoring center. Finally, the simulated annealing algorithm is used to
achieve intelligent bus scheduling, improve the quality and efficiency of bus
service to meet the travel needs of citizens.

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 CHAPTER 3
EXISTING METHODOLOGIES

Public transport tracking is an important aspect of transportation management

that helps to improve the efficiency and reliability of public transportation
systems. Traditionally, the tracking of public transport has been done using
physical methods, such as manual counting or visual observation. While these
methods can provide useful information about the movement of public transport
vehicles, they have several drawbacks that limit their effectiveness. In this
article, we will discuss the existing methods for public transport tracking without
IoT and mobile apps and their associated drawbacks.

3.1 GPS-based Tracking:

GPS-based tracking is a commonly used method for tracking public transport
vehicles. GPS tracking involves installing GPS receivers on vehicles to monitor
their location in real- time. The GPS receiver sends location data to a central
server where it can be analyzed and used to track the vehicles. While GPS-based
tracking is a reliable method for tracking vehicles, it has several drawbacks. One
of the main drawbacks is that it requires the installation of hardware on the
vehicles, which can be expensive and time-consuming. Additionally, GPS
tracking is susceptible to interference, which can cause inaccurate location data
to be transmitted.

3.2 Automatic Passenger Counting (APC):

Automatic passenger counting (APC) is a method for tracking the number of

passengers on public transport vehicles. APC involves installing sensors on the
vehicles that count the number of people who enter and exit the vehicle. The
data is then transmitted to a central server where it c an be analyzed to determine
passenger loads and travel patterns. While APC is an effective method for
tracking passenger loads, it 3 has several drawbacks. One of the main drawbacks

13
is that it requires the installation of hardware on the vehicles, which can be
expensive and time-consuming. Additionally, APC can be inaccurate if
passengers do not properly activate the sensors when entering or exiting the
vehicle.

3.3 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Tracking:

Radio frequency identification (RFID) tracking is a method for tracking public
transport vehicles using RFID tags. RFID tags are attached to the vehicles and
transmit a unique identifier that can be read by RFID readers installed along the
route. The data is then transmitted to a central server where it can be analyzed to
determine the location of the vehicles. While RFID tracking is an effective
method for tracking vehicles, it has several drawbacks. One of the main
drawbacks is that it requires the installation of hardware on the vehicles and
along the route, which can be expensive and time-consuming. Additionally,
RFID tracking can be susceptible to interference from other electronic devices,
which can cause inaccurate data to be transmitted.

3.4 Manual Tracking:

Manual tracking is a traditional method for tracking public transport vehicles
that involves using human observers to record the movement of vehicles. This
method is often used in developing countries where the infrastructure for more
advanced tracking methods is lacking. While manual tracking can provide useful
information about the movement of vehicles, it has several drawbacks. One of
the main drawbacks is that it is time-consuming and labor-intensive.
Additionally, manual tracking is susceptible to errors and inconsistencies due to
the human element involved. In conclusion, public transport tracking is an
important aspect of transportation management that can help to improve the
efficiency and reliability of public transportation systems. While there are

14
several existing methods for tracking public transport without IoT and mobile
apps, each method has its own set of drawbacks that limit its effectiveness.
Therefore, it is important to carefully evaluate 4 the benefits and drawbacks of
each method before selecting a tracking method that is best suited for a
particular transportation system.

3.5 Drawbacks of Existing methodologies:

Existing methodologies for bus tracking each present their own set of drawbacks.
Manual tracking methods are labor-intensive and prone to errors, lacking real-
time updates and accuracy. RFID systems, while effective for short-range
tracking, suffer from limited range and installation costs. APC systems may
encounter accuracy issues due to sensor limitations and require complex
installations. GPS-based tracking, though widely used, can experience signal
interference, power consumption concerns, and data latency, particularly in urban
environments or adverse weather conditions. These drawbacks collectively
highlight the challenges in developing comprehensive and reliable bus tracking
solutions, necessitating further innovation and refinement in tracking
technologies.

15
 CHAPTER 4
PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

4.1 APP :

FIG 4.1 : Nirutham web app

● Introduction
In urban areas, public transportation often suffers from inefficiencies and lack of
transparency, leaving commuters frustrated with uncertain wait times and
unreliable service. Our project, named Nirutham, addresses these challenges by
introducing an IoT-based Android application that provides real-time bus
tracking. By leveraging GPS technology, commuters can access accurate bus
locations and arrival times, enhancing their journey planning experience. The
app's user-friendly interface facilitates seamless navigation, while notification
features and a dedicated missing details page improve communication between
commuters and bus management, ultimately streamlining urban transit and
improving overall efficiency.

● Unfavorability during Public transportation

16
The inefficiencies and lack of transparency in public transport systems
contribute to a myriad of safety and unfavourable conditions for commuters.
Uncertain wait times and unreliable service not only lead to frustration but also
increase the risk of crime, as crowded and poorly monitored stations become
breeding grounds for theft and harassment. Moreover, the chaos and confusion
often present in such environments heighten the likelihood of commuters losing
valuable items amidst the hustle and bustle. Missed connections due to
inaccurate information further compound the issue, causing delays and potential
disruptions to commuters' schedules and commitments. Safety concerns arise
from poorly maintained facilities and inadequate security measures, fostering
feelings of insecurity, especially during off-peak hours or in secluded areas.

Overcrowding exacerbates discomfort and stress, while the inherent

unpredictability of public transport schedules adds to commuters' anxiety levels,
particularly when essential activities like work or medical appointments are at
stake. Vulnerable groups such as the elderly, individuals with disabilities, and
parents with young children may face additional challenges due to inaccessible
infrastructure. Addressing these issues requires concerted efforts to improve
transparency, efficiency, and safety measures within public transport systems,
ensuring a more inclusive, reliable, and commuter-friendly experience for all.

● Sustainable transportation
Our bus tracking app operates on sustainable principles to ensure its long-term
viability and positive impact on urban transportation. By leveraging IoT
technology and GPS tracking, our app minimizes reliance on fossil fuels and
reduces carbon emissions associated with inefficient travel practices. Real-time
bus tracking functionality optimizes route planning, leading to fewer empty or
overlapping trips, thus conserving fuel and reducing environmental footprint.
Moreover, the app's user-friendly interface encourages more people to choose

17
public transportation over individual vehicle usage, promoting a shift towards
greener commuting habits. By facilitating smoother journeys and reducing wait
times, our app contributes to a more efficient use of public transportation
infrastructure, ultimately fostering a sustainable urban mobility ecosystem for
both present and future generations.

● Economic Impact
Our bus tracking app, with its real-time tracking and reliable arrival time
predictions, significantly impacts both commuters and the urban economy. It
reduces wait times, increases productivity, and lowers transportation costs for
commuters, leading to higher job retention rates and productivity levels. The
app's user-friendly interface and notification features attract more riders to public
transportation, potentially boosting fare revenues for transit agencies and
reducing the need for public subsidies. Additionally, the app optimizes bus
routes and schedules, resulting in cost savings for transit agencies through
reduced fuel consumption and improved operational efficiency. These savings
can be reinvested in improving public transportation infrastructure or keeping
fares affordable.

● App Feature: Live Bus tracking

The integration of GPS technology into our bus tracking app marks a
monumental leap forward in urban transportation. By providing live tracking
updates on bus locations and arrival times, commuters now have unparalleled
convenience, accuracy, and reliability at their fingertips. Gone are the days of
uncertain wait times and missed connections; with real-time information
accessible on their smartphones, users can navigate the public transit network
with unprecedented ease and confidence. Moreover, this GPS integration enables
transit agencies to dynamically optimize routes, enhancing overall service

18
efficiency and reliability. Our app not only revolutionizes the commuting
experience but also aligns with broader sustainability goals by promoting the
use of public transit and reducing congestion on city streets.

Fig 4.2 Live bus Tracking

● Challenges: Data Accuracy

Maintaining data accuracy in tracking poses several challenges that must be
addressed to ensure the reliability of our bus tracking app. One challenge is
signal interference, which can distort GPS readings and lead to inaccuracies in
bus location data, especially in densely populated urban areas or areas with tall
buildings. Additionally, variations in GPS signal strength due to environmental
factors such as weather conditions or terrain can impact the precision of location
tracking. Another challenge is the potential for device malfunctions or software
glitches, which may result in erroneous data being transmitted. Moreover,
ensuring synchronization between GPS data and bus schedules presents a
challenge, as delays or deviations from planned routes can affect the accuracy of
predicted arrival times. Addressing these challenges requires the implementation
of robust validation algorithms, proactive monitoring of system performance,

19
and regular updates to optimize data accuracy and enhance the overall reliability
of our bus tracking app.

● Benefits: Safety
Tracking public transport offers numerous safety benefits for both commuters
and operators. Firstly, it enables real-time monitoring of bus locations, allowing
authorities to respond promptly to emergencies or incidents such as accidents or
breakdowns, ensuring the safety of passengers and minimizing disruptions to
service.
● Cost Savings
Our bus tracking app generates cost savings by reducing wait times and
optimizing routes for commuters, leading to lower transportation expenses. For
transit agencies, it streamlines operations, lowers fuel and maintenance costs,
increases fare revenues, and optimizes resource allocation, resulting in overall
efficiency gains and financial savings.

● App Feature: App Notification

Our app's innovative features go beyond just tracking buses; it also provides
essential notifications about the next destination and helps users keep track of
their belongings. With each journey, users receive timely alerts about upcoming
stops, ensuring they never miss their intended destination. Additionally, our app
includes a dedicated interface for reporting and tracking missing items, offering
peace of mind to passengers who may have misplaced belongings during their
travels. This dual functionality not only enhances the overall user experience but
also promotes a sense of security and convenience, making public transportation
more accessible and reliable for everyone.

20
 Fig 4.3 App Notification

● Challenges: Notification in app interface

A challenge with providing notifications solely within the app interface is

21
ensuring that users are actively engaged with the app to receive them. Unlike
push notifications that appear on the user's device even when the app is not open,
notifications within the app require users to actively access and interact with the
app to see them. This reliance on user engagement may result in missed
notifications if users forget to check the app regularly or if they close the app
after launching it.

● Benefits: User Engagement

Despite the challenge of relying solely on in-app notifications, this approach
offers a notable benefit in fostering user engagement and interaction with the
app. By delivering notifications directly within the app interface, users are
encouraged to actively participate in the transportation experience, thereby
fostering a sense of connection and involvement. Furthermore, this method

ensures that users remain within the app environment, potentially increasing
overall app usage and retention rates. Additionally, by centralizing notifications
within the app, users can conveniently access all relevant information in one
place, enhancing the overall user experience and facilitating seamless
communication between commuters and the transit system.

● Risk Mitigation- Stop identification

The app's notification feature significantly reduces several risks associated with
public transportation. By providing real-time updates on bus locations and next
destinations, the app minimizes the risk of commuters missing their stops or
experiencing delays, enhancing overall travel efficiency. Additionally, the ability
to report and track missing items through the app reduces the risk of permanent
loss or theft, offering reassurance to passengers. Furthermore, timely
notifications about service disruptions or emergencies enable commuters to

22
adjust their travel plans accordingly, mitigating potential safety risks and
ensuring a smoother journey experience. Overall, the app's notification feature
contributes to a safer and more reliable public transportation system by
empowering users with essential information and facilitating proactive responses
to various situations.

● App Feature: Route map

The inclusion of a route map displaying the bus stops represents a pivotal feature
within our app, enhancing user experience and facilitating efficient journey
planning. This dynamic feature provides commuters with a comprehensive
overview of the bus route, detailing each stop along the way. By visualizing the
sequence of stops, users can anticipate their journey's progression, allowing for
better time management and informed decision-making regarding boarding and
disembarking locations. Moreover, the route map serves as a valuable resource

for new commuters unfamiliar with the transit system, offering clarity and
confidence in navigating the urban landscape. Overall, the integration of the
route map elevates the functionality of our app, empowering users with essential
information to optimize their public transportation experience.

Fig 4.4 Route map

23
● Challenges: Data Integration
Integrating a route map into our app poses challenges that demand strategic
solutions. Obtaining accurate and comprehensive route data, balancing
information clarity with a user-friendly interface, and ensuring timely updates
present significant hurdles. Overcoming these challenges requires efficient data
management, collaboration with transit authorities, and iterative design
refinements. By addressing these obstacles, we aim to seamlessly integrate the
route map feature into our app, enhancing the user experience and facilitating
efficient journey planning for commuters.

● Benefits: Increased Productivity

The integration of the route map feature into our app significantly enhances
productivity for users, leading to more efficient and streamlined journey
planning. By providing a comprehensive overview of bus routes and stops, users
can easily visualize their entire journey trajectory, allowing for better time
management and informed decision-making. This increased visibility into the
transit network empowers users to optimize their routes, anticipate arrival times,
and plan their schedules more effectively. Moreover, the user-friendly interface
of the route map simplifies navigation and reduces the time spent searching for
route information, ultimately improving overall productivity. With the route map
feature at their disposal, users can navigate the urban landscape with confidence
and efficiency, maximizing productivity throughout their commutes.

● Environmental Stewardship
Our app promotes environmental stewardship by encouraging sustainable
transportation practices. By facilitating efficient journey planning and
optimizing bus routes, the app reduces reliance on individual vehicles,

24
mitigating carbon emissions and alleviating urban congestion. Users can make
informed choices, opting for eco-friendly travel options, conserving fuel, and
contributing to improved air quality. Overall, the route map feature supports
efforts towards a cleaner, greener urban environment.

● App Feature: Bus fare display

The inclusion of bus fare information within our app marks a significant
enhancement in user experience, offering commuters valuable insights into their
transportation choices. By displaying bus fares directly within the app interface,
users gain transparency and convenience in selecting the most cost-effective
routes for their journeys. This feature not only facilitates informed decision-
making but also empowers users to manage their travel budgets more effectively.
Additionally, by promoting fairness in pricing and preventing

potential overcharging or exploitation of passengers, our app fosters trust and

confidence among commuters. However, challenges such as limited scope in
accounting for discounts or dynamic pricing fluctuations, reliance on timely data
updates, and dependency on internet connectivity may need to be addressed to
ensure the reliability and accuracy of the displayed fare information. Overall, the
integration of bus fare display functionality enriches the user experience, aligns
with principles of transparency and fairness, and contributes to a more seamless
and efficient public transportation system.

25
 Fig 4.5 Bus fare display

● Fair Pricing
The integration of fare pricing information in our app empowers users to make
informed decisions about their travel options, promoting transparency and
budget-conscious commuting. Despite challenges such as dynamic pricing
fluctuations, this feature enhances the user experience and fosters fairness in
public transportation pricing, contributing to a more efficient and accessible
transit system.

● Convenience
Our app revolutionizes the commuter experience by offering convenient features
like real-time bus tracking, route mapping, and fare pricing. With an intuitive
interface, users can effortlessly plan journeys and monitor bus locations,
enhancing overall efficiency and accessibility in urban transportation.

● Budget Management
Our app empowers users to effectively plan and control their transportation
expenses. By providing transparent information on bus fares, users can make

26
informed decisions about their travel options, ensuring that they stay within their
budgetary constraints. Additionally, functionalities such as fare comparison and
route optimization enable users to identify cost-effective routes, maximizing
savings while minimizing travel costs. Through these features, our app promotes
responsible spending and financial awareness among commuters, ultimately
contributing to improved budget management and financial well-being.

● App Feature: Missing things details

The missing details feature in our app addresses the common issue of lost
valuables on public transport by providing comprehensive information for
retrieval. Challenges include data accuracy, integration with transit systems,
privacy concerns, user engagement, and resource allocation. Despite hurdles, the
feature streamlines the retrieval process and fosters community responsibility
among passengers, enhancing overall efficiency.

Fig 4.6 Missing details

● Improved User Service

This providing a practical solution to a common problem encountered during
public transport journeys. By offering comprehensive information about lost
belongings, including descriptions, bus numbers, and contact details for
retrieval, the feature improves transparency and facilitates the process of
reclaiming lost items. This not only enhances user satisfaction but also fosters a
sense of trust and reliability in the app's services, ultimately enhancing the
overall user experience.

27
● Challenge: Privacy Concerns
To prevent misuse of the missing details feature, strict verification procedures,
user education initiatives, and clear guidelines should be implemented. Security
measures like encryption and access controls can safeguard personal information
and prevent unauthorized access.

● App Feature: Pin favorite bus stops

The ability to pin favorite bus stops within our app enhances user convenience
and streamlines the journey planning process. Users can easily access their
preferred bus stops with a single tap, eliminating the need to search for them
repeatedly. This feature improves overall user experience by saving time and
effort, especially for frequent commuters who have specific stops they regularly
use. Additionally, it promotes user engagement with the app by allowing
customization and personalization according to individual preferences. Overall,
the ability to pin favorite bus stops enhances app usability and adds value to the
commuting experience for users.

4.2 GPS Module:

● GPS Module NEO 6M:
A GPS (Global Positioning System) module is used to determine the location of
the bus. It receives signals from satellites and provides accurate location
information.

Ublox NEO-6M TTL GPS Module with EPROM uses the latest
technology from Ublox to give the best possible positioning information
and includes a larger built-in 25 x 25mm active GPS antenna with a
UART TTL socket. A battery is also included so that you can obtain a
GPS lock faster. This is an updated GPS module that can be used with

28
ardupilot mega v2. This GPS module gives the best possible position
information, allowing for better performance with your Ardupilot or other
Multirotor control platform.

FIG 4.8 NEO-M6 GPS Module

The Ublox NEO-6M GPS engine on this board is a quite good one, with a
high precision binary output. It has also high sensitivity for indoor
applications. UBLOX NEO-6M GPS Module has a battery for power
backup and EEPROM for storing configuration settings. The antenna is
connected to the module through a ufl cable which allowS for flexibility
in mounting the GPS such that the antenna will always see the sky for best
performance. This makes it powerful to use with cars and other mobile
applications.

Features:

● 5Hz position update rate

● Operating temperature range: -40 TO 85°CUART TTL socket

● EEPROM to save configuration settings

● Rechargeable battery for Backup

● The cold start time of 38 s and Hot start time of 1 s

29
● Supply voltage: 3.3 V

● Configurable from 4800 Baud to 115200 Baud rates. (default 9600) ●

SuperSense ® Indoor GPS: -162 dBm tracking sensitivity ● Support SBAS

(WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS, GAGAN)

● Separated 18X18mm GPS antenna

Position Fix LED Indicator:

There is an LED on the NEO-6M GPS module that indicates the status of the
‘Position Fix’. It will blink at different rates depending on which state it is in:

● Blink every 1s – Position Fix is found (the module can see enough
satellites).

● No blinking – it is searching for satellites.

VLDO Regulator:

The operating voltage of the NEO-6M chip ranges from 2.7 to 3.6V. But the
good news is, this module comes with MICREL’s MIC5205 Ultra-Low
Dropout 3V3 regulator.

The logic pins are also 5-volt tolerant, so we can easily connect it to Arduino
or any 5V logic microcontroller without using a logic level converter.

Battery & EEPROM:

The module is equipped with HK24C32 Two Wire Serial EEPROM. It is 4KB
in size and is connected via I2C to the NEO-6M chip. The module also houses

30
a rechargeable button battery that acts as a super-capacitor. EEPROM and
battery together help in retaining the BBR (Battery Backed RAM). BBR
contains clock data, latest position data (GNSS orbit data) and module
configuration. But it is not for permanent data storage.

The battery charges automatically when power is supplied to the module and
retains data for two weeks without power. Since the battery retains the clock
and last position data, Time-To-First-Fix (TTFF) is significantly reduced to
1s. This allows much faster position locks. Without battery the GPS is always
cold-started and takes longer for the initial GPS lock.

4.3 Antenna:

FIG 4.9 Antenna

The module comes with -161 dBm sensitivity patch antenna for receiving
radio signals from GPS satellites. You can snap-fit this antenna into the small
UFL

connector located on the module.

31
 FIG 4.10 UFL CONNECTOR

● NEO-6M GPS Module Pinout:

FIG 4.11 Pin Connection for GPS Module

The NEO-6M GPS module has total of 4 pins that connect it to the outside

world. The connections are as follows:

GND is the ground pin and needs to be connected to the GND pin on the
Arduino. TxD (Transmitter) pin is used for serial communication. RxD

32
 (Receiver) pin is used for serial communication.

VCC supplies power to the module. You can connect it directly to the 5V
pin on the Arduino.
Wiring a NEO-6M GPS Module to an Arduino
• Now that we know everything about the module, we can start connecting it to
our Arduino.
• Begin by connecting the patch antenna to the U.FL connector. You can thread
the U.FL cable through one of the mounting holes.
• The module usually comes with unsoldered header pins. So you will need to
solder them first.
• Next, connect the VCC pin to the 5V pin on the arduino and GND to ground.
Finally connect the Tx and Rx pins on the module to digital pins #2 and #3
respectively.

● Node MCU

The NodeMCU is a versatile open-source IoT platform that combines the

functionality of a microcontroller unit with built-in Wi- Fi capabilities. Based on
the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, NodeMCU offers a convenient and cost-effective
solution for IoT projects, allowing developers to easily connect their devices to
the internet and interact with various sensors and actuators. Its compact size and
compatibility with the Arduino IDE make it a popular choice among hobbyists
and professionals alike for prototyping and developing IoT applications. With its
rich set of hardware features and extensive community support, the NodeMCU
empowers creators to bring their innovative ideas to life in the rapidly evolving
world of connected devices.

33
 FIG 4.12 Pin diagram of ESP 8266 with various

functionalities

Advantages of Node MCU:

● Integrated Development Environment (IDE): NodeMCU is compatible
with the Arduino IDE, which is widely used and supported by a large
community of developers. This simplifies the process of programming
and deploying projects, even for those new to IoT development.

● Wi-Fi Connectivity: NodeMCU comes with built-in Wi-Fi capabilities,

allowing it to connect to the internet and communicate with other devices
seamlessly. This makes it suitable for a wide range of IoT applications
that require internet connectivity.

● Compact Size: NodeMCU boards are compact and lightweight, making

them suitable for embedding into various IoT devices without taking up
much space. This makes NodeMCU ideal for projects where size

34
 constraints are a concern.

● Cost-Effectiveness: NodeMCU boards are relatively inexpensive

compared to other IoT development platforms, making them accessible to
hobbyists, students, and professionals alike. This affordability makes it
easier to experiment with IoT projects without breaking the bank.

● Community Support: NodeMCU has a large and active community of

developers and enthusiasts who share knowledge, resources, and projects.
This community support provides valuable assistance and resources for
troubleshooting, learning, and expanding the capabilities of NodeMCU-
based projects.

● Versatility: NodeMCU boards are highly versatile and can be used for a
wide range of IoT applications, including home automation, sensor
monitoring, robotics, and more. This versatility makes NodeMCU a
flexible platform that can adapt to various project requirements.

4.5 ESP8266 Micro Controller

The Node MCU board simplifies all this. It is based on ESP-12EModule, there
are a lot of GPIO Pins. Second, there is an on- board 3.3V regulator (remember,
the ESP8266EX SoC works on 3.3V and not on 5V).

Node MCU is its inclusion of on-board USB to UART Controller, which is

CP2102 IC in my case. An interesting thing about this CP2102 IC is that the
GPIO 0 and RST pins of the ESP8266 SoC are controlled by the DTR (Data
Terminal Ready) and RTS (Request to Send) pins of the CP2102 IC.

So, when ever we try to upload any sketch from Arduino IDE, the CP2102 IC

35
will automatically select the Programming mode and also Resets the board. Once
the programming is done, it configures the ESP8266 back to Normal Running
mode.

4.5.1 Key Features of the Microcontroller:

Microcontroller ESP-8266 32-bit

Node MCU Model Amica

Node MCU Size 49mm x 26mm

Pin Spacing 0.9" (22.86mm)

Clock Speed 80 MHz

USB to Serial CP2102

USB Connector Micro USB

Operating Voltage 3.3V

Input Voltage 4.5V-10V

Flash Memory/SRAM 4 MB / 64 KB

Digital I/O Pins 11

Analog In Pins 1

ADC Range 0-3.3V

UART/SPI/I2C 1 / 1 / 1

Wi-Fi Built-In 802.11 b/g/n

Temperature Range -40C – 125

36
4.5.2 Description
● ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module Board Layout:
The Node MCU WIFI module comprises of ESP12E chip(the brain of the
module), GPIO pins for easy interfacing, 3.3 Volt Voltage regulator, onboard
LED, USB to serial converter IC, USB port and more.

FIG 4.13 ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module board layout

● ESP8266-12E Wi-Fi Chip with Antenna:

This esp8266-12E or simply esp-12E chip is a member of the esp-xx series.
There are 15 modules ranging from esp01 to esp15. These are mostly used for
IoT applications due to their small form factor and low price.

● Voltage Regulator AMS1117:

The esp12e chip works on 3.3 Volts. But since a micro USB cable provides 5
Volts, the Node MCU has an on-board 3.3 V voltage regulator which is
AMS1117.

● USB to TTL/Serial Converter:

37
In order to program the board using a USB cable, the USB to TTL/UART
converter IC is needed. Node MCU ESP8266 has CP2102 USBto UART bridge
controller IC (in SMD QFN-28 package). Some old ESP8266 boards use
CH340G USB to TTL converter IC (in SMD SOP-16 package).

● Flash button:
The boot or flash button is used while uploading the program. If you hold it
down and press the EN/RST, the ES8266 will restart in flashing/uploading mode.

● Voltage Regulator AMS1117:

The esp12e chip works on 3.3 Volts. But since a micro USB cable provides 5
Volts, the Node MCU has an on-board 3.3 V voltage regulator which is
AMS1117.

● Power Pins:
Vin: This pin can be used to power the esp8266 board. Up to 5V can be
supplied to it. The Vin pin can be used to directly supply the Node mcu esp8266
and its peripherals if you have a regulated 5V voltage source. This 5 volt is then
converted to 3.3 volts using a voltage regulator as the esp12e chip requires 3.3V
to operate.

3.3 V: The board has three 3.3V pins. While the 3.3V pin is the output of a
voltage regulator (CP2102), it can be used to power up the external components.

GND: There are a total of 4 such pins.

ADC(Analog to digital) channel:

ESP8266 has an inbuilt 10-bit ADC or analog to digital converter with only one

38
ADC channel. In other words, the board has only one analog pin to read the
analog voltage values from external devices like sensors and potentiometers.
This analog pin is marked as A0 on the board as given in the pinout diagram
above.

Voltage Regulator AMS1117:

The esp8266 board has 2 UART interfaces– RX0 and UART0, RX2 and TX0
are used for RX2 and TTX2 are UART1. The UART1 is uploading the
firmware or program.

UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter) Pins:

The esp8266 board has 2 UART interfaces– RX0 and UART0, RX2 and TX0

are used for RX2 and TTX2 are UART1. The UART1 is uploading the

firmware or program.

UART0 Pins:

● U0 TXD (GPIO1)
● U0 RXD (GPIO3)
UART1 Pins:

● U1 TXD (GPIO15)
● U1 RXD (GPIO13)

SPI Pins:

Unlike the three UART interfaces, the Esp8266 Node MCU has only one
set of SPI pins. The SPI protocol requires 4 pins: MOSI, MISO, SCLK,
and CS.
● GPIO 7: MISO
● GPIO 8: MISO
● GPIO 6: SCLK
39
 ● GPIO 11: CS

I2C Pins:

The ESP8266 does not support any hardware I2C protocol, but it is
possible to implement it in the programming part. So you may use any
GPIO pins as I2C as long as you are aware of the I2C programming. Only
two pins are required for I2C: SDA and SCLK.

Usually, the following GPIOs are used as I2C pins:

● GPIO 4: SDA
● GPIO 5: SCL

PWM Pins:

The board comes with 4 PWM-enabled pins. The PWM output can be
used for driving digital motors and LEDs. PWM pins on the ESP8266
board are GPIO 4, GPIO 12, GPIO 14, and GPIO 15. OR digital pins D2,
D5, D6, and D8.

EN or Enable Pin:

The EN stands for Enable, which enables the esp8266 chip i.e, ESP12E
when pulled high. The chip works at minimum power when the EN pin is
pulled low.

RST or Reset Pin:

This pin resets the board when pulled low. It works like the onboard reset
button.

Wake Pin(D0):

This pin is used to wake up the esp8266 chip from a deep sleep.

ESP8266 features:

40
 • 802.11 b/g/n support
• 802.11 n support (2.4 GHz), up to 72.2 Mbps
• Defragmentation
• 2 x virtual Wi-Fi interface
• Automatic beacon monitoring (hardware TSF)
• Support Infrastructure.

4.6 Integration

FIG 4.14 DEVICE BLOCK DIAGRAM

41
 The ESP8266 board is responsible for receiving data from the GPS
module, processing the data, and sending it to the app via a Wi-Fi or
Bluetooth connection. The NEO-M6 GPS module provides the location
data of the bus, which is then processed by the ESP8266 board to
determine the real-time location of the bus.

The real-time live location that determined by the ESP8266 board is the
sent to google sheets to store the data as latitude & longitude, the google
sheet here acts as the server between the ESP8266 board and the app we
developed.

The latitude & longitude stored in the sheets will get accessed by the app
using google sheets API, then gets processed by the app using the google
maps API which shows the map view in the app.

The app, on the other hand, is responsible for displaying the bus location
data to the user in real-time, providing the user with a convenient way to
track the location of the bus.

Overall, the connections between the components of the system enable

the efficient and accurate tracking of the bus location, improving the
overall transportation experience for passengers.

4.7 Data set

42
FIG 4.15 Data Set

43
 CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

● Safety Enhancement:
The introduction of the smart tracking app and microcontroller technology
provides several safety enhancements for urban commuters. With real-time bus
tracking and location updates, passengers can accurately predict arrival times
and plan their journeys accordingly, reducing the time spent waiting at bus stops,
especially during late hours. Additionally, the app's notification feature alerts
users about any potential safety hazards or emergencies, enabling them to take
necessary precautions and stay informed while traveling.

● Real-Time Tracking:
The app continuously tracks the GPS data sent by the IoT devices installed
on the buses. This data is transmitted to the server, which stores it in the
MongoDB database. The app periodically fetches the latest location data
from the server and updates the position of the bus markers on the map.

Fig 5.1 Real Time Tracking

44
● Notification
Our notification system serves as a critical component of our app, offering
commuters timely updates and essential information to enhance their journey
experience. Through intuitive design and efficient delivery mechanisms, the
system ensures that users stay informed about bus arrivals, service disruptions,
and safety advisories in real-time. By facilitating communication between
commuters and transit authorities, the notification system contributes to a
smoother and more reliable public transportation experience. Moving forward,
continued refinement and optimization of the notification system will be
essential to maintain its effectiveness and meet the evolving needs of our users.

Fig 5.2 Notification Updates

● Route map :

The integration of the route map feature in our project has significantly enhanced
the user experience and streamlined journey planning for commuters. By
providing a comprehensive overview of bus routes and stops, users can easily
45
visualize their entire journey trajectory and make informed decisions about
boarding and disembarking locations. This enabling them to navigate the public
transit network with ease. Moving forward, continued optimization and
refinement of the route map feature will be essential to ensure its ongoing
effectiveness and relevance in meeting the evolving needs of our users.

Fig 5.3 Route map

● Missing Things :
The Missing Things feature in our project provides a convenient platform for
users to report lost belongings during their public transportation journeys.
Through the app interface, users can submit details about their lost items,
including descriptions and the bus route where the item was last seen. Transit
authorities can then utilize this information to coordinate retrieval efforts
efficiently. This feature not only enhances the user experience by simplifying the
process of item recovery but also fosters a sense of community responsibility
among passengers.

● Favorite stop pining:

The Favorite Stop Pinning feature allows users to personalize their commuting
46
experience by easily accessing their most-used bus stops within our app. This
streamlines journey planning, enhances efficiency, and fosters greater user
engagement and satisfaction. By offering convenience and customization, this
feature contributes to a more user-friendly and accessible public transportation
experience.

● Efficiency Improvement:
The implementation of the proposed methodology has led to significant
improvements in the efficiency through features like real-time tracking, users
can optimize their travel routes, reduce wait times, and plan their journeys more
effectively. Additionally, the integration of notification systems ensures timely
updates on bus arrivals and service disruptions, minimizing uncertainty and
enhancing overall travel efficiency.

● Optimising Routes:
By leveraging real-time data and advanced algorithms, our app calculates the
most efficient routes based on factors such as traffic conditions, bus schedules,
and user preferences. This optimization not only reduces travel time but also

minimizes congestion and environmental impact by optimizing bus loads and

reducing fuel consumption. Additionally, users can customize their routes to
prioritize factors such as shortest travel time, fewest transfers, or lowest
environmental footprint, ensuring a personalized and efficient commuting
experience.

● Avoiding Adverse Conditions:

Our app employs various strategies to mitigate adverse situations during urban
commuting. Through real-time updates on bus locations and service disruptions,

47
coupled with a robust notification system, users are promptly informed about
potential hazards or delays, enabling them to adjust their plans accordingly.
Additionally, route optimization features help users avoid congested areas and
minimize travel time, reducing the likelihood of encountering adverse situations.

● Increasing Productivity:
Our app significantly boosts productivity for commuters through several key
features. Real-time updates on bus locations and arrival times minimize wait
times, enabling users to plan their journeys more efficiently and make better use
of their time. Additionally, route optimization tools help users find the fastest
and most convenient travel routes, reducing travel time and increasing overall
productivity. The notification system ensures users stay informed about service
disruptions or delays, allowing them to adjust their plans accordingly and avoid
unnecessary delays.

48
 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

6.1 Conclusion:

FIG 6.1 PROJECT WORK

In conclusion, Our app stands as a pioneering solution poised to revolutionize

urban commuting and promote sustainability in transportation. Through a
meticulous fusion of cutting-edge technologies and user-centric design, it
addresses the multifaceted challenges faced by commuters with unwavering
precision and ingenuity. By integrating features such as real-time tracking, route
optimization, and notification systems, our app empowers users with
unprecedented control over their journeys, significantly reducing wait times,
enhancing efficiency, and fostering a seamless commuting experience.

Furthermore, our app serves as a catalyst for sustainable mobility, advocating for
the widespread adoption of eco-friendly modes of transportation. Through its
emphasis on public transit and the promotion of efficient travel routes, it
endeavors to mitigate the environmental impact of urban commuting, curbing
emissions, and alleviating traffic congestion. By encouraging commuters to
49
make informed choices and embrace sustainable transportation options, our app
contributes to the collective effort of building a greener, more resilient urban
landscape.

Looking ahead, the journey of our app extends far beyond its initial conception
as a college project. It embodies the spirit of innovation and progress,
continually evolving to meet the ever-changing needs of urban commuters. With
a steadfast commitment to excellence and a vision for a sustainable future, our
app stands poised to leave an indelible mark on the fabric of urban
living,inspiring positive change and shaping the way we navigate the cities of
tomorrow.

6.2 Future Work:

● Enhanced Predictive Analytics:

In envisioning the future evolution of our project, Enhanced Predictive Analytics
emerges as a pivotal enhancement. Through advanced data analysis and machine
learning algorithms, our app can anticipate commuter behavior and optimize
public transportation services proactively. By forecasting demand patterns,
identifying potential disruptions, and suggesting alternative routes or
transportation modes, Enhanced Predictive Analytics empowers users to
navigate urban environments with greater ease and efficiency. Moreover, by
integrating historical data, weather forecasts, and real-time traffic information,
the app can offer personalized travel recommendations tailored to individual
preferences and contextual factors. This proactive approach not only enhances
the user experience but also contributes to the long-term sustainability of urban
transportation systems by identifying trends and opportunities for optimization.
By harnessing the power of data and analytics, our project is poised to
revolutionize the way commuters navigate cities, improving efficiency,
reliability, and ultimately, quality of life.

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● Integration of Advanced Ticketing System:
As an integral part of our ongoing efforts to enhance the efficiency and user
experience of our bus tracking application, we are exploring the integration of
two key features: an advanced ticketing system and a crowd-finding feature. The
proposed addition of an advanced ticketing system aims to simplify the process
of ticket purchase and validation, providing passengers with a seamless and
convenient way to access transportation services. Through this feature, users
will have the ability to purchase tickets directly through the app, eliminating the
need for physical tickets or cash transactions. Furthermore, the ticketing system
will support various payment methods and offer real-time validation capabilities,
ensuring compliance with fare regulations and enhancing overall system security.
By incorporating this future enhancement into our bus tracking application,
which already serves as a primary tool for commuters, we aspire to elevate the
standards of convenience and accessibility while optimizing operational
efficiency for transportation authorities.

● Integration of Crowd-Finding Feature:

We are considering the integration of a crowd-finding feature to further enhance
the functionality of our bus tracking application. This envisioned feature aims to
empower commuters by providing real-time information on the crowdedness
levels of buses, allowing passengers to make informed decisions about their
travel plans. Users will be able to contribute crowd data based on their
observations during their journey, helping fellow passengers anticipate crowded
or less congested buses. By leveraging the collective insights of commuters, this

51
crowd-finding functionality will not only enhance the overall passenger
experience but also promote more efficient utilization of public transportation
resources. Seamlessly integrated with our existing bus tracking app, this feature
will further solidify its position as a comprehensive and indispensable tool for
urban commuters.

● User Feedback and Iterative Improvement:

Our commitment to user satisfaction goes beyond initial development; we
actively seek and incorporate user feedback to continually enhance our bus
tracking application. Through channels like in-app surveys and direct
communication, we gather insights into user preferences and pain points. This
feedback informs our agile development process, prioritizing improvements and
new features based on user needs. Additionally, data analytics help us
understand user behavior, ensuring our updates align with user expectations. By
integrating user feedback and iterative improvement, we strive to create a
seamless and intuitive experience for commuters, evolving our app to meet their
evolving needs.

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PUBLISHMENT

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