ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III - FOR APPLIED ELECTRONICS II

Contents
Time table & content for lab 3 ......................................................................... 4

Laboratory - #1................................................................................................................................. 7

Differential amplifier ............................................................................................................... 7

OBJECTIVES.............................................................................................................................. 7

Components ............................................................................................................................... 7

Equipment.................................................................................................................................. 7

Differential amplifier theory............................................................................................. 7

PROCEDURE............................................................................................................................ 8

Discussion questions ............................................................................................................ 10

Laboratory - #2 .............................................................................................................................. 11

Operational amplifier parameters..................................................................................... 11

OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................................ 11

Materials required for this laboratory ........................................................................ 11

Operational amplifier theory ........................................................................................... 11

PROCEDURE.......................................................................................................................... 13

Discussion questions ............................................................................................................ 14

Laboratory - #3 .............................................................................................................................. 16
Inverting amplifier and Summing amplifier ........................................................................................ 16
OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................................ 16

Materials required for this laboratory ........................................................................ 16

Theory/Introduction............................................................................................................ 16

PROCEDURE.......................................................................................................................... 18

Discussion questions ............................................................................................................ 21

Laboratory - #4 .............................................................................................................................. 22
Non-Inverting amplifier and difference amplifier ............................................................................... 22
OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................................ 22

Materials required for this laboratory ........................................................................ 22

Theory/Introduction............................................................................................................ 22

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 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III - FOR APPLIED ELECTRONICS II

PROCEDURE.......................................................................................................................... 24

Discussion questions ............................................................................................................ 26

Laboratory - #5 .............................................................................................................................. 27
Integrators and Differentiators .......................................................................................................... 27
OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................................ 27

Materials required for this laboratory ........................................................................ 27

Theory/Introduction............................................................................................................ 27

PROCEDURE.......................................................................................................................... 29

Discussion questions ............................................................................................................ 32

Laboratory - #6 .............................................................................................................................. 32
OSCILLATORS (WIEN BRIDGE) ............................................................................................................ 32
OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................................ 32

Materials required for this laboratory ........................................................................ 33

Theory/Introduction............................................................................................................ 33

PROCEDURE.......................................................................................................................... 34

Discussion questions ............................................................................................................ 36

Laboratory - #7 .............................................................................................................................. 37
TANK/LC OSCILLATORS ...................................................................................................................... 37
OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................................ 37

Materials required for this laboratory ........................................................................ 37

Theory/Introduction............................................................................................................ 37

PROCEDURE.......................................................................................................................... 39

Discussion questions ............................................................................................................ 40

Laboratory - #8 .............................................................................................................................. 42
SCHMITT TRIGGER CIRCUIT BY USING OPAMP ................................................................................... 42
OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................................ 42

Materials required for this laboratory ........................................................................ 42

Theory/Introduction............................................................................................................ 42

PROCEDURE.......................................................................................................................... 45

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 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III - FOR APPLIED ELECTRONICS II

Discussion questions ............................................................................................................ 47

Laboratory - #9 .............................................................................................................................. 48
TIMER CIRCUIT BY USING 555 IC ........................................................................................................ 48
OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................................ 48

Materials required for this laboratory ........................................................................ 48

Theory/Introduction............................................................................................................ 48

PROCEDURE.......................................................................................................................... 54

Discussion questions ............................................................................................................ 57

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 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III - FOR APPLIED ELECTRONICS II

Time table & content for lab 3

Department of Electrical& Computer Engineering

University of Debre Tabor, Institute of Technology

Program Regular

Course Title Electrical Engineering Lab II

Course Code ECE2112

Degree Program B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering

Module Name Applied Electronics

Module Number ECEg-M2111

Team Leader NN

Course NN

Instructor

ECTS 3

Contact hour per 3 Laboratory hrs.

week

Contact Days ( NN

time and room)

Target Group II year

Year/Semester II/I

Prerequisites ECEg1092: Electrical Engineering Lab I;

ECEg 2111: Applied Electronics I (Co-requisite)

Status of the Professional Compulsory

course

Course This course introduces the student to the basic

Description Measurements on Characteristics of Electronic Devices

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 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III - FOR APPLIED ELECTRONICS II

and Circuits; Semiconductor Diode Characteristics;

Rectification and Filtering; Bipolar Junction Transistor

Characteristics, Transistor Biasing & Operating Point

Stability; Transistor Amplifier; Frequency Response;

Multistage Amplifier; Power amplifier; Tuned amplifier

Course Objective  To acquaintance with characteristics of various active

and Competency devices, Amplifiers, to find frequency response and

calculation of ripple etc

Detailed Course Schedule: Contact time, topics and reading materials

Wee LAB NO Topic/Subtopic/Chapter Reading Remarks

k Materials

4 LAB - #1 Differential amplifier

5 LAB - #2 Operational amplifier

parameter

6 LAB - #3 Inverting & summing amplifier

7 LAB - #4 Non-inverting & difference

amplifier

8 LAB - #5 Integrator & differentiator

9 LAB - #6

10 LAB - #7 Schmitt triggers by op-amp

11 LAB - #8 Oscillators

12 LAB - #9 Filter

13 LAB - Multivibrators by op-amp

#10

LAB - #11 Multivibrators by timer IC

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 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III - FOR APPLIED ELECTRONICS II

LAB - #12 Lab exam

Final Exam Depending on The university schedule

Date

Teaching  Lab exercise

Methodology

Assessment  Continuous assessments(Lab report, quizzes, lab exercises,

Methods Laboratory activities)

70 %

 Final Examination

30%.

Course Policies All students are expected to abide by the code of conduct of

students throughout this course.

 Academic dishonesty, including cheating, fabrication, and

plagiarism will not be tolerated.

 Class activities will vary day to day, ranging from lectures

to discussions. Students will be active participants in the

course.

 You are required to submit and present the assignments

provided according to the time table indicated.

 100% of class attendance is mandatory!

References  Prepared Laboratory Manual For Electrical Engineering Lab II

Approved By:

_________________ ________________

Name (Course instructor) Signature

_________________ ________________

Name (Module Coordinator) Signature

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 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III - FOR APPLIED ELECTRONICS II

Laboratory - #1

Differential amplifier

OBJECTIVES

In this laboratory, you will

 Identify materials used in Applied Electronics II Laboratory

 Differentiate different mode of operation for differential amplifier

 Sketch the differential amplifier common mode and differential

mode operation characteristic curve.

 Calculate common mode gain and differential mode gain

Components

1. Resistors: 1K, 2K

2. NPN Transistor: 2N3904

Equipment

1. Function Generator

2. Oscilloscope

3. Digital Multi-meter

4. DC source

5. Bread board

Differential amplifier theory

Differential amplifiers can operate

 Complete common mode

 Complete differential mode

 Both differential and common mode

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For differential amplifier the two transistors should be identical

If the collector resistor of each transistor are identical, the two

collector and emitter currents are similar.

For complete common mode operation, we can calculate the

common mode gain

For complete differential mode operation, we can calculate the

differential mode gain

Before any activity, answer the following pre-lab questions.

A. What happen if the two collector resistors have different

value?

B. When the given amplifier operate in

 Complete common mode

 Complete differential mode

 Both differential and common mode

C. How can you calculate the value of common mode gain and

differential mode gain for the given amplifier?

D. How can you relate the current pass through R1, R2 and R4?

PROCEDURE

Construct the given circuit on the given bread board.

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 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III - FOR APPLIED ELECTRONICS II

I. By using multi-meter, measure the value of current and voltage

drops

II. Measure the wave shape for the two outputs by each oscilloscope

channel for the given input voltage signal value.

VCC
5V XSC1

R1 Ext T rig
+
1kΩ R2
_
1kΩ A B
+ _ + _

Q1 Q2

20mVrms
2N3904 2N3904
V1 50 Hz
0°

R6 V2
1kΩ
20mVrms
50 Hz
0°
VEE
-5V

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III. Measure the wave shape for the output signal one output with

respect to the other output for the given input voltage signal value.

IV. Measure the wave shape for the two outputs by each oscilloscope

channel for the given input voltage signal value of Q1 and -20

mVrms of Q2. .

V. Measure the wave shape for the output signal one output with

respect to the other output for the given input voltage signal value

of Q1 and -20 mVrms of Q2.

Discussion questions

1. Calculate common mode and differential mode gain for the given

amplifier.

2. Measure the current signal and output voltage signal for each

input signal becomes ground.

3. Measure the current signal and output voltage signal for Q1 input

signal 50mVrms and Q2 becomes ground.

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Laboratory - #2

Operational amplifier parameters

OBJECTIVES

In this laboratory, you will

 Identify IC 741 terminals

 Differentiate the response for different inputs in different

terminals (inverting & non-inverting terminals).

 Measure different op-amp parameters.

 Measure the output signal for input signals for both inverting &

non-inverting terminal.

 Measure common gain, differential gain and CMRR

Materials required for this laboratory

a. Resistors: 1K, 2K, 3.3K, 4.7K, 10K, 20K

b. Op-amp - UA741

c. Function Generator

d. Oscilloscope

e. Digital Multi-meter

f. DC source

g. Bread board

Operational amplifier theory

Operational amplifiers can be found in different IC packages. Some

operational amplifiers are

LM family – LM101, LM111, LM33, LM339, LM6181

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 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III - FOR APPLIED ELECTRONICS II

AD Family – AD380, AD507, AD600, AD704

UA family – UA709,UA741, UA747

UA741 is 8 – terminal operational amplifier used For computing

analog signal computation like:

- Different AC voltage signal addition and subtraction

- Signal integration and differentiation

- Generating the log and antilog functions from the given

signal functions

- Develop different instrumentation amplifier

- Develop different application amplifiers

During operation, the output signal and the inverting terminal is

out of phase but in phase with the non-inverting terminal input.

The common mode gain is almost zero

The differential mode gain is almost infinity

The CMRR is also maximum

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chip diagram

The µA741 op-amp package.

PROCEDURE

Construct the given circuit on the given bread board.

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I. By using multi-meter, measure the value of offset DC voltage

No Terminal Offset voltage Offset current

1 1 with 5

2 1 with 8

3 1 with 6

4 5 with 6

5 8 with 6
Table 1: Offset value of UA 741

II. Measure the wave shape for the outputs by oscilloscope for the

given input voltage signal values. The frequency should 50 Hz and

the phase also 00

No V2 value V2 value Gain Output waveform

1 Ground Ground

2 500mV Ground

3 Ground 500mV

4 500mV 500mV

5 500mV -500mV

6 -500mV 500mV
Table 2: the operation mode of UA 741

Discussion questions

1. Calculate common mode and differential mode gain for the given

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 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III - FOR APPLIED ELECTRONICS II

amplifier. Is it similar with the theoretical value?

2. Calculate the value of CMRR for the given op-amp. Is it the

expected one?

3. Based on the measured value of offset voltages and offset current,

relate your Op-amp by comparing with the ideal op-amp.

4. If you have a value of offset voltage and current, how can you

make this value to zero?

5. Based on the value measure at table 2 give general operation

property about the given op-amp IC.

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 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III - FOR APPLIED ELECTRONICS II

Laboratory - #3

Inverting amplifier and Summing amplifier

OBJECTIVES

In this laboratory, you will

 Construct the negative feedback amplifier network

 Control the overall gain by external resistors

 Design unity gain amplifier

 Add two or more signals with the given overall gain

Materials required for this laboratory

a. Resistors: 0.01K, 2.2K, 3.3K, 4.7K, 10K, 100K

b. Op-amp - UA741

c. Function Generator

d. Oscilloscope

e. Digital Multi-meter

f. Bread board

Theory/Introduction

I. INVERTING AMPLIFIER

In order to develop inverting amplifier the input signal should

apply in terminal 2 of op-amp.

Inverting amplifier is used to amplify voltages with the overall

gain of ratio of feedback resistor (Rf) to input resistor (R1).

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 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III - FOR APPLIED ELECTRONICS II

 The relation between input and output signal can be

related as = 1

 Gain =

 Negative sign indicates the phase shift of output voltage

from input voltage.

For unity gain the inverting amplifier feedback and input

resistors has same value.

We can control the overall gain by the value of Rf and R1.

II. SUMMING AMPLIFIER

Summing amplifier is used for the addition of two or more input

voltage signals.

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This amplifier circuit is used to add two voltage signals

− −
= 1+ 2
1 2
=− ( + )

This amplifier circuit is used to add three voltage signals

− − −
= 1+ 2+ 3
1 2 3
=− ( + + )

PROCEDURE

I. Construct the given circuit on the given bread board.

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II. By using multi-meter, measure the value output voltage by

applying 20 to 500mV input signal.

No R1 R2 Vo by Multimeter Wave shape by osc Gain

1K
1 1K
1K
2 2.2K
1K
3 3.3K

4 10K 1K
2.2K
5 2.2K
2.2K
6 220K
2.2K
7 100K

8 470K 10K

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III. Measure the wave shape for the outputs by oscilloscope for the

given input voltage signal values. The frequency should 50 Hz and

the phase also 00for the above table column 5.

IV. By constructing the given circuit at the given breadboard, fill the

table below for R1 = 1K, 2.2K, 3.3K and 10K with

a. Fixed value of R2 = R3 = 1K.

b. Fixed value of R2 = R3 = 2.2K.

No V1 value V2 value Gain Output waveform with inputs

1 20mV 20mV

2 50mV Ground

3 Ground 50mV

4 100mV 500mV

5 1V 50mV

6 500mV 50mV

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Discussion questions

1. Based on the data you collected at the above two tables, give brief

conclusion about the operation of inverting and summing

amplifier.

2. By comparing the waveform of inputs and outputs, conclude the

relation between summing and inverting amplifier.

3. Based on the given wave shapes, design the summing amplifier.

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 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III - FOR APPLIED ELECTRONICS II

Laboratory - #4

Non-Inverting amplifier and difference amplifier

OBJECTIVES

In this laboratory, you will

 Develop non inverting amplifier

 Control the overall gain by external resistors

 Analyzedifference amplifier

Materials required for this laboratory

g. Resistors: 1K, 2.2K, 3.3K, 10K, 100K

h. Op-amp - UA741

i. Function Generator

j. Oscilloscope

k. Digital Multi-meter

l. Bread board

Theory/Introduction

I. NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER

In order to develop non-inverting amplifier the input signal should

apply in terminal 3 of op-amp.

Non-inverting amplifier is used to amplify voltages with the

overall gain of ratio of feedback resistor (Rf) to input resistor (R1)

and its (input) value.

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 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III - FOR APPLIED ELECTRONICS II

 The relation between input and output signal can be

related as = (1 + ) 1

 Gain = (1 + )

 Positive sign indicates the phase shift of output voltage

from input voltage is zero degree.

The difference between inverting and non-inverting amplifier are

 For inverting phase shift is 1800but 3600 /00 for non-

inverting.

 For inverting the gain may be less than unity but

notfor non-inverting.

II. DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER

Difference amplifier is used for amplifying the difference

signal between non-inverting and inverting input.

We apply input signals at both terminals.

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This amplifier circuit is used to subtract one voltage signals from

the other

= 2+ 1+ 1 , since R4 =Rf and R3 = R1

=− ( 2 − V1)

PROCEDURE

V. Construct the given circuit on the given bread board.

VI. By using multi-meter, measure the value output voltage by

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 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III - FOR APPLIED ELECTRONICS II

applying 20 to 500mV input signal and R = 1K.

No Rf R1 Vo by Multimeter Wave shape by osc Gain

1K
1 1K

1K
2 2.2K
1K
3 3.3K

4 10K 1K
2.2K
5 2.2K
2.2K
6 220K

2.2K
7 100K

VII. Measure the wave shape for the outputs by oscilloscope for the

given input voltage signal values. The frequency should 50 Hz and

the phase also 00 for the above table column 5.

VIII. By constructing the given circuit at the given breadboard, fill the

table below for R1 = R3 = 1K, 2.2K, 3.3K and 10K with

a. Fixed value of R4 = Rf = 10K.

b. Fixed value of R2 = R3 = 100K.

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No V1 value V2 value Gain Output waveform with inputs

1 20mV 20mV

2 50mV Ground

3 Ground 50mV

4 100mV 500mV

5 1V 50mV

6 500mV 50mV

Discussion questions

1. Based on the data you collected at the above two tables, give brief

conclusion about the operation of non-inverting and

differenceamplifier.

2. By comparing the waveform of inputs and outputs, conclude the

relation between non-inverting and inverting amplifier.

3. When we use non-inverting amplifier? Give brief description.

4. Why and when we use difference amplifiers?

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 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III - FOR APPLIED ELECTRONICS II

Laboratory - #5

Integrators and Differentiators

OBJECTIVES

In this laboratory, you will

 Develop integrator circuits using op-amp

 Develop differentiator circuits using op-amp

 Relate the input and the output signal for integrator and

differentiators.

Materials required for this laboratory

a. Resistors: 1K, 2.2K, 3.3K, 10K, 100K(variable resistor box)

b. Capacitors: 22uF, 220uF, 47uF, 470uF (variable capacitor box)

c. Op-amp - UA741

d. Function Generator

e. Oscilloscope

f. Digital Multi-meter

g. Bread board

Theory/Introduction

I. DIFFERENTIATOR CIRCUIT

A differentiating circuit produces an output voltage which is

proportional to the rate of change of the input voltage.

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 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III - FOR APPLIED ELECTRONICS II

=−
d R
=−
d

II. DIFFERENTIATOR CIRCUITS

An integrating circuit is one which produces an output that is

directly proportional to the area under the input wave shape at

every instant.

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 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III - FOR APPLIED ELECTRONICS II

=− → =−
R d RC
1
=− +

PROCEDURE

I. Construct the given circuit on the given bread board.

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II. By using multi-meter, measure the value output voltage by

applying 20 to 500mV input signal and R = 1K.

No C R Vo by Multimeter Wave shape by osc Gain

1K
1 22uF
1K
2 220uF
1K
3 470uF

4 22uF 10K

10K
5 47uF
10K
6 220uF
10K
7 470uF

III. Measure the wave shape for the outputs by oscilloscope for the

given input voltage signal values. The frequency should 50 Hz and

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 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III - FOR APPLIED ELECTRONICS II

the biasing DC voltage (Vcc = -VEE = 15V) for step 2.

IV. Construct the given circuit on the given bread board.

V. By using multi-meter, measure the value output voltage by

applying 20 to 500mV input signal and R = 1K.

No C R Vo by Multimeter Wave shape by osc Gain

1K
1 22uF
1K
2 220uF
1K
3 2.2uF

4 22uF 10K

10K
5 220uF
10K
6 2.2uF
0.01K
7 22uF

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 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III - FOR APPLIED ELECTRONICS II

0.01K
8 220uF
0.01K
9 2.2uF

Discussion questions

1. Based on the data you have collected at the above two tables, give

brief conclusion about the operation of integrator and

differentiator circuits.

2. Based on the data collected, how can you relate the effect of

Capacitor and resistors value for the output signal of differentiator

and integrators?

3. Is there any difference when you change the DC biasing voltage?

4. What happens if you apply triangular and rectangular input

signal for both integrator and differentiator circuits?

Laboratory - #6

OSCILLATORS (WIEN BRIDGE)

OBJECTIVES

In this laboratory, you will

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 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III - FOR APPLIED ELECTRONICS II

 Develop Wien bridge oscillator by using op-amp- uA741

 Control the frequency of oscillation for the given oscillator

 Develop Phase shift oscillator by using op-amp- uA741

Materials required for this laboratory

a. Resistors: 5.1K, 4.7K, 3.3K, 2K

b. Capacitors: 0.22uF, 0.1uF, 0.47uF

c. Op-amp - UA741

d. Function/signal Generator

e. Oscilloscope

f. Digital Multi-meter

g. Bread board

h. Variable resistor & capacitor

Theory/Introduction

I. WIEN BRIDGE OS CILLATOR CIRCUIT

This oscillator is developed by using 741 op-amp.

Since we don’t use phase shift feedback network, the open loop

amplifier should be considered as the phase shift will be zero

degree.

In order to start oscillation, the minimum criteria are the

following:

 =1+

 ≥3

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 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III - FOR APPLIED ELECTRONICS II

 ≥2

If the above criteria are satisfied. The oscillation frequency

becomes
1
=
2
If C1 = C2 = C

PROCEDURE

I. Construct the given circuit on the given bread board.

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II. By using oscilloscope, measure the wave shapes and compare the two waves.

III. By changing the value of capacitors, resistors (frequency controller) and the

gain controller resistors (R1 & R2) value fill the given table below.

R1 R2 C R Frequency Wave shape

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10K 10K 1nF 33K

10K 20K 1nF 3.3K

10K 22K 1nF 3.3K

10K 22K 1nF 1K

10K 22K 10nF 1K

10K 22K 10nF 3.3K

Discussion questions

1. Based on the data you have collected at the above table, give brief

conclusion about the effect of resistor R1 & R2 values on the

oscillation.

2. Is there any basic difference on the output wave for row 1, 2, and

6?

3. How can you control the oscillating frequency and also the

oscillating amplitude?

4. If someone asks you to generate 250 KHz frequency sinusoidal

wave, how can you design this oscillator?

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Laboratory - #7

TANK/LC OSCILLATORS

OBJECTIVES

In this laboratory, you will

 Develop tank circuits that can generate required frequency value.

 Control the frequency of oscillation for the given oscillator

 Develop Hartley oscillator circuit.

Materials required for this laboratory

a. Resistors: 5.1K, 4.7K, 3.3K, 2K

b. Capacitors: 0.22uF, 0.1uF, 0.47uF

c. Op-amp - UA741

d. Function/signal Generator

e. Oscilloscope

f. Digital Multi-meter

g. Bread board

h. Variable resistor & capacitor

Theory/Introduction

I. LC OS CILLATOR CIRCUIT

This oscillator is developed by DC voltage source as input,

capacitor as dependent power source from its previously charged

voltage and inductor is taken as load.

The working principle is:

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When the switch isconnected with 15V DC source, the capacitor starts charging to charges quickly to
the voltage of the battery.

When the switch is placed in position B, the charged capacitor begins to discharge through the inductor.
The current flows through the coil and builds up a magnetic field around the coil.

In order to start oscillation, the minimum criteria are the

following:

 =1+

 ≥3

 ≥2

If the above criteria are satisfied. The oscillation frequency

becomes
1
=
2
If C1 = C2 = C

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PROCEDURE

IV. Construct the given circuit on the given bread board.

V. By using oscilloscope, measure the wave shapes and compare the two waves.

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VI. By changing the value of capacitors, resistors (frequency controller) and the

gain controller resistors (R1 & R2) value fill the given table below.

R1 R2 C R Frequency Wave shape

10K 10K 1nF 33K

10K 20K 1nF 3.3K

10K 22K 1nF 3.3K

10K 22K 1nF 1K

10K 22K 10nF 1K

10K 22K 10nF 3.3K

Discussion questions

5. Based on the data you have collected at the above table, give brief

conclusion about the effect of resistor R1 & R2 values on the

oscillation.

6. Is there any basic difference on the output wave for row 1, 2, and

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6?

7. How can you control the oscillating frequency and also the

oscillating amplitude?

8. If someone asks you to generate 250 KHz frequency sinusoidal

wave, how can you design this oscillator?

Lab

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Laboratory - #8

SCHMITT TRIGGER CIRCUIT BY USING OPAMP

OBJECTIVES

In this laboratory, you will

 Develop Schmitt trigger circuits by using op-amp- uA741

 Develop basic Schmitt trigger circuits by using op-amp- uA741

 Develop non-inverting Schmitt trigger circuits by using op-amp-

uA741

Materials required for this laboratory

a. Resistors: 2.2K, 4.7K, 3.3K, 2K, 1K

b. Op-amp - UA741

c. Function/signal Generator

d. Oscilloscope

e. Digital Multi-meter

f. Bread board

g. Variable resistor & capacitor

Theory/Introduction

II. SCHMITT TRIGGER CIRCUIT

This wave generating circuit is used as wave shaping circuit use

the working principle of comparator

The circuit generates square wave forms depending on the

external input voltage and reference voltage

We can develop this trigger circuit as

 Comparator circuit (without feedback)

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 Inverting Schmitt trigger circuit

 Non-inverting Schmitt trigger circuit

Comparator circuit without feedback

The reference voltage is zero and if the input signal has more

value than zero voltage (Reference voltage) the circuit generates

negative VCC voltage and if the voltage value is less than zero

voltage the circuit generates positive VCC voltage value.

Note:

The reference voltage may be different from zero

but it should be DC component

Inverting Schmitt trigger circuit

During design the resistor values are purposely selected.

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R2 = R1||R3

As we increase the value of R1, the hysteresis loop decreases.

There may be DC reference voltage

Non inverting Schmitt trigger circuit

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PROCEDURE

VII. Construct the given circuit on the given bread board.

VIII. By using oscilloscope, measure the wave shapes and compare the two waves.

IX. By changing the value of reference voltage and input voltage, measure the

output voltage.

V2 Vref Voltage value Wave shape

2V 0V

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2V 1V

2V 3V

3V 1V

3V 4V

5V 7V

Construct the given circuit on the given bread board and fill the given

table

V2 Vref R1 Voltage value Wave shape

2V 0V 1K

2V 1V 10K

2V 1V 100K

3V 1V 1K

3V 2V 10K

5V 2V 100K

Construct the given circuit on the given bread board and fill the given

table

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V2 Vref R1 Voltage value Wave shape

2V 0V 1K

2V 1V 10K

2V 1V 100K

3V 1V 1K

3V 2V 10K

5V 2V 100K

Discussion questions

1. Based on the data you have collected at the above tables, give brief

conclusion about the effect of reference voltage.

2. What is the effect of positive feedback resistor for inverting and

non-inverting Schmitt trigger circuit?

3. What happen if you increase the DC biasing voltage to 15V and -

15v?

4. What happen if the reference voltage is greater than the peak

input voltage

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Laboratory - #9

TIMER CIRCUIT BY USING 555 IC

OBJECTIVES

In this laboratory, you will

 Develop monostable and astable multi-vibrator (Timer) circuit

 Control the frequency (pulse width) by using external components

 Differentiate free-running and one-shot multi-vibrator operation

easily

Materials required for this laboratory

a. IC - 555

b. Function/signal Generator

c. Oscilloscope

d. Digital Multi-meter

e. Bread board

f. Variable resistor & capacitor

Theory/Introduction

TIMER CIRCUIT

Timer circuit is wave generating circuit (free-running and one-

shot multi-vibrator).

Timer circuit can be developed by timer IC 555.

The 555 IC is unique in that it simply, cheaply, and accurately

serves as a free-running astable multi-vibrator, square-wave

generator, or signal source, as well as being useful as a pulse

generator

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Various timing functions can be obtained by connecting external

resistors and capacitors (designed value) around the timer IC 555.

The pin configuration of 555 is

555 timer IC consists two comparators and one flip-flop and

Resistors and transistors as follows.

This timer IC operate in either monostable or astable operation mode.

Monostable multi-vibrator

The wave form for this multivibrator circuit depends on external trigger

pulse. If sinusoidal wave is used, it triggers the circuit at the value of

Upper threshold and Lower threshold point.

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The wave form frequency depend on the external resistor R1 and

capacitor C1.

By using digital clock as external trigger pulse, we can trigger this

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timer circuit.

Astable multi-vibrator

This multi-vibrator timer circuit is known as free running multi-

vibrator. The name is given to it because of without external

trigger input pulse, the output pulse is generated.

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The reference voltage is zero and if the input signal has more

value than zero voltage (Reference voltage) the circuit generates

negative VCC voltage and if the voltage value is less than zero

voltage the circuit generates positive VCC voltage value.

Note:

The reference voltage may be different from zero

but it should be DC component

Inverting Schmitt trigger circuit

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During design the resistor values are purposely selected.

R2 = R1||R3

As we increase the value of R1, the hysteresis loop decreases.

There may be DC reference voltage

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Non inverting Schmitt trigger circuit

PROCEDURE

X. Construct the given circuit on the given bread board.

XI. By using oscilloscope, measure the wave shapes and compare the two waves.

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XII. By changing the value of reference voltage and input voltage, measure the

output voltage.

V2 Vref Voltage value Wave shape

2V 0V

2V 1V

2V 3V

3V 1V

3V 4V

5V 7V

Construct the given circuit on the given bread board and fill the given

table

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V2 Vref R1 Voltage value Wave shape

2V 0V 1K

2V 1V 10K

2V 1V 100K

3V 1V 1K

3V 2V 10K

5V 2V 100K

Construct the given circuit on the given bread board and fill the given

table

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V2 Vref R1 Voltage value Wave shape

2V 0V 1K

2V 1V 10K

2V 1V 100K

3V 1V 1K

3V 2V 10K

5V 2V 100K

Discussion questions

5. Based on the data you have collected at the above tables, give brief

conclusion about the effect of reference voltage.

6. What is the effect of positive feedback resistor for inverting and

non-inverting Schmitt trigger circuit?

7. What happen if you increase the DC biasing voltage to 15V and -

15v?

8. What happen if the reference voltage is greater than the peak

input voltage

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