SHORT PROCEDURE
1. DETERMINATION OF TOTAL, TEMPORARY & PERMANENT
HARDNESS OF WATER BY EDTA METHOD
S.No REQUIREMENTS TITRATION - I TITRATION - II TITRATION - III
Standardisation of Estimation of Total Estimation of
Determination and EDTA hardness Permanent hardness
1.
Estimation (EDTA Vs Standard ( standardized EDTA Vs ( standardized EDTA Vs
Hard water) Hard water sample) Boiled Hard water)
Standardized EDTA Standardized EDTA
2. Burette solution EDTA solution
solution solution
20 ml of Std. hard 20 ml of Boiled hard
3. Pipette solution 20 ml of water sample
water water sample
5 ml of ammoniacal 5 ml of ammoniacal 5 ml of ammoniacal
4. Additional solution
Buffer solution Buffer solution Buffer solution
5. Indicator Eriochrome Black-T Eriochrome Black-T Eriochrome Black-T
End-point Wine red to steel
6. Wine red to steel blue Wine red to steel blue
(colour change) blue
7. Formula 20/V1 mg/l 1000 × V2/V1 ppm 1000 × V3/V1 ppm
Equivalent weight of Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) = 50
ESTIMATION OF TEMPORARY HARDNESS
Temporary hardness = Total hardness - Permanent hardness
1
2. ESTIMATION OF HCl USING Na2CO3 AS PRIMARY STANDARD
AND DETERMINATION OF ALKALINITY IN WATER SAMPLE
S.No REQUIREMENTS TITRATION - I TITRATION - II
Determination and Standardisation of HCl Estimation of alkalinity
1.
Estimation (Standard Na2CO3Vs HCl) (Standardized HCl Vs Water sample)
2. Burette solution HCl Standardized HCl
3. Pipette solution 20 ml Standard Na2CO3 20 ml of water sample
(i) Phenolphthalein
4. Indicator Methyl orange
(ii) Methyl orange
For P- pink to colourless
End-point
5. Yellow to Red-orange
(colour change)
For M- yellow to red- orange
Normality ×
For P > ½ M
Formula Equivalent
6. N2 = V1N1 / V2 OH- = 2P - M
weight of
CO32- = 2 (M-P)
CaCO3
Equivalent weight of Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) = 50
2
3. DETERMINATION OF DO CONTENT OF WATER SAMPLE BY
WINKLER’S METHOD
S.No. REQUIREMENTS TITRATION- I TITRATION - II
1. Determination and Standardisation of Sodium Estimation of Dissolved Oxygen
Estimation thiosulphate solution Standardised Na2S2O3 Vs Water
(Na2S2O3) Sample
Standard K2Cr2O7 Vs Na2S2O3
2. Burette solution Sodium Thiosulphate solution Sodium Thiosulphate solution
3. Pipette solution 20 ml of std. K2Cr2O7 20 ml of water sample
4. Additional solution 5 ml of H2SO4, 5 ml of 5%KI 2 ml of MnSO4, 2 ml of alkali iodide
and 2ml of con. H2SO4 to dissolve the
precipitate
5. Indicator Starch Starch
6. End-point (colour change) Appearance of pale green Blue colour to colourless solution
colour
7. Formula N2 = V1N1 / V2 Normality × Equivalent weight of
Oxygen
Equivalent weight of Oxygen = 8
3
4. DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDE CONTENT OF WATER SAMPLE BY
ARGENTOMETRIC METHOD
S.No. REQUIREMENTS TITRATION - I TITRATION - II
1. Determination and Standardisation of AgNO3 Estimation of chloride
Estimation
2. Burette solution AgNO3 solution Std. AgNO3 solution
3. Pipette solution 20 ml of Std. NaCl 20 ml of water sample
5. Indicator
Potassium chromate (K2CrO4)
Potassium chromate (K2CrO4)
6. End-point (colour change) Yellow to reddish brown Yellow to reddish brown
Followed by coagulation of Followed by coagulation of white
white precipitate precipitate
7. Formula N2 = V1N1 / V2 Normality × Equivalent weight of
chloride
Equivalent weight of chloride = 35.46
4
5. DETERMINATION OF STRENGTH OF GIVEN HYDROCHLORIC ACID
USING pH METER
1. Burette solution : 0.1 N NaOH
2. Beaker solution : HCl 20 ml. + 20ml distilled water.
3. Cell : Combined electrode.
4. Equivalent weight of HCl : 36.45
5. Amount of HCl : Normality of HCl × Equivalent weight of HCl = g
6. Graph : Two graphs S-graph (volume of NaOH vs pH) and
Peak graphs (volume of NaOH vs Δ pH /ΔV) are drawn .The
end point is calculated from the graph.
5
6. CONDUCTOMETRIC PRECIPITATION TITRATION USING BaCl2
AND Na2SO4
1. Burette solution : Na2SO4
2. Beaker solution : 10 ml BaCl2 + 50ml distilled water.
3. Cell : Conductivity cell.
4. Equivalent weight of
BaCl2 : 122.14
5. Amount of BaCl2 : Normality of BaCl2 × Equivalent weight of BaCl2 = --- g
6. Graph : The accurate end-point is obtained by plotting a graph between
observed Conductance and volume of Na2SO4 added.
6
7. ESTIMATION OF IRON CONTENT OF THE GIVEN SOLUTION USING
POTENTIOMETER
1. Burette solution : 0.1 N K2Cr2O7
2. Beaker solution : 20 ml FAS. + 20ml dil. H2SO4 + 10ml distilled water.
3. Cell : Platinum and Calomel electrodes.
4. Equivalent weight of Fe : 55.85
5. Amount of Ferrous ion : Normality of Ferrous ion × Equivalent weight of Fe
= --- g
6. Graph : Two graphs S-graph (Volume of K2Cr2O7 vs Emf) and
Peak graphs (Volume of K2Cr2O7 vs ΔE/ΔV) are drawn.
The end point is noted from the graph.
