Matrices - Basics General Matrix

Definition: Rectangular array of numbers.

15 6 ⇠ First row

10 2 ⇠ Second row

13 5 ⇠ Third row

↑ ↑
First Second
Column Column

Types of Matrices Types of Matrices

Null Matrix or Zero Matrix
Row Matrix

Column Matrix
Types of Matrices Square Matrix

Horizontal Matrix

Vertical Matrix

Square Matrix

Square Matrix Square Matrix

In a square matrix the pair of elements aij & aji are called Conjugate
Elements. Triangular Matrix Diagonal Matrix
(aij = 0 if i b j)
The elements a11, a22, a33,..........ann are called Diagonal Elements. The
line along which the diagonal elements lie is called <Principal or
Upper triangular Lower triangular = dia(d1, d2, d3)
leading= diagonal.
If aij = 0 ∀ i > j If aij = 0 ∀ i < j
Trace (A) = Sum of elements along principal diagonal. Notation tr(A).

Scalar matrix Unit Matrix

If d1 = d2 = d3 ….. = a If d1 = d2 =...... = 1
Think ! Think !

Question (JEE Main 2022) Question (JEE Main 2020)

The number of matrices of order 3 × 3, whose entries are either 0 or 1 and
the sum of all the entries is a prime number, is ______
Solution Algebra of Matrices

Adding/Subtracting

Multiplication by Scalar

Multiplying

Adding/Subtracting Matrices Scalar Matrix Multiplication

We can add/subtract two matrices only if they are of
same order

Given Find A + B
Properties Matrix Multiplication
Order should be same AB exist if, A = m x n & B = n x p
A+B=B+A (Commutative)

(A + B) + C = A + (B + C) (Associative)

tr(A + B) = tr(A) + tr(B) (Square Matrix)

tr(A - B) = tr(A) - tr(B) (Square Matrix)

tr(kA) = k tr(A) (Square Matrix)

Matrix Multiplication - Method 1 Matrix Multiplication - Method 2

Find .

(3, 2) (5, 1)

(2, 4)

(1, 5)
Properties of Matrix Multiplication Properties of Matrix Multiplication
1. In general, AB b BA
2. If A = O or B = O ⇒ AB = O
3. If AB = O ⇏ A = O or B = O
4. If AB = AC ⇏ B = C
5. But if B = C ⇒ AB = AC
6. AB = BA ⇒ A and B commute each other
7. And if AB = - BA then A and B anticommute each other.
8. Multiplication of diagonal matrices of the same order will be commutative
9. (A . B) . C = A . (B . C)
10. A (B + C) = AB + AC
11. (A + B) C = AC + BC

Transpose of Matrix Properties of Transpose

1. (AT)T = A

2. (A + B )T = AT + BT

3. (A - B )T = AT - BT

4. (kA)T = k(AT)

5. (AB)T = BTAT

6. (An)T = (AT)n
Question (JEE Main 2023) Question (JEE Main 2024)

If for the matrix then the value of ³4 + ´4 is :

A. 1
+
B. 3

C. 2

D. 4

Pattern wale Matrix Question (JEE Main 2020)

Question (JEE Main 2019) Question (JEE Main 2020)

Question (JEE Main 2021) Question (JEE Main 2024)

Question (JEE Main 2021)

Question (JEE Main 2023)

 Question (JEE Main 2023)

Question (JEE Main 2023) Types of Matrices

Orthogonal Matrix ATA = AAT = I

Idempotent Matrix A2 = A

Involutory Matrix A2 = In

Nilpotent Matrix Ak = O

Periodic Matrix Ak+1 = A

Question (JEE Main 2022) Question (JEE Main 2022)

Question (JEE Adv. 2022)

 Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric Matrix

If AT = A, then A is symmetric

If AT = -A, then A is skew symmetric

Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric Matrix Theorem 1

(1) For any square matrix A with real number entries, A + A’ is a
symmetric matrix and A - A’ is a skew symmetric matrix.

(2)

Note: Diagonal elements of a Skew-symmetric = 0

Theorem 2 Question
Express the following matrices as the sum of a symmetric and a skew
Any square matrix can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric matrix.
symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.

Properties of Symmetric & Skew-Symmetric Properties of Symmetric & Skew-Symmetric

2. If A is a skew symmetric matrix, then

1. If A is a symmetric matrix, then -A, kA, AT, An, A-1, BTAB are also
symmetric matrices, where n ∈ N, k ∈ R and B is a square matrix
of order that A. (a) A2n is a symmetric matrix for n ∈ N,
(b) A2n + 1 is a skew-symmetric matrix for n ∈ N,
(c) kA is also skew-symmetric matrix, where k ∈ N,
(d) BTAB is also skew-symmetric matrix where B is a
square matrix of order that of A.
Properties of Symmetric & Skew-Symmetric Properties of Symmetric & Skew-Symmetric

3. If A, B are two symmetric matrix, then 4. If A, B are two skew symmetric matrix, then

(a) A ± B, AB + BA are also symmetric matrix, (a) A ± B, AB - BA are skew-symmetric matrices,

(b) AB - BA is a skew-symmetric matrix, (b) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix.
(c) AB is a symmetric matrix, when AB = BA.

Question (JEE Adv. 2015) Question (JEE Main 2023)

Question (JEE Main 2022) Question (JEE Main 2023)

Important Result Question (JEE Adv. 2017)

Question (JEE Main 2021) Minor & Cofactor
Let M be any 3 x 3 matrix with entries from the set {0, 1, 2}. The maximum number of such
matrices, for which the sum of diagonal elements of MTM is seven is
Ans: 540

Adjoint of Matrix Properties of Adjoint

A (adj A) = (adj A) A = |A| In |adj A| = |A|n-1

adjoint = (cofactor)T

adj (AB) = (adj B).(adj A)

adj (kA) = kn-1 (adj A), (k �㖊 R)

adj (adj A) = |A|n-2 A.

Question (JEE Main 2022) Question (JEE Main 2022)
Let A and B be two 3 x 3 matrices such that AB = I and |A| = 1/8 then
Let A be a 3 x 3 invertible matrix. If ladj (24A)| = |adj (3adj(2A))|, then |A|2 |adj(Badj(2A)) | is equal to
is equal to :
A. 16
A. 66 B. 32
B. 212 C. 64
C. 26 D. 128
D. 1

Inverse of Matrix Shortcut for Inverse of 2 x 2

If A =

Note: A-1 exists if A is non-singular.

Inverse of Diagonal Matrix: Shortcut Shortcut: Inverse of 3 x 3 matrix

Properties of Inverse of Matrix Question (JEE Main 2023)

(Ak)-1 = (A-1)k = A-k, k �㖊 N AA-1 = A-1A = I

(AT)-1 = (A-1)T

(A-1)-1 = A (AB)-1 = B-1 A-1

Question (JEE Adv. 2020)

Question (JEE Adv. 2019)

Question (JEE Main 2024)

Question (JEE Main 2024)