Simultaneous Heat & Mass Transfer
&
Instrumentation & Process Control
Lab
(CH-415L)
Prepared by: Engr. Roohi Amin
Contents
No. Equipment Experiment Week. #
01. Bench Top Cooling Tower Experiment 1: Analyzing Effect of Water and Air Week 01
Flowrate
02. Convection Drying Unit Experiment 1: Analyzing Reduction in weight and Week 02
Drying Rate
03. Adsorption Experiment 1: Analyzing the Effect of Contact Time Week 03
on Adsorption
04. Gas Absorption Unit Experiment 1: Gas Concentration before and after Week 04
Absorption
Experiment No.2: Pressure drop in Absorption Week 04
Column
05. Cooling Crystallization Experiment 1: Understanding the basics of Cooling Week 05
Crystallization and Factor effecting Crystal Growth
No. Equipment Experiment Week. #
06. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Experiment 1: Extraction of a component Week 07
from liquid mixture and its enrichment.
07. Distillation Unit Experiment No.1: Effect of Week 08
reflux/temperature on distillate
composition
Experiment No.2: Effect of Total reflux on Week 08
composition at different plates
08. Pressure Control Experiment 1: Analyzing the step response
Demonstration Unit of pressure control system and its behavior
with PID.
09. Temperature Control Experiment 1: Analyzing the step response
Demonstration Unit of temperature control system and its
behavior with PID.
No. Equipment Experiment Week.#
10. Flow / Level Control Experiment 1: Analyzing water level in the
Demonstration Unit tank and water flowrate using PID controller
11. Water Quality Control Unit Experiment 1: Analyzing and controlling
conductivity of water
Experiment 2: Analyzing and controlling pH of
water
Experiment 3: Analyzing and controlling
Oxygen concentration of water
Experiment 4: Controlling the redox potential
Distillation
History
The earliest known
evidence of distillation
comes from a terracotta
distillation apparatus
dating to 3000 BC in the
Indus valley of Pakistan.
Driving Force for
Distillation ?
Distillation is a purification
method for liquids and can
separate components of a
mixture if they have significantly
different boiling points.
• Distillation is the technique of preferential separation of the
more volatile component(s) from the less volatile ones in a
feed solution by partial vaporization of the feed followed by
condensation.
• Distillation is a direct separation method as it employs no
external agents
• The vapor produced is richer in the more volatile
component(s). The distribution of the components in the two
phases is governed by the vapor–liquid equilibrium
relationship.
• Only partial separation of the components can be achieved
in this way.
• To have more separation, multistage contact between the
vapor and the liquid phases is arranged in a suitable device
known as distillation column
Working Principle
Distillation is the most widely used separation process in the chemical industry.
It is normally used to separate liquid mixtures into two or more vapor or liquid products
with different compositions.
Distillation is an equilibrium stage operation. In each stage, a vapor phase is contacted
with a liquid phase and mass is transferred from vapor to liquid and from liquid to vapor.
The less volatile, "heavy" or "high boiling", components concentrate in the liquid phase;
the more volatile, "light", components concentrate in the vapor.
By using multiple stages in series with recycle, separation can be accomplished.
Difference between Distillation
& Liquid Liquid Extraction
Categories of Distillation
Fractional
Distillation
Vacuum
Distillation
Advantages
• It is an efficient method to obtain a pure substrate
from a mixture of liquid.
• This process is time efficient.
• It is a reversible method; no permanent changes
are made in the liquid solution unless the reaction
is stopped.
Disadvantages
• It does consume a huge amount of energy.
• In some types of distillation, it gives a slow output.
• Higher operating costs
• Unable to separate mixtures of close boiling points
• Not recommended for separation of heat sensitive
materials
Applications
• Petroleum Refining: Separates crude
oil into various fuels like gasoline,
diesel, and jet fuel.
• Alcohol Production: Purifies ethanol in
the production of spirits and other
alcoholic beverages.
• Water Purification: Removes salts and
impurities in desalination processes to
provide clean drinking water.
• Chemical Industry: Separates and
purifies chemicals, solvents, and other
substances in manufacturing
processes.
• Pharmaceuticals: Isolates and purifies
active ingredients for drugs and other
medical products.
• Food & Fragrance: Extracts essential
oils and flavor compounds for use in
food, beverages, and perfumes.
Concept of
Reflux
Reflux ratio is the ratio of the amount of liquid that returns to a distillation column as reflux to the
amount collected as distillate. It's calculated by dividing the boil-up rate by the take-off rate. For
example, if five parts of reflux return to the column and one part is collected as distillate, the reflux
ratio is 5:1.
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
= 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒/ 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
A 100% reflux ratio in a distillation process means that the
total amount of liquid collected as distillate is zero, and all
the vapor that is condensed in the condenser is returned to
the column to be re-vaporized and undergo further separation.
The column continues to work on the mixture, but no product
is being removed from the system.
General Trends:
• Composition vs. Time: Initially, the
distillate is mostly the more volatile
component. As time goes on, the lighter
components are mostly distilled out, and
heavier components begin to make up the
distillate.
• Composition vs. Temperature: The
distillation column operates such that at lower
temperatures, lighter components (with lower
boiling points) are distilled first. As the
temperature increases, the distillate becomes
richer in heavier components.
• Composition vs. Reflux Ratio: Higher
reflux ratios result in more efficient
separation, leading to a purer distillate
composition, with the volatile component
being more concentrated. Lower reflux ratios
result in less efficient separation, leading to a
mixture of components.
Methods for
Measuring
Number of Plates
Theoretical Empirical Tray Efficiency
Short-Cut Simulation
Method Correlations Method
Methods (Fenske Software (Aspen
(McCabe-Thiele (Sherwood's (Murphree Vapor
Equation) Plus)
Method) Method) Efficiency)
Experiment
Objective 1.1:
Effect of
reflux/temperature
on distillate
composition
Observations and Measurements
S No. Time Temperature Reflux Ratio Density of Composition Notes
Distillate
(min) (deg C) (g/cubic cm)
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
Objective 1.2:
Effect of Total
reflux on
composition at
different plates
Observations and Measurements
Sample Time Mass Volume Density Mass Fraction
Position
(min) (g) (ml) (g/ml)
-- -- -- -- --
Sample Position: e.g., boiler, first plate, second plate,…
Experimental
Procedure
Thank You!
