Chapter 1: Classification of Vehicles and Automobile Basics
Classification of Vehicles
Vehicles can be classified based on various factors:
1. Purpose: Passenger vehicles, goods vehicles, special-purpose vehicles.
2. Drive: Front-wheel drive, rear-wheel drive, all-wheel drive, and four-wheel drive.
3. Power Source: Internal combustion engine, electric vehicle, hybrid vehicles.
Drives and General Layout of an Automobile
An automobile's drive system transfers power from the engine to the wheels:
- Types of drives: Front-wheel drive, rear-wheel drive, and all-wheel drive.
- General layout includes components such as the engine, transmission system, suspension
system, and braking system.
Engine Types
Engines used in automobiles are classified as follows:
1. Diesel Engine: Higher efficiency and torque, mainly used in heavy vehicles.
2. Petrol Engine: High speed and lightweight, preferred in passenger vehicles.
3. Hybrid Engines: Combine a petrol/diesel engine with an electric motor to improve fuel
efficiency and reduce emissions.
Electric Vehicles
Electric vehicles (EVs) are powered by electric motors and rechargeable batteries.
Advantages include zero emissions, lower running costs, and quieter operation.
Comparison of Performance and Factors Affecting Choice
The choice of engine and vehicle type depends on various factors:
- Fuel efficiency
- Initial cost and maintenance expenses
- Environmental concerns and emission norms
Power Requirements of an Automobile
Power requirements depend on:
1. Rolling resistance: Friction between the tire and road surface.
2. Gradient resistance: Resistance encountered on slopes.
3. Aerodynamic drag: Air resistance that increases with speed.
Rolling, Wind, and Gradient Resistance
1. Rolling Resistance: Dependent on tire materials and surface conditions.
2. Wind Resistance: Proportional to the square of the vehicle’s speed.
3. Gradient Resistance: Increased effort required to move uphill.
