Electrical Safety Program

Introduction

This is the program managed by Abdulla AL ZYABI toward electrical safety. We are very concerned toward our
employee and there safety at work that is why be make our electrical safety program which contain safety
measures and different prospect how to be safe at electrical work.

Electricity is a serious workplace hazard, capable of causing both employee injury and property damage Office of
Environmental Safety and Health (ESH) to protect all employees and other personnel from potential electrical
hazards. This will be accomplished through compliance with the work practices described in this policy along with
effective application of engineering controls, administrative controls, and the use of personal protective
equipment.

The Electrical Safety Program is founded on the principle of avoiding energized work unless it is absolutely
necessary. Live parts will be de-energized before an employee works on or near them unless one of the conditions
applies:

 De-energizing introduces additional or increased hazards. Examples of additional or increased hazards

would include deactivation of emergency alarm systems or shutdown of hazardous location ventilation
systems.
 De-energizing is not possible due to equipment design or operational limitations. Examples of this
situation would include testing and troubleshooting of electrical circuits that can only be performed with
the circuit energized and work on circuits that form an integral part of a continuous process that would
otherwise need to be completely shut down in order to permit work on one circuit or piece of equipment.
 Live parts are operating at less than 50 volts to ground and there is no increased exposure to electrical
burns or to explosion due to electrical arcs.
 Live parts are to be de-energized in accordance with the Lockout/Tagout Program.

If live parts are not placed in an electrically safe condition, the work practices described in this document must be
used to protect employees.

PURPOSE

This program has been established in order to:

 Ensure the safety of employees who may work on or near electrical systems.
 Ensure that employees understand and comply with safety standards related to electrical safety.
 Ensure that employees follow uniform practices during the completion of electrical work.

RESPONSIBLITIES

Office of Environmental Safety & Health

  Assist shops in implementing the provisions of this program.
 Provide or assist in task specific training for electrical work qualifications.
 Periodically review and update this written program.
 Provide or coordinate general training for shops on the content of this program
 Evaluate overall effectiveness of the electrical safety program on a periodic basis.

Supervisors/ Foreman

 Determine the applicability of the electrical safety program to activities conducted within their respective
areas.
 Supervisors are responsible for the implementation of the electrical safety program within their areas.
 Ensure employees comply with all provisions of the electrical safety program.
 Ensure employees receive training appropriate to their assigned electrical tasks and maintain
documentation of such training.
 Develop and maintain a listing of all qualified employees in their areas.
 Ensure employees are provided with and use appropriate protective equipment.

Employees

 Follow the work practices described in this document, including the use of appropriate protective
equipment and tools.
 Attend all training required relative to this program.
 Immediately report any concerns related to electrical safety to supervision.

DEFINITIONS

The following terms are defined in order to allow a better understanding of this program.

 Arc rating: The maximum incident energy resistance demonstrated by a material (or a layered system of
materials) prior to “breaking open” or at the onset of a second-degree skin burn. This rating is assigned to
electrical protective clothing and is normally expressed in calories per square centimeter (cal/cm2).
 Electrically safe work condition: A state in which the conductor or circuit part to be worked on or near
has been disconnected from energized parts, locked/tagged in accordance with MSU policy, tested to
ensure the absence of voltage, and grounded if determined necessary.
 Energized: Electrically connected to or having a source of voltage.
 Exposed (as applied to live parts): Capable of being inadvertently touched or suitably guarded, isolated,
or insulated.
 Flash hazard analysis: A study investigating a worker’s potential exposure to arc-flash energy, conducted
for the purpose of injury prevention and the determination of safe work practices along with appropriate
levels of PPE.
 Flash protection boundary: An approach limit at a distance from exposed live parts within which a person
could receive a second degree burn if an electrical arc flash were to occur.
  Flash suit: A complete FR clothing and equipment system that covers the entire body, except for the
hands and feet. (Such a suit typically includes pants, jacket, and a “bee-keeper” style hood fitted with a
face shield).
 FR apparel: Flame-resistant apparel; describes a broad category of clothing designed to protect
employees from electrical arc events during completion of energized tasks.
 Incident energy: The amount of energy impressed on a surface, a certain distance from the source,
generated during an electrical arc event. One of the units used to measure incident energy is calories per
square centimeter (cal/cm2).
 Limited approach boundary: An approach limit at a distance from an exposed live part within which a
shock hazard exists.
 Live parts: Energized conductive components.
 Prohibited approach boundary: An approach limit at a distance from an exposed live part within which
work is considered the same as making contact with the live part.
 PPE: An acronym for “Personal Protective Equipment”.
 Qualified person: One who has skills and knowledge related to the construction and operation of the
electrical equipment and installation and has received training on the hazards involved.
 Restricted approach boundary: An approach limit at a distance from an exposed live part within which
there is an increased risk of shock (due to electrical arc-over combined with inadvertent movement) for
personnel working in close proximity to the live part.
 Unqualified person: Any person who does not meet the definition of a qualified person.
 Working near (live parts): Any activity within a Limited Approach Boundary.
 Working on (live parts): Coming in contact with live parts via tools, probes, test equipment, hands, feet,
or other body parts regardless of the level of PPE worn.

TRAINING

 Employees who are exposed to an electrical hazard that is not reduced to a safe level by the installation
must be trained.
 The level of electrical safety training provided is dependent on whether the employee is classified as a
“qualified person” or “unqualified person”.
 A “qualified person” shall be trained and knowledgeable in all of the following topics:
o Construction and operation of equipment on which work is assigned.
o Skills and techniques necessary to distinguish exposed energized parts from other parts of electrical
equipment.
o Skills and techniques necessary to determine the nominal voltage of exposed live parts.
o The approach distances specified in this document and the corresponding voltages to which the
qualified employee will be exposed.
o The process necessary to determine the degree and extent of electrical hazards along with the PPE
and job planning necessary to perform the task safely.
 A person can be considered qualified with respect to certain equipment and methods but unqualified for
others.
 An “unqualified person” shall be trained in the inherent hazards of electricity and any related work
practices that are necessary for their safety.
 Training must be provided before the employee is assigned duties that involve work near or on electrical
systems.
 Each supervisor shall maintain a record of all electrical training provided to their employees along with a
listing of all employees classified as qualified persons.

WORKING ON OR NEAR LIVE PARTS

Energized electrical work require a work permit if the employee performing the work follows the guidelines in this
program (e.g. wears Endura work uniform and cotton undershirt, uses appropriate PPE, etc.).

Energized Electrical Work Permit – Energized work 110/kv

 If live parts are not placed in an electrically safe condition, work to be performed shall be considered
energized electrical work and will be performed by written permit only.
 A copy of the Facilities Management Energized Electrical Work Permit can be found in Appendix A of this
document. The intent of this permit is to ensure that all appropriate safety precautions are taken prior to
starting energized electrical work.
 Work related to testing, troubleshooting, and voltage measuring may be completed without a permit
provided appropriate safe work practices and PPE are used.
 The permit is to be originated by the individual requesting that the energized work be completed. (This
will normally be the supervisor of the employee who will be completing the work).
 All Energized Electrical Work Permits should be submitted to the Office of Environmental Safety & Health
for approval.
 The permit must be posted in the area where the energized work is taking place for the duration of the
task.
 Energized electrical work permits must be kept on file by the supervisor upon completion of the task.
Approach Boundaries to Live Parts

 Observing a safe approach distance from exposed energized parts is an effective means of maintaining
electrical safety. As the distance between an individual and live parts increases, the potential for an
electrical injury decreases.
 Safe approach distances will be determined for all tasks in which approaching personnel are exposed to
live parts.
 Safe approach distances to fixed live parts can be determined by referring to Appendix B, “Approach
Boundaries to Live Parts for Shock Protection”. This appendix can be used to identify the Limited,
Restricted, and Prohibited Approach Boundaries associated with various system voltages.
 Unqualified persons may only cross the Limited Approach Boundary when they are under the direct
supervision of a qualified person.
 Qualified persons may not cross or take any conductive object closer than the Restricted Approach
Boundary unless one of the following conditions apply:
o The qualified person is insulated or guarded from the live parts and no uninsulated part of the
qualified person’s body crosses the Prohibited Approach Boundary.
o The live parts are insulated from the qualified person and from any other conductive object at a
different potential.
 Crossing the Prohibited Approach Boundary is considered the same as making contact with energized
parts. Qualified persons may only cross this boundary when all of the following precautions have been
taken:
o The qualified person has specific training to work on energized parts.
o The qualified person has obtained an approved Energized Electrical Work Permit.
o The qualified person uses PPE appropriate for working on energized parts which are rated for the
voltage and energy level involved.

Other Precautions for Personnel Activities

 Employees shall not reach blindly into areas that might contain exposed live parts.
  Employees shall not enter spaces containing live parts unless illumination is provided that allows the work
to be performed safely.
 Conductive articles of jewelry and clothing (such as watchbands, bracelets, rings, key chains, necklaces,
metalized aprons, cloth with conductive thread, metal headgear, or metal frame glasses) shall not be
worn where they present an electrical contact hazard with exposed live parts.
 Conductive materials, tools, and equipment that are in contact with any part of an employee’s body shall
be handled in a manner that prevents accidental contact with live parts. Such materials and equipment
include, but are not limited to, long conductive objects such as ducts, pipes, tubes, conductive hose and
rope, metal-lined rules and scales, steel tapes, pulling lines, metal scaffold parts, structural members, and
chains.
 When an employee works in a confined space or enclosed space (such as a manhole or vault) that
contains exposed live parts, the employee shall use protective shields, barriers, or insulating materials as
necessary to avoid contact with these parts. Doors, hinged panels, and the like shall be secured to
prevent them from swinging into employees.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

General Requirements

 Employees working in areas where electrical hazards are present shall be provided with, and shall use,
protective equipment (Arc Flash Gear) that is designed and constructed for the specific body part to be
protected and for the work to be performed.
 MSU will provide electrical protective equipment (Arc Flash Gear) required by this program at no cost to
employees. Such equipment shall include 11 calorie, and 40 calorie rated Arc Flash apparel, eye
protection, head protection, hand protection, insulated footwear, and face shields where necessary. MSU
is not responsible for providing under layers.
 All protective equipment shall be maintained in a safe, reliable condition by the employee to whom it is
issued.
 Employees shall wear nonconductive head protection whenever there is a danger of a head injury from
electric shock or burns due to contact with live parts or from flying objects resulting from an electrical
explosion.
 Employees shall wear nonconductive protection for the face, neck, and chin whenever there is danger of
injury from exposure to electric arcs or flashes or from flying objects resulting from an electrical explosion.
 Employees shall wear protective equipment for the eyes and face whenever there is a danger of injury
from electric arcs, flashes, or from flying objects resulting from an electrical explosion.
 Employees shall wear rubber insulating gloves where there is a danger of hand and arm injury due to
contact with live parts or possible exposure to arc flash burn.
 Where insulated footwear is used as protection against step and touch potential, dielectric overshoes
shall be required. Insulated shoes shall not be used as primary electrical protection.
 Face shields without an arc rating will not be used for electrical work. Safety glasses or goggles must
always be worn underneath face shields.
 Additional illumination may be needed when using tinted face shields as protection during electrical work.
Flame-Resistant Apparel & Under Layers

 FR apparel shall be visually inspected before each use. FR apparel that is contaminated or damaged shall
not be used. Protective items that become contaminated with grease, oil, flammable liquids, or
combustible liquids shall not be used.
 The garment manufacturer’s instructions for care and maintenance of FR apparel shall be followed.
 When FR apparel is worn to protect an employee, it shall cover all ignitable clothing and allow for
movement and visibility.
 FR apparel must cover potentially exposed areas as completely as possible. FR shirt sleeves must be
fastened and FR shirts/jackets must be closed at the neck.
  Non-melting, flammable garments (i.e. cotton, wool, rayon, silk, or blends of these materials) may be used
as under layers beneath FR apparel.
 Meltable fibers such as acetate, nylon, polyester, polypropylene, and spandex shall not be permitted in
fabric under layers next to the skin. (An incidental amount of elastic used on non-melting fabric
underwear or sock shall be permitted).
 FR garments worn as outer layers over FR apparel (i.e. jackets or rainwear) must also be made from FR
material.
 Flash suits must permit easy and rapid removal by the user.
 A FR smock kit will be made available in case of call-ins.
Rubber Insulating Equipment

 Rubber insulating equipment includes protective devices such as gloves, sleeves, blankets, and matting.
 Insulating equipment must be inspected for damage before each day’s use and immediately following any
incident that could have caused damage.
 An air test must be performed on rubber insulating gloves before each use.
 Insulating equipment found to have defects that might affect its insulating properties must be removed
from service until testing indicates that it is acceptable for continued use.
 Where the insulating capability of protective equipment is subject to damage during the use, the
insulating material shall be protected by an outer covering of leather or other appropriate material.
 Rubber insulating equipment must be stored in an area protected from light, temperature extremes,
excessive humidity, ozone, and other substances and conditions that may cause damage.
ELECTRICAL SAFETY RISK ASSESSMENT

The intent of this procedure is to perform a risk assessment, which includes a review of the electrical hazards, the
associated foreseeable tasks, and the protective measures that are required in order to maintain a tolerable level
of risk. A risk assessment should be performed before work is started.

Risk Assessment Steps

 Identify the electrical hazards associated with the task and the electrical system, or electrical process
involved (example: shock hazard risk; arc flash hazard risk).
 Identify the electrical work to be performed within the electrical system or process.
 Define the possible failure modes that result in exposure to electrical hazards and the potential resultant
harm.
 Assess the severity of the potential injury from the electrical hazards.
 Determine the likelihood of the occurrence for each hazard.
 Define the level of risk for the associated hazard.
 If the level of risk is not acceptable, identify the additional measures or corrective actions to be taken.
Example: wear appropriate PPE and if the risk too great, do not perform the task.

The risk related to an identified hazard may be thought of as being composed of the severity of the injury and
the likelihood of occurrence of that injury.

Risk Assessment Calculation Following are two examples of methods that can be used to conduct electrical
risk assessments. In the first, The Risk Register Method, the risk is derived using the risk parameters as shown
in Figure 1. In the second, the risk is derived from using a Risk Assessment Matrix as shown in Figure 2. Risk
Register Method: 1. Severity of the Possible Injury or Damage to Health (Se) – Severity of injuries or damage to
health can be estimated by taking into account reversible injuries, irreversible injuries, and death. Typically,
the types of hazards to be considered include, but are not limited to, shock and electrocution, burns, and
impact.
 Severity of Injury of Damage to Health Se Value
Irreversible – trauma, death. 8
Permanent – skeletal damage, blindness, hearing loss, third degree burns. 6
Reversible – minor impact, hearing damage, second degree burns. 3
Reversible – minor laceration, bruises, first degree burns. 1
Table 1

2. Frequency and Duration of Exposure (Fr) –

The following aspects should be considered to determine the level of exposure: a. Need for access to the hazard
zone based on all modes of use; for example, normal operation and maintenance b. Nature of access, for example,
examination, repair, and troubleshooting. Choose the appropriate Frequency value from Table 2 below. Add value
to the Risk Register

Frequency of Exposure Fr Value (for Duration > 10 min)

< 1 per hour 5
> 1 per hour to < 1 per day 5
> 1 per day to < 1 every 2 weeks 4
> 1 every 2 weeks to < 1 per year 3
> 1 per year 2
Table 2

3. Likelihood of Occurrence of a Hazardous Event (Pr) –

The occurrence of a hazardous event influences the likelihood of the occurrence of injury or damage to health.
The possibility of the hazardous occurring should describe the likelihood of the event materializing during the use
or foreseeable misuse, or both, of the electrical system or process. Subjectivity may have a substantial impact on
the result of the risk assessment. The use of subjective information should be minimized as far as reasonably
practicable.

The likelihood of occurrence of the hazardous event should be estimated independently of other related
parameters (Fr and Av) and will typically be based on the results of the completed study of the arc flash potential.
The worst-case scenario should be used for this parameter to ensure that short-circuit interruption device(s) have,
where practicable, been properly selected and installed and will provide adequate protection.

Elements of the electrical system that are intended to ensure an intrinsically safe design shall be taken into
consideration in the determination of the likelihood of the hazardous event(s). These can include, but are not
limited to, the mechanical structure, electrical devices, and electronic controls integral to the system, the process,
or both at the time of the analysis. Types of components that could contribute to an inherently safe design include,
but are not limited to, current-limiting devices and ground-fault circuit interrupters.

 This parameter can be estimated by taking into account the following factors:
 The predictability of the performance of component parts of the electrical system relevant to the hazard
in different modes of use (e.g., normal operation, maintenance, fault finding). At this point in the risk
assessment process, the protective effect of any personal protective equipment (PPE) and other
protective measures should not be taken into account. This is necessary in order to estimate the amount
of risk that will be present if the PPE and other protective measures are not in place at the time of the
exposure. In general terms, it must be considered whether the electrical system being assessed has the
propensity to act in an unexpected manner. The electrical system performance will vary from very
 predictable to not predictable. Unexpected events cannot be discounted until it can be clearly
demonstrated that the electrical system will perform as expected.
 The specified or foreseeable characteristics of human behavior with regard to interaction with the
component parts for the machine relevant to the hazard, which can be characterized by one or both of
the following:
 Stress (e.g., due to time constraints, work task, perceived damage limitation).
 Lack of awareness of information relevant to the hazard.

Human behavior will be influenced by factors such as skills, training, experience, and complexity of the
machine or the process.
These attributes are not usually directly under the influence of the electrical system designer, but a task
analysis will reveal activities in which total awareness of all issues, including unexpected outcomes,
cannot be reasonably assumed. “Very high” likelihood of occurrence of a hazardous event should be
selected to reflect normal workplace constraints and worst-case considerations. Positive reasons (e.g.,
well-defined application and a high level of user competence are required for any lower values to be used.
Any required or assumed skills, knowledge, and so forth, should be stated in the information for use

Likelihood of a Hazardous Event Pr Value

Very high 5
Likely 4
Possible 3
Rare 2
Negligible 1
Table 3
Listed below are examples of general questions to consider in determining the likelihood of an event
(risk):
 Has the equipment been installed in accordance with NFPA 70®, National Electrical Code®
(NEC®)?

 Has the equipment been maintained and tested in accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions?
 How old is the equipment?
 Is there any visual indication of overheating?
 Is any component, device, or equipment loose or damaged? The following are enclosure
questions:
 Do all enclosure doors operate and latch properly?
 Does the enclosure have all of its bolts and screws installed?
 Does the equipment or enclosure have ventilation openings?
 Is the enclosure arc rated?
 Are there openings in the enclosure that rodents or other vermin could enter?
 Is there an indication of moisture in the equipment?
 Has the enclosure been examined for dust, dirt, soot, or grease?
  Is there any indication of overheating of the bus work, etc., in the enclosure, such as
discoloration? The following are circuit breaker (CB) condition questions:
 Has the CB periodically been operated in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions?
 Has the CB been applied within its marked rating?
 Has the right type of CB been used?
 Have the proper conductor types and sizes been used to connect to the CB?
 Has the CB been checked for burn marks?
 Have the CB surfaces been examined for dust, dirt, soot, grease, or moisture? If any was found,
have the CB surfaces been appropriately cleaned?
 Has the CB been examined for cracks?
 Have all electrical connections to the CB been checked to be certain that they are clean and
secure?
 Is there any indication of discoloration of the CB’s molded case, discoloration or flaking of
external metal parts, or melting or blistering of adjacent wire insulation?
 Is there any evidence of overheating or melting of the arc chute vent or area surrounding the
vents?
 Is there evidence of overheating or case blistering?
 If the CB has interchangeable trip units, have the trip units been visually checked for overheating
or looseness?
 Have mechanical operation tests been performed on the CB and proper contact operation
verified?
 Have insulation resistance and/or individual pole resistance (millivolt drop) tests been performed
on the CB?
 Have inverse-time and/or instantaneous overcurrent trip tests been conducted on the CB?

4. Likelihood of Avoiding or Limiting Injury or Damage to Health (Av) – This parameter can be estimated by taking
into account aspects of the electrical system design and its intended application that can help to avoid or limit the
injury or damage to health from a hazard, including the following examples:

 Sudden or gradual appearance of the hazardous event; for example, an explosion caused by high fault
values under short-circuit conditions.
 Spatial possibility to withdraw from the hazard.
 Nature of the component or system; for example, the use of touch-safe components, which reduce the
likelihood of contact with energized parts. Working in close proximity to high voltage can increase the
likelihood of personnel being exposed to hazards due to approach to live parts.
 Likelihood of recognition of hazard; for example, as an electrical hazard, a copper bar does not change it
appearance, whether it is under voltage or not. To recognize the presence of the hazard, an instrument is
needed to establish whether or not electrical equipment is energized; thus both inadvertent and
intentional contact need to be considered.

Select the appropriate value for Likelihood of Avoiding or Limiting Injury or Damage to Health (Av) from the
Table 4

Likelihood of Avoiding or Limiting Injury or Damage to Health Av Value

Impossible 5
Rare 3
Probable 1
 Table 4

Risk Register – Enter Values from Tables 1, 2, 3 & 4.

Scenario Hazard Severity Risk Score

No. (R)
Se Fr Pr Av Total Se x Po

Table 5

Risk Matrix Method

We used A risk assessment matrix in a simple table that groups risk based on severity and likelihood. It can be
used to assess the need for remedial action, such as the use of PPE for a given task, and to prioritize safety
issues. The following title categories are used to define the risk:

1. Likelihood of Occurrence:
 Definite – Almost certain of happening.
 Likely – Can happen at any time.
 Occasional – Occurs sporadically, from time to time.
 Seldom – Remote possibility; could happen sometime; most likely will not happen.
 Unlikely – Rare and exceptional for all practical purposes; can assume it will not happen.
2. Severity of Injury:
 Catastrophic – Death or permanent total disability (PTD).
 Critical – Permanent partial disability (PPD) or temporary total disability (TTD) 3-months or longer.
 Medium – Medical treatment and lost work injury (LWI). d. Minor – Minor medical treatment possible.
Slight – First Severity of the injury (consequences)
aid or minor
treatment

Likelihood Slight Minor Medium Critical Catastrophic

of
occurrence
in period
Cal/cm2 < 1.2 > 1.2 to < 8 > 8 to < 40 > 40
Unlikely L L L M M
Seldom L L M M H
Occasional L M M H E
Likely M M H E E
Definite M H E E E
Figure 2 Risk Assessment Matrix

Protective Measures
The appropriate protective measures include the following:
 Elimination
 Substitution
 Engineering controls
 Awareness
 Administrative controls (Procedures)
 Training
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
 Mitigation Examples:
Elimination:
Eliminate the hazard. Turn the equipment off and verify a safe work condition.
Substitution:
Think through the entire procedure and substitute methods and procedures that constitute lower risk.
Engineering Controls:
Engineering controls
can have a substantial impact on risk. They should, where practicable, be considered and analyzed.
Typically, engineering controls take the form of barriers and other safeguarding devices such as GFCI
protection, zone selective interlocking, differential relaying, energy reducing maintenance switches, high
resistive grounding and current limiting devices. Awareness:
Awareness means can be used to complement the effects of engineering controls with regard to risk
reduction. They should be chosen based on the design configuration for each specific application and
their potential effectiveness during foreseen interaction. Each design and configuration can require
unique awareness devices in order to have the desired impact on risk. Typically, awareness means take
the form of signs, visual alarms, audible alarms, and so forth. Administrative Controls (Procedures):
Procedures and instructions that are required for individuals to safely interact with the electrical system
should be identified. The procedures and instruction should include descriptions of the hazards, the
possible hazardous events, hazardous situations, and the protective measures that need to be
implemented. Procedures and instructions should also be used to communicate foreseeable misuse of
the system that could contribute to an increased level of risk. Typically, formal procedures are provided
in written form; however, in some cases, verbal instruction can be provided. Care should be taken in the
latter case to ensure that the verbal instructions will have the desired impact on risk.
Training:
Training, with regard to the proper interaction and for foreseeable inappropriate interaction with the
electrical system, must be completed. The intent of the training is to ensure that all affected personnel
are able to understand when and how hazardous situations can arise and how to best reduce the risk
associated with those situations. Typically, training for individuals interacting with electrical systems will
include technical information regarding hazards, hazardous situations, or both as well as information
related to potential failure modes that could affect risk. This type of training generally will be provided by
a trainer who has an in-depth understanding of electrical system design, as well as experience in the field
of adult education. Less technical training content could be appropriate in situations in which only
awareness of electrical hazards is needed to ensure that unqualified personnel do not interact with the
electrical system.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
The electrical system must be analyzed in order to determine the appropriate PPE. Once the appropriate
PPE has been determined, personnel must maintain and use it as required in order to ensure that
residual risk remains at the desired level. PPE is the last line of defense. Mitigation –
Emergency procedures. Identify who is going to provide assistance and summon help if needed.