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Journal of Taibah University for Science 8 (2014) 142–148

β*-Open sets and β*-continuity in topological spaces

Ali M. Mubarki, Massed M. Al-Rshudi, Mohammad A. Al-Juhani ∗
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia
Received 21 May 2013; received in revised form 18 August 2013; accepted 26 September 2013
Available online 5 December 2013

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to introduce and study the notion of β*-open sets and β*-continuous functions. Also, A new notion of
the graph of a function called a (β*, τ)-graph. Some characterizations and properties of these notions are presented.
© 2014 Taibah University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

MSC: 54D10; 54C05; 54C08

Keywords: β*-Open sets; β*-Continuous functions; (β*, τ)-graph

1. Introduction and preliminaries axioms are assumed unless otherwise mentioned. For a
subset A of a space (X, τ), cl(A), int(A) and X\A denote
Abd El-Monsef et al. [1] introduced the notion of the closure of A, the interior of A and the complement
β-open sets and β-continuity in topological spaces. Ray- of A, respectively. A subset A of a topological space
chaudhuri et al. [17] introduced δ-preopen sets and (X, τ) is called regular open (resp. regular closed) [18]
δ-almost continuity. The concepts of Z*-open set and if A = int(cl(A)) (resp. A = cl(int(A))). A point x of X is
Z*-continuity introduced by Mubarki [13]. The purpose called δ-cluster [19] point of A if int(cl(U)) ∩ A = φ, for
of this paper introduce and study the notions of β*- every open set U of X containing x. The set of all δ-cluster
open sets, β*-contnuous functions and (β*, τ)-graph points of A is called δ-closure of A and is denoted clδ (A).
by utilizing the notion of β*-open sets. Also, some A set A is δ-closed if and only if A = clδ (A). The com-
characterizations and properties of these notions are plement of a δ-closed set is said to be δ-open [19]. The
investigated. δ-interior of a subset A of X is the union of all δ-open
Throughout this paper (X, τ) and (Y, σ) (simply, X and sets of X contained in A.
Y) represent topological spaces on which no separation
Definition 1.1. A subset A of a space X is called:
∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +966 505345032.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (A.M. Mubarki), (1) a-open [5] if A ⊆ int(cl(intδ (A))),
[email protected] (M.M. Al-Rshudi), [email protected] (2) α-open [15] if A ⊆ int(cl(int(A))),
(M.A. Al-Juhani). (3) preopen [11] if A ⊆ int(cl(A)),
Peer review under responsibility of Taibah University (4) δ-preopen [17] if A ⊆ int(clδ (A)),
(5) δ-semiopen [16] if A ⊆ cl(intδ (A)),
(6) Z-open [10] if A ⊆ cl(intδ (A)) ∪ int(cl(A)),
(7) γ-open [9] or b-open [3] or sp-open [4] if
A ⊆ cl(int(A)) ∪ int(cl(A)),
1658-3655 © 2014 Taibah University. Production and hosting by
Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
(8) e-open [6] if A ⊆ cl(intδ (A)) ∪ int(clδ (A)),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtusci.2013.09.006 (9) Z*-open [13] if A ⊆ cl(int(A)) ∪ int(clδ (A)),
 A.M. Mubarki et al. / Journal of Taibah University for Science 8 (2014) 142–148 143

(10) β-open [1] or semi-preopen [2] if A ⊆ cl(int(cl(A))), (1) A subset {b, c} of X is β*-open but it is not β-open,
(11) e*-open [7] if A ⊆ cl(int(clδ (A))). (2) A subset {b, d} of X is e*-open but it is not β*-open,

The complement of a a-open (resp. α-open, Example 2.2. Let X = {a, b, c, d, e} and τ = {φ, {a, b},
δ-semiopen, δ-preopen, Z-open, γ-open, e-open, {c, d}, {a, b, c, d}, X}. Then {a, e} is β*-open but it is
Z*-open, β-open, e*-open) sets is called a-closed [5] not Z*-open.
(resp. α-closed [15], δ-semi-closed [16], δ-pre-closed
[17], Z-closed [10], γ-closed [3], e-closed [6], Z*-closed Theorem 2.1. Let (X, τ) be a topological space. Then
[13], β-closed [1], e*-closed [7]). The intersection of the following are hold.
all δ-preclosed (resp. β-closed) set containing A is
called the δ-preclosure (resp. β-closure) of A and is (1) The arbitrary union of β*-open sets is β*-open,
denoted by δ-pcl(A) (resp. β-cl(A)). The union of all (2) The arbitrary intersection of β*-closed sets is β*-
δ-preopen (resp. β-open) sets contained in A is called the closed.
δ-pre-interior (resp. β-interior) of A and is denoted by
δ-pint(A) (resp. β-int(A)). The family of all δ-open (resp. Proof. (1) Let {Ai , i ∈ I} be a family of β*-open
δ-semiopen, δ-preopen, Z*-open, β-open, e*-open) sets sets. Then Ai ⊆ cl(int(cl(Ai ))) ∪ int(clδ (Ai )) and hence
is denoted by δO(X) (resp. δSO(X), δPO(X), Z*O(X), ∪i Ai ⊆ ∪i (cl(int(cl(Ai ))) ∪ int(clδ (Ai ))) ⊆ cl(int(cl(∪i
βO(X), e*O(X)). Ai ))) ∪ int(clδ (∪i Ai )), for all i ∈ I. Thus ∪i Ai is β*-open,
(2) It follows from (1). 
Lemma 1.1 ([1,2,17]). Let A be a subset of a space
(X, τ). Then: Remark 2.2. By the following example we show that
the intersection of any two β*-open sets is not β*-open.
(1) δ-pint(A) = A ∩ int(clδ (A)) and δ-pcl(A)
= A ∪ cl(intδ (A)), Example 2.3. Let X = {a, b, c} with topology τ = {φ,
(2) β-int(A) = A ∩ cl(int(cl(A))) and β-cl(A) {a}, {b}, {a, b}, X}. Then A = {a, c} and B = {b, c} are
= A ∪ int(cl(int(A))). β*-open sets. But, A ∩ B = {c} is not β*-open.

2. β*-Open sets Definition 2.2. Let (X, τ) be a topological space. Then:

(1) The union of all β*-open sets of contained in A is

Definition 2.1. A subset A of a topological space called the β*-interior of A and is denoted by β*-
(X, τ) is said to be: int(A),
(2) The intersection of all β*-closed sets of X containing
(1) a β*-open set if A ⊆ cl(int(cl(A))) ∪ int(clδ (A)), A is called the β*-closure of A and is denoted by
(2) a β*-closed set if int(cl(int(A))) ∩ cl(intδ (A)) ⊆ A. β*-cl(A).

The family of all β*-open (resp. β*-closed) subsets Theorem 2.2. Let A, B be two subsets of a topological
of a space (X, τ) will be as always denoted by β*O(X) space (X, τ). Then the following are hold:
(resp. β*C(X)).
(1) β*-cl(X) = X and β*-cl(φ) = φ,
Remark 2.1. The following diagram holds for each a (2) A ⊆ β*-cl(A),
subset A of X. (3) If A ⊆ B, then β*-cl(A) ⊆ β*-cl(B),
(4) x ∈ β*-cl(A) if and only if for each a β*-open set U
containing x, U ∩ A = / φ,
(5) A is β*-closed set if and only if A = β*-cl(A),
(6) β*-cl(β*-cl(A)) = β*-cl(A),
None of these implications are reversible as shown in (7) β*-cl(A) ∪ β*-cl(B) ⊆ β*-cl(A ∪ B),
the following examples. Other examples are as shown in (8) β*-cl(A ∩ B) ⊆ β*-cl(A) ∩ β*-cl(B).
[5–7,9,10,13].
Proof. (6) By using (2) and A ⊆ β*-cl(A), we have β*-
Example 2.1. Let X = {a, b, c, d}, with topology τ = {φ, cl(A) ⊆ β*-cl(β*-cl(A)). Let x ∈ β*-cl(β*-cl(A)). Then,
{a}, {c}, {a, b}, {a, c}, {a, b, c}, {a, c, d}, X}. Then: for every β*-open set V containig x, V ∩ β*-cl(A) =/ φ.
144 A.M. Mubarki et al. / Journal of Taibah University for Science 8 (2014) 142–148

Let y ∈ V ∩ β*-cl(A). Then, for every β*-open set G con- 1.1, A ⊆ (A ∩ cl(int(cl(A)))) ∪ (A ∩ int(clδ (A))) = β-
taining y, A ∩ G =/ φ. Since V is a β*-open set, y ∈ V int(A) ∪ pintδ (A) ⊆ A,
and A ∩ V = / φ, then x ∈ β*-cl(A). Therefore, β*-cl(β*- (2)⇒(1). Obvious. 
cl(A)) ⊆ β*-cl(A). 
Theorem 2.6. For a subset A of space (X, τ).Then the
Theorem 2.3. Let A, B be two subsets of a topological following are equivalent:
space (X, τ). Then the following are hold:
(1) A is a β*-closed set,
(1) β*-int(X) = X and β*-int(φ) = φ, (2) A = β-cl(A) ∩ pclδ (A),
(2) β*-int(A) ⊆ A,
(3) If A ⊆ B, then β*-int(A) ⊆ β*-int(B), Proof. Obvious from Theorem 2.5. 
(4) x ∈ β*-int(A) if and only if there exist β*-open W
such that x ∈ W ⊆ A, 3. β*-Continuous functions
(5) A is β*-open set if and only if A = β*-int(A),
(6) β*-int(β*-int(A)) = β*-int(A),
(7) β*-int(A ∩ B) ⊆ β*-int(A) ∩ β*-int(B), Definition 3.1. A function f: (X, τ) → (Y, σ) is called
(8) β*-int(A) ∪ β*-int(B) ⊆ β*-int(A ∪ B). β*-continuous if f−1 (V) is β*-open in X, for each V ∈ σ.

Remark 2.3. By the following example we show that Definition 3.2. A function f: (X, τ) → (Y, σ) is
the inclusion relation in Theorems 2.2 and 2.3 parts (7) called super-continuous [14] (resp. a-continuous [5], α-
and (8) cannot be replaced by equality. continuous [12], pre-continuous [11], δ-smi-continuous
[8], Z-continuous [10], γ-continuous [9], e-continuous
Example 2.4. Let X = {a, b, c, d} with topology τ = {φ, [6], Z*-continuous [13], β-continuous [1], e*-continuous
{a}, {b}, {a, b}, X}. [7]) if f−1 (V) is δ-open (resp. a-open, α-open, per open,
δ-semiopen, Z-open, γ-open, e-open, Z*-open, β-open,
(1) If A = {a, c}, B = {b, c}, then β*-cl(A) = A, e*-open) in X, for each V ∈ σ.
β*-cl(B) = B and β*-cl(A ∪ B) = X. Thus β*-
cl(A ∪ B) ⊂/ β*-cl(A) ∪ β*-cl(B), Remark 3.1. The following diagram holds for a func-
(2) If A = {a, c}, C = {a, b}, then β*-cl(C) = X, tion f: X → Y:
β*-cl(A) = A and β*-cl(A ∩ C) = {a}. Thus β*-
cl(A) ∩ β*-cl(C) ⊂/ β*-cl(A ∩ C),
(3) If E = {c, d}, F = {b, d}, then E ∪ F = {b, c,
d} and hence β*-int(E) = φ, β*-int(F) = F and
β*-int(E ∪ F) = {b, c, d}. Thus β*-int(E ∪ F) ⊂
/ β*- Now, by [1,5–13] and the following examples illus-
int(E) ∪ β*-int(F). trate that the converses of these implication are not true
in general.
Theorem 2.4. For a subset A in a topological space (X,
τ), the following statements are true: Example 3.1. Let X {a, b, c, d} with topology τ = {φ,
{a}, {c}, {a, b}, {a, c}, {a, b, c}, {a, c, d}, X}.
(1) β*-cl(X\A) = X\β*-int(A), Then, the function f: (X, τ) → (X, τ) defined by f(a) = a,
(2) β*-int(X\A) = X\β*-cl(A). f(b) = f(c) = c and f(d) = d is β*-continuous but it is not
β-continuous. The function f: (X, τ) → (X, τ) defined by
Proof. It follows from the fact the complement of β*- f(a) = d, f(b) = a, f(c) = c and f(d) = b is e*-continuous but
open set is a β*-closed and ∩i (X\Ai ) = X\∪i Ai .  it is not β*-continuous.

Theorem 2.5. Let A be a subset of a topological space Example 3.2. Let X = {a, b, c, d, e} with topology
(X, τ). Then the following are equivalent: τ = {φ, {a, b}, {c, d}, {a, b, c, d}, X}. Then function
f: (X, τ) → (X, τ) which defined by f(a) = a, f(b) = e,
(1) A is a β*-open set, f(c) = c, f(d) = d and f(e) = b is β*-continuous but it is
(2) A = β-int(A) ∪ pintδ (A). not Z*-continuous.

Proof. (1)⇒(2). Let A be a β*-open set. Then Theorem 3.1. Let f: (X, τ) →(Y, σ) be a function. Then
A ⊆ cl(int(cl(A))) ∪ int(clδ (A)) and hence by Lemma the following statements are equivalent:
 A.M. Mubarki et al. / Journal of Taibah University for Science 8 (2014) 142–148 145

(1) f is β*-continuous, Theorem 3.2. If f: X → Y is a β*-continuous and g:

(2) For each x ∈ X and V ∈ σ containing f(x), there exists Y → Z is a continuous, then the composition g ◦ f :
U ∈ β*O(X) containing x such that f(U) ⊆ V, X → Z is β*-continuous.
(3) The inverse image of each closed set in Y is β*-closed
in X, 4. Some properties and separation axioms
(4) int(cl(int(f−1 (B)))) ∩ cl(intδ (f−1 (B))) ⊆ f−1 (cl(B)),
for each B ⊆ Y,
(5) f−1 (int(B)) ⊆ cl(int(cl(f−1 (B)))) ∪ int(clδ (f−1 (B))), Lemma 4.1. If A ∈ δO(X) and B ∈ β*O(X), then
for each B ⊆ Y, A ∩ B ∈ β*O(X),
(6) β*-cl(f−1 (B)) ⊆ f−1 (cl(B)), for each B ⊆ Y,
(7) f(β*-cl(A)) ⊆ cl(f(A)), for each A ⊆ X, Lemma 4.2. Let A and B be two subsets of a space (X,
(8) f−1 (int(B)) ⊆ β*-int(f−1 (B)), for each B ⊆ Y. τ). If A ∈ δO(X) and B ∈ β*O(X), then A ∩ B β* ∈ O(A).

Proof. (1)⇔(2) and (1)⇔(3) are obvious, Theorem 4.1. If f: (X, τ) → (Y, σ) is a β*-continuous
(3)⇒(4). Let B ⊆ Y. Then by (3) f−1 (cl(B)) is β*-closed. function and A is δ-open in X, then the restriction f\A:
This means f−1 (cl(B)) ⊇ int(cl(int(f−1 (cl(B))))) (A, τ A ) → (Y, σ) is β*-continuous.
∩ cl(intδ (f−1 (cl(B)))) ⊇ int(cl(int(f−1 (B)))) ∩ Proof. Let V be an open set of Y. Then by hypothesis
cl(intδ (f−1 (B))), f−1 (V) is β*-open in X. Hence by Lemma 4.2, we have
(4)⇒(5). By replacing Y\B instead of B in (4), we have (f\A)−1 (V) = f−1 (V) ∩ A β* ∈ O(A). Thus, it follows that
int(cl(int(f−1 (Y\B)))) ∩cl(intδ (f−1 (Y\B))) ⊆ f−1 (cl f\A is β*-continuous. 
(Y\B)), and therefore f (int(B)) ⊆ cl(int(cl(f−1 (B))))
−1

∪ int(clδ (f−1 (B))), for each B ⊆ Y, Lemma 4.3. Let A and B be two subsets of a space (X,
(5)⇒(1). Obvious, τ). If A ∈ δO(X) and B ∈ β* O(A), then A ∩ B ∈ β*O(X).
(3)⇒(6). Let B ⊆ Y and f−1 (cl(B)) be β*-closed in X.
Then Theorem 4.2. Let (X, τ) → (Y, σ) be a function and
β*-cl(f−1 (B)) ⊆ β*-cl(f−1 (cl(B))) = f−1 (cl(B)), {Gi : i ∈ I} be a cover of X by δ-open sets of (X, τ). If
(6)⇒(7). Let A ⊆ X. Then f(A) ⊆ Y. By (6), we f\Gi :(Gi ,τ Gi )→(Y, σ) is β*-continuous for each i ∈ I,
have f−1 (cl(f(A))) ⊇ β*-cl(f−1 (f(A))) ⊇ β*-cl(A). There- then f is β*-continuous.
fore, cl(f(A)) ⊇ ff−1 (cl(f(A))) ⊇ f(β*-cl(A)),
Proof. Let V be an open set of (Y, σ). Then by
(7)⇒(3). Let F ⊆ Y be a closed set. Then,
hypothesis f−1 (V) = X ∩ f−1 (V) = ∪ {Gi ∩ f−1 (V):
f−1 (F) = f−1 (cl(F)). Hence by (7), −1
i ∈ I} = ∪ {(f\Gi ) (V): i ∈ I}. Since f\Gi is β*-
f(β*-cl(f−1 (F))) ⊆ cl(f (f−1 (F))) ⊆ (F) = F, thus, β*-
continuous for each i ∈ I, then (f\Gi )−1 (V) ∈ YO(Gi )
cl(f−1 (F)) ⊆ f−1 (F), so, f−1 (F) = β*-cl(f−1 (F)). There-
for each i ∈ I. By Lemma 4.3, we have (f\Gi )−1 (V) is
fore, f−1 (F) ∈ β*C(X),
β*-continuous in X. Therefore, f is β*-continuous in
(1)⇒(8). Let B ⊆ Y. Then f−1 (int(B)) is β*-open in X.
(X, τ). 
Thus, f−1 (int(B)) = β*-int(f−1 (int(B))) ⊆ β*-int(f−1 (B)).
Therefore, f−1 (int(B)) ⊆ β*-int(f−1 (B)),
Definition 4.1. The β*-frontier of a subset A of X,
(8)⇒(1). Let U ⊆ Y be an open set. Then
denoted by β*-Fr(A), is defined by β*-Fr(A) = β*-
f−1 (U) = f−1 (int(U)) ⊆ β*-int(f−1 (U)). Hence, f−1 (U) is
cl(A) ∩ β*-cl(X\A) equivalently β*-Fr(A) = β*-
β*-open in X. Therefore, f is β*-continuous. 
cl(A)\β*-int(A).

Remark 3.2. The composition of two β*-continuous Theorem 4.2. The set of all points x of X at which a
functions need not be β*-continuous as show by the function f: (X, τ) → (Y, σ) is not β*-continuous is iden-
following example. tical with the union of the β*-frontiers of the inverse
images of open sets containing f(x).
Example 3.3. Let X = Y = Z = {a, b, c, d} with topolo- Proof. Necessity. Let x be a point of X at which
gies τ = {φ, {a}, {b}, {a, b}, X}. Let f: X → Y and g: f is not β*-continuous. Then, there is an open set
Y → Z be functions defined by f(a) = b, f(b) = b, f(c) = c, V of Y containing f(x) such that U ∩ (X\f−1 (V)) = / φ,
f(d) = d and g(a) = a, g(b) = c, g(c) = a, g(d) = d, respec- for every U ∈ β*O(X) containing x. Thus, we have
tively. Then f and g are β*-continuous but g ◦ f is not x ∈ β*-cl(X\f−1 (V)) = X\β*-int(f−1 (V)) and x ∈ f−1 (V).
β*-continuous. Therefore, we have x ∈ β*-Fr(f−1 (V)).
146 A.M. Mubarki et al. / Journal of Taibah University for Science 8 (2014) 142–148

Sufficiency. Suppose that x ∈ β*-Fr(f−1 (V)), for some Theorem 4.4. If f: (X, τ) → (Y, σ) is β*-continuous,
V is open set containing f(x). Now, we assume that f is g:(X, τ) → (Y, σ) is super-continuous and Y is Hausdorff,
β*-continuous at x ∈ X. Then there exists U ∈ β*O(X) then the set {x ∈ X: f(x) = g(x)} is β*-closed in X. f is
containing x such that f(U) ⊆ V. Therefore, we have β*-continuous in (X, τ).
x ∈ U ⊆ f−1 (V) and hence x ∈ β*-int(f−1 (V)) ⊆ X\β*- Proof. Let A = {x ∈ X: f(x) = g(x)} and x ∈ / A. Then
Fr(f−1 (V)). This is a contradiction. This means that f f(x) =
/ g(x). Since Y is Hausdorff, there exist open sets
is not β*-continuous at x.  U and V of Y such that f(x) ∈ U, g(x) ∈ V and U ∩ V = φ.
Since f is β*-continuous, there exists a β*-open set
Definition 4.2. A space X is said to be G containing x such that f(G) ⊆ U. Since g is super-
continuous, there exist an δ-open set H of X containing
(1) β*-T2 if for each pair of distinct points x and y in X, x such that g(H) ⊆ V. Now, put W = G ∩ H, then by
there exist disjoint β*-open sets U and V in X such Lemma 4.1, we have W is a β*-open set containing
that x ∈ U and y ∈ V. x and f(W) ∩ g(W) ⊆ U ∩ V = φ. Therefore, we obtain
(2) β*-T1 if for each pair of distinct points x and y of X, W ∩ A = φ and hence x ∈ / β*-cl(A). This shows that A is
there exist β*-open sets U and V containing x and y β*-closed in X. 
respectively such that y ∈
/ U and x ∈/ V. Let f: X → Y be a function. The subset {(x, f(x)): x ∈ X}
(3) β*-T0 if for each pair of distinct points x and y of X, of the product space X × Y is called the graph of f and is
there exists a β*-open sets U such that either x ∈ U, denoted by G(f).
y∈/ U or y ∈
/ U, x ∈ U.
Definition 4.3. A function f: X → Y has a (β*, τ)-graph
Remark 4.1. The following implications are hold for if for each (x, y) ∈ (X × Y)\G(f), there exist a β*-open U
a topological space X: of X containing x and an open set V of Y containing y
such that (U × V) ∩ G(f) = φ.

Lemma 4.4. A function f: X → Y has a has a (β*, τ)-

The converse of these implications are not true in graph if and only if for each (x, y) ∈ X × Y such that
general and the following examples. y =
/ f(x), there exist a β*-open set U and an open set V
containing x and y, respectively, such that f(U) ∩ V = φ.
Example 4.1. A Sierpinski space (X, τ) is a β*-T0 -
space but it is not β*-T1 -space. Proof. It follows readily from the above definition. 
Theorem 4.5. If f: X → Y is a β*-continuous function
Example 4.2. Let X = {a, b, c, d} and τ = {φ, {a}, {b}, and Y is Hausdorff, then f has a (β*, τ)-graph.
{a, b}, {a, b, c}, {a, b, d}, X}. Then X is β*-T1 but not Proof. Let (x, y) ∈ X × Y such that y =/ f(x). Then there
β*-T2 -space. exist open sets U and V such that y ∈ U, f(x) ∈ V and
V ∩ U = φ. Since f is β*-continuous, there exists β*-open
Example 4.3. Let X = {a, b, c}, with topology τ = {φ, W containing x such that f(W) ⊆ V. This implies that
{a}, X}. Then, (X, τ) is β*-T0 but it is not T0 -space. f(W) ∩ U ⊆ V ∩ U = φ. Therefore, f has a (β*, τ)-graph.

Example 4.4. In Example 2.4, (X, τ) is β*-T2 (resp.
β*-T1 ) but it is not T2 (resp. T1 ) space. Definition 4.4. A space X is said to be β*-compact if
every β*-open cover of X has a finite subcover.

Theorem 4.3. If f: (X, τ)→(Y, σ) is a β*-continuous Theorem 4.6. If f: (X, τ) → (Y, σ) has a (β*, τ)-graph,
injection and (Y, σ) is Ti , then (X, τ) is β*-Ti , where i = 0, then f(K) is closed in (Y, σ) for each subset K which is
1, 2. β*-compact relative to (X, τ).
Proof. We prove that the theorem for i = 1. Proof. Suppose that y ∈ / f(K). Then (x, y) ∈
/ G(f) for each
Let Y be T1 and x, y be distinct points in X. There exist x ∈ K. Since G(f) is (β*, τ)-graph, there exist a β*-open
open subsets U, V in Y such that f(x) ∈ U, f(y) ∈
/ U, f(x) ∈
/V set Ux containing x and an open set Vx of Y containing
and f(y) ∈ V. Since f is β*-continuous, f−1 (U) and f−1 (V) y such that f(Ux ) ∩ Vx = φ. The family {Ux : x ∈ K} is a
are β*-open subsets of X such that x ∈ f−1 (U), y ∈/ f−1 (U), cover of K by β*-open sets. Since K is β*-compact rela-
x∈ −1 −1
/ f (V) and y ∈ f (V). Hence, X is β*-T1 .  tive to (X, τ), there exists a finite subset K0 of K such that
 A.M. Mubarki et al. / Journal of Taibah University for Science 8 (2014) 142–148 147

K ⊆ ∪ {Ux : x ∈ K0 }. Let V = ∩ {Vx : x ∈ K0 }. Then V is an Proof. Let A = {(x, y): f(x) = f(y)} and let
open set in Y containing y. Therefore, we have f (K) ∩ (x, y) ∈ (X × X)\A. Then f(x) = / f(y). Since Y is
V ⊆ (∪x ∈ K0 f (Ux )) ∩ V ⊆ ∪x ∈ K0 (f (ux )) ∩ V = φ. It Hausdorff, then there exist open sets U and V containing
follows that, y ∈
/ cl(f(K)). Therefore, f(K) is closed in f(x) and f(y), respectively, such that U ∩ V = φ. But, f is
(Y, σ).  β*-continuous, then there exist β*-open sets H and G
in X containing x and y, respectively, such that f(H) ⊆ U
Corollary 4.1. If f: (X, τ)→(Y, σ) is β*-continuous and f(G) ⊆ V. This implies (H × G) ∩ A = φ. By Lemma
function and Y is Hausdorff, then f(K) is closed in (Y, σ) 4.5, we have H × G is a β*-open set in X × X containing
for each subset K which is β*-compact relative to (X, τ). (x, y). Hence, A is β*-closed in X × X. 
Theorem 4.10. If f: (X, τ) → (Y, σ) is β*-continuous
Lemma 4.5. The product of two β*-open sets is β*- and S is closed in X × Y, then υx (S ∩ G(f)) is β*-closed
open. in X, where υx represents the projection of X × Y onto X.
Proof. Let S be a closed subset of X × Y and
Theorem 4.7. If f: X → Y is a β*-continuous function x ∈ β*-cl (υx (S ∩ G(f))). Let U ∈ τ containing x and
and Y is a Hausdorff space, then f has a (β*, τ)-graph. V ∈ σ containing f(x). Since f is β*-continuous, by
Proof. Let (x, y) ∈ X × Y such that y = / f(x) and Y Theorem 3.2, x ∈ f−1 (V) ⊆ β*-int(f−1 (V)). Then U ∩ β*-
be a Hausdorff space. Then there exist two open int(f−1 (V)) ∩ υx (S ∩ G(f)) contains some point z of X.
sets U and V such that y ∈ U, f(x) ∈ V and V ∩ U = φ. This implies that (z, f(z)) ∈ S and f(z) ∈ V. Thus we have
Since f is β*-continuous, there exists a β*-open set (U × V) ∩ S = / φ and hence (x, f(x)) ∈ cl(S). Since A
W containing x such that f(W) ⊆ V. This implies that is closed, then (x, f(x)) ∈ S ∩ G(f) and x ∈ υx (S ∩ G(f)).
f(W) ∩ U ⊆ V ∩ U = φ. Therefore, f has a (β*, τ)-graph. Therefore υx (S ∩ G(f)) is β*-closed in (X, τ). 

Definition 4.5. A topological space (X, τ) is said to
be β*-connected if it is not the union of two nonempty
Corollary 4.2. If f: X → Y is β*-continuous and Y is disjoint β*-open sets.
Hausdorff, then G(f) is β*-closed in X × Y.
Theorem 4.11. If (X, τ) is a β*-connected space and f:
Theorem 4.8. If f: X → Y has a (β*, τ)-graph and g: (X, τ) → (Y, σ) has a (β*, τ)-graph and β*-continuous
Y → Z is a β*-continuous function, then the set {(x, y): function, then f is constant.
f(x) = g(y)} is β*-closed in X × Y.
Proof. Suppose that f is not constant. There exist
Proof. Let A = {(x, y): f(x) = g(y)} and (x, y) ∈/ A. We disjoint points x, y ∈ X such that f(x) = f(y). Since (x,
have f(x) =/ g(y) and then (x, g(y)) ∈ (X × Z)\G(f). Since f(x)) ∈
/ G(f), then y =
/ f(x), hence by Lemma 4.4, there
f has a (β*, τ)-graph, then there exist a β*-open set U exist open sets U and V containing x and f(x) respectively
and an open set V containing x and g(y), respectively such that f(U) ∩ V = φ. Since f is β*-continuous, there
such that f(U) ∩ V = φ. Since g is a β*-continuous func- exist a β*-open sets G containing y such that f(G) ⊆ V.
tion, then there exist an β*-open set G containing y such Since U and V are disjoint β*-open sets of (X, τ), it
that g(G) ⊆ V. We have f(U) ∩ g(G) = φ. This implies follows that (X, τ) is not β*-connected. Therefore, f is
that (U × G) ∩ A = φ. Since U × G is β*-open, then (x, constant. 
y) ∈
/ β*-cl(A). Therefore, A is β*-closed in X × Y. 
Theorem 4.12. Let (X1 , τ 1 ), (X2 , τ 2 ) and (X, τ) be topo-
logical spaces. Define a function f: (X, τ) → (X1 × X2 ,
Corollary 4.3. If f: X → Y, g: Y → Z are β*-continuous τ 1 × τ 2 ) by f(x) = (f(x1 ), f(x2 )). Then fi : X → (Xi , τ i ),
functions and Z is Hausdorff, then the set {(x, y): where (i = 1, 2) is β*-continuous if f is β*-continuous.
f(x) = g(y)} is β*-closed in X × Y.
Proof. It suffices to prove that f1 : X → (Xi , τ i ),
Proof. It follows from Corollary 4.2, and Theorem 4.8. where i = 1, 2 is β*-continuous. Let U1 be an open
 set of X1 . Then U1 × U2 is open in X1 × X2 . Then
f−1 (U1 ) = f−1 (U1 × U2 ). Since f1 is β*-continuous,
Theorem 4.9. If f: X → Y is a β*-continuous func- Then by Theorem 3.1, f−1 (U1 ) = f−1 (U1 × X2 ) ⊆ β*-
tion and Y is Hausdorff, then the set {(x, y) ∈ X × X: int(f−1 (U1 × X2 )) = β*-int(f−1 (U1 )). This implies that f1 :
f(x) = f(y)} is β*-closed in X × X. X → (Xi , τ i ) is β*-continuous.
148 A.M. Mubarki et al. / Journal of Taibah University for Science 8 (2014) 142–148

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