Excxetion

toxic waste called excretion.

from the body of an organism ís
Removal of harmful or
metabolic reactions takes place in the body
During cellular respiration, various
like carbon dioxide and urea.. By
leading to formation of various waste products
excretion thee me tabolic waste can be eliminated from the body.
remove these wastes by simple diffusion whereas
Many unicellular organisms
multicelular organism has different organ system forthis.
Excretory organs/structuresin animals.
Excretory structures Waste products
Animals
fatworm Protonephridia (flamecells) Mainlyiaiionia
1.

AMmomia and
2. Earthworm Piat Nephridia
wOYm

Amoeba Cellular surface CO, and ammonia

3.
CO, and ammonia
4. Hydra Body suface
Urea and Uric
5. All chordates Kidneys
aed acid
Uric acid
6. Insects e.g., cockroach Malpighian tubule
Ammonotelic organisms are hose gvhich xcrete ammonia, eg. most aquatic
animals. Ureotelic organisms arethose whicheexcrete urea, e.g. sharks, frogs,
mammals.
uricoielic organism are those warch axcrete uric acid, e.g. reptiles, birds and
insects

Human Excretoy System

fuman excretory system conprises of a pair of kidneys, apair of ureter, urinary
6ladderandan ugethra. Kidney is the primary excretory organ containing a
mumber o acroscoRE ubules called nephrons. There are about a million of
nephrons íneach kianey.

Kidney ight ue - to
Kidney the mmain excretory organ of our body.
Shape Beashaped Size - 10 cm length,5 cm breadth, 3 cm thickness.

Colour - Dark red Weight - 125-170 gms I0-13F

Position- Located laterally either sides of vertebral cofumn. 13 15M
- Uxetex: - The uTeter is a long tube which collects rine from Kidneys

- DxinaY: - Urine is stored in the urinary bladder

bladdex

Urethra - uYethra
The collected urine is passed out fvom the body through
 Inferior Vena -DorsalAorta Urea from Blood
Cava
Adrenal Gland

Right Kidney
Left Kidney Renal artery

-
Renal Vein

Glomerulus
Renal Artery

Bowman's Capsule Released into the environment as urine.

Ureter

Proximal convoluted tubule of nephron

Urinary bladder

Loop of Henle Ureter

-Urinary Bladder

Urethra
Distal convoluted tubule of nephron duct
Collecting

Pale seetag to

ColDUr
Crealiin

depen4s on
oag

NEPHRON
qeids
tte ntake

tt colour!
of uotr

is desp yeus-jaundcs
green blue -kidna
SEbne

blo
Bowman's capsule Veyee.
Afferent Glomerulus
Nephron is thc filtration unit of kidneyaterigle
Proximal tubule
from renay
Nephron has
at it's upper
a cup shaped structure artery -Peritubular

end called Bowman's capillaries

Efferent
capsule farteriole
Distal

The Bowmas capsule contains a

{from glomerulus

Branch ofX
tubuie

bundle of blood capillayics called renal vein

glomeruls
The renal artery brings dirty blood
containing urea whith passes through Collecting
duct
Descending
glomerulls Loop limb
of

qlomerulus filters the blood passing Henle

Ascending
through it limb

Small molecules Like urca, uric acid,

Vasa
cxtYa glucose amino acid, salt and recta
Water is filtcYcd out and'Tcaches the relen
tubular part of mepron
ln the tubular
substans
place
h as S°pron, Selective Yeabsorption of uscful
qucóse,amino acid, Salt and water takes

The Hemaining liquid from variows mephrons forms ur ine ohich

is collected in d the collecting duct

From collectin duct, urinc is passed into uretey From ureter,, urne
pases into May laddcY.,Whre it is stored for some imc
nd ultimately passed' out of the body trough urethra
 Artificial Kidney or Hemodialysis
In casc of kidncy failure, an
artificial kudney can be ine
used. An ortery

artifical kidncy is a to vein pump

device to Tubing mode of
elimnate
nitrogenous waste G selectvely
products from permeable
the blood through membrane
dialysts.

Artificial kidneys consist

of
number of tubules with a Semi
permeable ining, suspended in
a
tank filled with dialysing Dioly sing
fluid.This Line trom solution
fluid has the same
osmotic pressure opparotus to vein
as blood, except that it is
devoid of
nitrogenous wastes. The patient's Fresh dialysing Used dialysing
blood is passed through these tubes. solution solution (with ureo

gnd excess satts)

During this passage, the waste
products from the bood pass into
aiffusion. The purified blood is dialysing fluid by
pumped back into he patient. This is similar to
function of the kidney, but it is the
different since thee isno
Normaly, in a healthy individual, the initial reabsorption invofved.
filtratein the kidneys ís around180 L
daily
Organ donatíon
Organ donation ís also known as
transplantation.
Anyone regardless of age or gender can become an
organ andtissue donor.
Common transplantations include
corneas, kidneys, heart, liver,
intestínes and bone marrow, Most pancreas, lungs,
organ and tissue donations occur just
donor has died oryhen thedootor after the
eclares a person brain dead.
But some organs suah askidney, part of a
liver, lung, etc., and tissues can be donated
while the donor is alive
EXCRETION TN TLANTS
Plants haveno specialorgans for removal of
wastes. The waste products
and phofosynthësis dre used as of respiration
rav materials for each other.
a iy-produot of photosynthesis is Oxygen gas produced as
used up during respiration
and carbon dioxide
prohucedurtngespiration is used up during
Exerétion i carried out in photosynthesis.
the plants in the
The gaseous wastes, following ways:
oxygen, carbon dioxide and
stomata of leaves and water vapour are removed
lenticels of stems. Removal through
called transpiration.
of exCess water through stem is
Some waste products collect in the
leaves andbark of trees. When
are shed, the wastes are the leaves and bark
eliminated.
Some waste products are rendered
harmless andthen stored in the plant
bodies.Raphides, tannins, body as solid
resins,gum, rubber and
essential oils are somesuch
wastes.

-Suntpee eiminato
Explain the formation of urtne in human beings?
Mechanísm of Excretion
The process oj
Kidney filter all of the blood that arise from the heart forming urine.
•
stages namely
excretion take place in the nephrons present in kidneys and occursin three
ultrafiltration, reabsorption, and tubular secretion.

1. utrafiltration:
The initial step in clearing the blood is filtration, under pressure iquid is passed

to eliminate impurities. Filtration takes place in the glomeruli. Blood

through a filter
blood) to pass through the capillary walls
of the
pressure aids plasma (the liquid portion
in the glomerulus.Glomerular capillaries are comparitively
more permeable than the
other capillaries. The plasma contains water, glucose, amino acids anurea.
2.Reabsorption:
In this phase, substances thàt are essential in the filtrate.are reabsorbed by renal
tubules which then travel back into the bloodstreamMaxímum reabsörption occurs in

PCT due to the presence of microvilli.

3. Tubular secretion:
tubules is called as
Passage of waste substances out of the capillaries into the renal
the urine.
tubular secretion. This is an additional pathway ofgetting waste materials into
The urine is passed out of the body through urination process. Through excretion
human
body eliminates unwanted water, nitrogen and minerals wastes and protects the system
and maintains homeostasis
Question 2: What are the methods usefplantstogetrid of excretory products?
Answer: Plants can get rid excess of ater Ey transpiration.Waste materials may be
of

stored in the cellvacuoles or asgumand restin, especially in old xylem. It is also stored
in

the leaves that laterfalloff

Question 3:How is thë amount produced regulated?
of irine

Answer: The amount ofurine produced depends on the amount of excess water and
dissoved wastesapresent inithe-body. Some other factors such as habitat of an organísm
and hormone such as Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)also regulates the amount of urin
produced.
1. H do carbohydates; proteins and fatsget digested in human beings?
2. Explainthe mechanism ofphotosynthesis.
s. Explan the three pathiways of breakdown ofghucose in iving organims.
4. Describe,the flow of Glood through the heart of fuman beings.

5. Describe theprocess of urine formation in kidneys.

6. Why is theprocess of aiffusioninsufficient to meet the oxygen requirement of human
beings?
7. Draw a diagram of the human urinary system and abel tn it.
8. What do you mean bydouble ctrculationof blood?
9.Tf there were no algae there would be no fish in the sea". Comment.
10. Write thefunctions of thefollowing tn the digestiveprocess :
()Bile (i)Bicarbonate secreted bythe duodenalwall. (iüi) Pancreatic amylase.
 Respiration
The process of releasing energy from food is called respiration. Mitochondria is the site of
respiration.

In this process oxygen from air is taken in, this oxygen reacts with food molecules present in the
body cells and oxidise them slowly to release energy.
This energy is stored in the form of ATP molecules inside the cellfor further use and the waste
products i.e. CO2 and H20, are eliminated out of the body.
Food + 02 Oxidation co2+ H20 +
Energy(ATP)
The process by which organisms obtain oxygen from environment and release carbon
dioxide
produced during oxidation of food to the environment is called as Breathing. It is a part of
outer
respiration.

How energy released during respiration is stored

The energy released during respiration is stored in form of ATP.ATP is stored in mitochondria
and is released as per need.
Energy released during respiration is used to make energy from ADP and inorganic
ADP + Phosphate + Energy -->ATP
phosphate.

When the cell needs energy,then ATP can be broken down

using water to release energy.
ATP ---->ADP + Phosphate + energy
The energy equivalent to 30.5 kj/mole is released in this process.
type of respiration

Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration

SIno. Aerobic Anaerobic

1 It occurs in all living cells of higher plants It occurs in bacteria, certain fungi, germinating
and animals. It occurs in all living cells seeds and fleshy fruits, muscle cells.

of higher plants and animals.

2 It requires oxygen. Oxygen is not required.
3 The end productsare CO2 and H20 The end products are alcohol & CO2 or lactic
acid.

4 The oxidation of one molecule of glucose The number of ATPmolecules produced is only
produces 38 ATP molecules. 2.
5 All the reactions except the reactions of |Allthereactions take place in cytoplasm.
glycolysis take place inside
mitochondria

Organic compounds are completely Organic compounds are incompletely oxidized

oxidised and high amount of energy is and very smallamount of energy is released
released.

Sometimes, when there is a lack of oxygen in our muscle cells, the pyruvate is converted
into lactic acid which is also a three-carbon molecule. This build-upof lactic acid in our
muscles during sudden activity causes cramnps.
The energy released during cellular respiration is immediately used to synthesise a
molecule called ATTP which is used to fuel all other activities in the cell.In these processes,
ATP is broken down giving rise to a fixed amount of energy which can drive the
endothermic reactions taking place in the celL.
 Absence of

oxygen dioxide + Energy

Ethanol + Carbon
(inyeas) (2-carbon molecule)

In
Lack of oxygen
cytoplasmn
Lactic acid + Energy
Glucose Pyruvate
(in our
(6-carbon (3-carbon (3-carbon molecule)
muscle cells)
molecule) molecule)
Presence of
Energy Oxygen
Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
(in

mitochondria)

Flgre 5.8 Break-down ofglucose by variouspathways

docs a terrestrial
Q What advantage oveT an aguatic orqanism
organism hav with regard' to obtalining oxygen for
Tespiration?
low compared to the amount of oxygen in the
Since the amount of dissohved oxygen is fairly
is nmuch faster than that seen
in terrestrial
air, the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms
their mouths and force it past the gills where the
organisms. Fishes take in water through
organism different animal have
dissofved oxygen is taken up by blood. For terrestrial
the body.
different kind respiratory organ which is generally safeguard inside
of

Plants
Respixation bn
Respiration In leaves Through stomata

Respiration In Green Stem Through stomata

Respiration m Woody Stem Through lenticel

D During the generated during

day, co, res pirahon is used up for
photosynthesis', hence there is no co,'release Instead,okygen
release is the' major event, at this ime

i)At night, whun there is no photosymthesis occuring, co climination is

the
major cxchamge activity going
We have seen that plants exchange gases through stomata, and the large inter-ce llular
spaces ensure that all cells are in contact with air. Carbon dioxide and oxygen are
exchanged by diffusion here. The direction of diffusion depends upon the environmental
conditions and the requirements of the plant. At night, when there is no photosynthesis
occurring, coz elimination the major exchange activity going 'on. During the day CO2
is

generated during respiration is used up for photosynthesis, hence there is no CO2 release.
Instead, oxygen release is the major event at this time.
 Human Respiratory Sustem.
lhe
passage
main orgamy of human
Cor
rcspiratory System are
cawity), Trached, Brondhi
Nose, Nasal
Lungs and Diaphraqm
:
I Nostrils - Air is takeu iu the body through nostrils
- The aiY passing in through the nostril ltered by fine
hair that Line the passabe
- The s also lincdo with mucus
passag

2Pharyax- The part of

called
throat bctoen the mouth and wind pipe is
pharynx
From viostvil, air cnters into pharymx and thn goes into
the trachea or oind pipe

- The upper end of trachea has a voice box called larymx

4 Tracha - Trachea a tube which is commonly called wind pipe:

is
- It is conposed of;
°artilagc 'which prcYC.
collapse of tradhe in the abstuce of air

s Pronchi - The
The trachea divide into two Smaller tubes called 'bronchi'
two bronchi are connccted to the two lungs

6 Liungs
The lungs lie in chest cavity ohich is sepeyated fro
abdominal cavity by a muscular partiion diaphragm
- called
The lungs, are cnclósed in a rib Cage' made ot bohcs
ribs'.

+Bxonchioles- Each bronchus divides into Smaller tuby called 'byonchioles

8Alveoli -These are at the cnd of bronchioles

air-Sacs
- lts oalls are veTy thin and they' ae surrOumded by
thin blood Capillarics
Gascous cxchange takes place inside alvcoli
- Millions of alvesli in the lungs provide large arca for the
cxchange of gases
 Nasal pasSnge

Mouth cavity
Trachea
Pharynx
Larynx
Rings of cartilage

Alveoli

-Respiralorv
bronchioles LAung

Bronchi
Ribs

Bronchioles

Diaphragm
Alveolar sa

Flgure 5.9 Human respiratory system

Mechanism Of Preataing

Brrathing- Inhalation of oxygun and cxhalation of carbon dioxide is

caled breathing Brcating consists of : nhalation and
Exhalaion

i:
lnhalation-
H
th Cest
As e
inhale, ribs litt
Lift and diaphraqm moves domoore
of this, air is Sucked into
the Lungs
cavity bLCOmcs
And' tills the lavgp
Because
Cxpanded lade
alveoli
(bxyqen
in atveoat dir is taken up by the alyeolar, blood vessels
AOOsDottud
be to all cus of the body Cblood capi llaruey

- This oxygeu is caried in the blood by the spivatory pigment

Hacmogfs'bin which has a very high 'afimity for oxyga

- This piqnent is prescnt in the ted blood corpuscles

The oxygn Teachcs the cells whete the process of respiration takes
place producing carbon dioxide'

- This Carbon dioxide dituscs into the blood which carries it to the
lungs in dissolved for m

a Exhalation- As ioe cahale, ribs relax causing the diaphragm to

move upward- Tis decreases the spae in out chest cavity pushing
the air'out of the lungs
 Plant Movement
Tropic Movement Nastic Movement
Directional ) ( Non drectional ]
1. Photot roplsm 1. Seismonansty
2. Geotropism 2. Nyctiasty
3. Hydrotropism 3.photonasty
4. Thigmotropism

S. chemotropism
Tropic Movement
Tropicmovemcnt
is the movement of the Plant in response to the stimulus Present in the environment this

movement is in response to root and shoot growth. They are very slow.
It can be toward the stimulus (Positive tropism) or away from stimulus or (Negative tropism).

They are mainl fve types:

Phototropism, geotropism, hydrotropism, thigmotropism, chemotropism

Phototropism
Phototropism Aaret tdng the p!ant teprn th

n
Movement of Plant in response to light is
Plant bending
owarde tigt
called Phototropism. teatght 1Posty Photottopir

ALsh noyes
Stem-----Show Positive Phototropism. dàekde ta
to the
maso
n Ihat
cols area
afowat
Root---- Show Negative Phototropism
rOWeventy

Roots

(Nuuattve
Phottrupia )

Geotropism Geotroplsm
It is atype of tropism Where Plants show some Negativ
geotropism
T
growth in response to Gravity. Shoot
grows
Shoot
grows
away away
Itrom
gravily gravity

Stem:- Negative geotropic.

Positive
Root:-- Poisitive geotropism. geotropism
Rout Aoot
grows gOWs
1owards towatOs
gavity gaily

Chemotropism Chemotropism
When plant grow in response to certain Pollen

Generative
chemicals,this type of movement is called
nucleus

chemotropism. Iube nucleus

It is a Definite directional movement in Pollen tube

Extendng tip
ot llon tuba
relation to chemicals.

Ex -movement of pollen tube towards Ovule

iolloplsp)
Sperm
wiLDulus
Ovary. nuclel (n)

Tube nucleus
degenerates
 Hydrotropism
The movement of a Plant in relation to HYDROTROPISM
stimulus of water is called

Hydrotropism. Generally hydrotropism

can be seen in dry soil areas as there is a
scarcity of water their and roots tends Moist soil Dry soil
to bend towards water.
Stem:- Negative hydrotropism
Roots - Positive hydrotropism.

Thigmotropism
The growing or developing movements made
by Plants in responseto contact with a solid
Sterm Tendnl
object are called thigmotropism. This
movement are usually seen in tendrils and
i twiners of the plant. By the support of
these Stom tonds holjtho plant
to chmbiiga support
tendrils plants tends to move higher .
Support

Ex Weak Stern
crippling plants etc.

Nastic Movement
Seismonasty:
Leaflets Leaflets fold
Response to shock/contact/vibration remain being sensitive
Thistype of nastic movement is due to mechanical appeat to touch
horizontal
stimuli, e.g. touchn, strong wind, raindrops, foreign
body,etc. Examples include movement in stigmaon
Touch
receiving pollen grains, movement of stamen in Stimulus

responseto insect, Mimosa pudica or touch-me-not,

movement in insectivorous plants, etc.
Before Touch After Touch
Nyctinasty: (a)

Movements at night or in the dark Sosongar Duiva

ertiaY
Pulvinus

This type of nastic movement is also called "sleeping 5etogary Dassas

movement".
This is governed byvariations in light and ona venas

Prhle
temperature,hence, it is also sometimes categorised RaLhila Rachjs

in photonastic or thermonasticmovements. E.g.

leaves of clover and oxalis close in the evening and

open in the morning.

Photonasty:
Responseto light.

In some plants, movement is induced due to changes

in light intensity. E.g. flowersof Cestrum nocturnum
or night-blooming jasmine open at night and close

with the start of the day.

 hermonasty
Movement of plant in response to temperature
or heat.

Table 1 Differences between tropidaid nastic movements

Tropic movements Nastic movements

Unidirectional response to the stimulus Non-directional response to the stimulus

Growth dependent movements Growth independent movements

M. jalapa blooms at late More or less permanent and Irreversidla Temporary and reversible

afternoon as temperature
Tulip flowers bloom at id plants
Found in Fpund only in a few speclalized
morning as temperature all plants

drops rises Slow action Immediate action

COORDINATION IN PLANTS
Plants need sunlight, water,oxygen,minerals for their growth and development.These are
external factors. Apart from these, there are some intrinsic factors that regulate the growth and
development of plants. These are called plant hormones or "Phytohormones"
In Plants ChemicalCoordination occurs through Phytohormones.

Phytohormones are:

1.Auxin

2. Gibberellin Growth Promoter

3. Cytokinin

4. Abscisic acid (ABA) Growth Inhibitor

5. Ethylene

AUXIN
The First Plant hormone
discovered was Auxin.
glongation
Auxin
Charles Darwin first observed
the phototropismin the
coleoptiles of canary grass

These are usually

synthesized in the tip of

shoots. It helps them to
grow longer. Whenplants are
placed facing a light source,

they show bending towards it.

With sunight at an angle

This is because the auxin With sunlight the auxin moves to the
overhead, the auxin
side in shade, inducing
diffuses towards the shady Is distribuled evernly |the elongation of cells on
that side
side of the shoot stimulating
the cells to grow longer.
Function
Cell elongation of stems and roots

Apical dominance, auxin in apical bud suppressesthe growth of latetali byds

Induces parthenocarpy i.e. development of fruit withoutfertilisation,e e.g. jn tomatoes

2,4-Dis widely used as a herbicide to kill undesirable weeds of dicot plants withoutaffecting
monocot plants

GIBBERELLINS
Gibberellins helps in the growth of the stem and flower. In higher plants, gibberellins are mainly

distributed in meristematicregions like stem-apex,root-apex, buds,seeds, etc.

 Function
Delays senescence
Elongation of the stem and reverses dwarfism
Breaks seed dormancy
CYTOKNIN
These are the hormones,whichpromote cell division. Highest concentration of cytokinins occurs in

germinating seeds,developing fruits, embryos,etc.,i.e.areas of tapidcell division. They are

produced in root tips and are transported through xylem cells.

Eunction
It promotes lateral and adventitious shoot growth and used to initiateshoot growth inculture
Helps in overcomingapical dominance induced by auxins
Stimulate the formationof chloroplast in leaves
ABSCISIC ACID (ABA)
Abscisic acid is a growth-retarding hormone. It is found in angiospers, gymnospermS,
pteridophytes and some mosses.It is found in the chloroplasts of leayes Fruits and seedscontain
the highest amount of ABA. It is also Known as a stress hormone.!
It inhibits growth hence it is also called antiauxin and anti gibberellinhormone.

Functions
promotes senescenceand abscission of leaves and fruit

Inhibits seed germination

Accelerates dormancy in seedsthat is useful for storage purpose

Ethylene (gaseous hormone)

Ethylene is the only hormone which is a gas at ordinary temperature.!

Itis produced in fruits and remainsin the same fruit. Therefore unlikeother hormones, its site of
synthesis and site of action are not different.

It acts as an growth inhibitor. Occurs in gaseousform.It is synthesiseinthe ripening fruits and

tissues undergoing senescence.It is,one of the most widely usedhormones in agriculture.

Functions
It hastens the ripening of fruits

Breaks seed and bud dormancy

Stimulates rapid elongation of petioles and internodes

promotes senescence and abscission of leaves and flower

|Hormone(Module) Major Functions Where Pradücad o Found in Plant

Auxins Stimulatestem elongation; affect root Meristems of!aplkg buds; young leaves:
(33.3) growth, differentiation, branching, embryos within seeds
development of fruit, apical dominance,
phototropism and gravitropism

Cytokinins root growth and differentiation;

Affect Made inrootsAndtransported
(33.4) stimulate ell division and growth; t other organs
stimulategermination; delay aging
Gibberellins Promote seedgermínation, bud "Meristems oflapidal buds and roots;
(33.5)
developmnt, stem elongation,and
leaf growth; stimulate flowering and fruit,
young leaves QnY
development; affect root growth and
differentiatjon

Abscisic acid (ABA) Inhibits growth; closes stomt during "Leaves, stemstoots, green fruits

(33.6). water stressshelps maintain dormancy

Ethylene Promotes truit ripening; opposes some Ripening fruits nodesof stems aging
(33.7)
auxin effeçts promotes or inhibits growth Jeaves and.flower
and development ofroots, leayes, and
flowers depending specles.: n