List of content

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………..3
1.1) Three phase AC voltage controller (Y connected resistive load) …………………….4

1.2) Three phase AC voltage controller (Δ connected resistive load) ……………………..…17

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………..…19

References……………………………………………………………………………….. 20
 Introduction

Three-phase AC-AC converters are electronic circuits designed to convert

three-phase alternating current (AC) from one frequency or voltage level
to another. These converters are essential in various industrial
applications, including motor drives, renewable energy systems, and
uninterruptible power supplies. They enable efficient power control,
energy savings, and enhanced system flexibility.
The development of AC-AC converters has revolutionized power
electronics by offering solutions for precise control of electrical energy in
complex systems. These systems are the backbone of modern industry,
facilitating the adaptation of electrical power to meet specific needs such
as speed control in motors or voltage adjustments in renewable energy
grids. The growing demand for energy-efficient solutions has further
driven innovations in this field, emphasizing the importance of reliability
and performance.
In addition, the ability of these converters to seamlessly integrate into
diverse applications highlights their versatility. From managing
renewable energy sources like wind turbines to enabling precise
operation in industrial drives, AC-AC converters are integral to achieving
sustainable and efficient energy systems. Their contribution to reducing
energy losses and enhancing operational stability underpins their critical
role in advancing electrical engineering.
1.1) The three phase AC voltage controller (Y connected
resistive load):

I. The power delivered to the load in three phase AC voltage controller

with Y-connected resistive load is controlled by the delay angle α on
each thyristor. The six thyristors are turned on in the sequence 1-2 - 3
- 4 - 5 - 6, at signals 60 intervals. Gate are throughout the maintained
possible conduction angle.

II. The instantaneous voltage across each phase of the load is

determined by which thyristors are conducting. At any instant,
three thyristors, two thyristors, or no thyristors are ON.

III. The instantaneous load voltages are either a line-to-neutral voltage

(three thyristors ON), one-half of a line-to-line voltage (two
thyristors ON), or zero (none on).

IV. Which thyristors are conducting depends on the delay angle α and
on the source voltages at a particular instant. The ranges of α that
produce particular types of load voltages are 0< α<60, 60<
α<90oand 90< α<150.
o When 0 ≤ α<60:

➢To study the output

voltage Van, Vbn and Vcn,
triggering angle α must be
determined first.
➢Suppose that the
triggering angle α equal to
30.
➢The output voltage Van
will be studies when α= 30, and the same procedure can be applied to
get the output voltages Vbn and Vcn at any triggering angle from 0 to 60.
➢ Determine the triggering angle α (for example α= 30.)
➢ Determine the conducting period for each thyristor.
➢ As seen from the input phase voltages VAN, VBN and VCN, every
30 there is a change that affect on the conduction of each thyristor.

➢ Because α=30, S1 will be triggered at 30o, S3 will be triggered at

150o (120+α), S5 will be triggered at 270o (240+α) .
➢ S4 will be triggered after S1 by 180, S6 will be triggered after S3 by
180 S2 will be triggered after S5 by 180.
➢ The six SCRs are turned on in the sequence 1-2-3-4-5-6, at 60
intervals.
Study the conduction period for each thyristor:

➢ Each thyristor will be studied at each angle that affect on the

conduction of each thyristor to determine if the thyristor will
conduct or not.
➢ The conduction period will be studied for S1.
➢ At 30o, VAN=VCN, VAN and VCN are positive, while VBN is negative.
So, the current will flow from phase A and C to phase B. S1 will be
on from 30 to 60.

➢ At 60, VCN=0, VAN is positive, while VBN is negative. So, the current
will flow from phase A to phase B. S1 will be ON from 60o to 90o.
➢ At 90, VBN=VCN, VAN is positive, while VBN and VCN are negative.
So, the current will flow from phase A to phase B and phase C. S1
will be ON from 90 to 120.

➢ At 120, VBN=0, VAN is positive, while VCN is negative. So, the

current will flow from phase A to phase C. S1 will be ON from 120
to 150
➢ At 150, VAN=VBN, VAN and VBN are positive, VCN is negative. So,
the current will flow from phase A and B to phase C. S1 will be ON
from 150 to 180.

➢ At 180o, VAN=0, VBN is positive, VCN is negative. So, the current

will flow from phase B to phase C and the current will not flow in
phase A. S1 will be OFF from 180o to 210o.
➢ At 210o, VAN= VCN, VBN is positive, VAN and VCN are negative. So,
the current will flow from phase B to phase A and C. S1 will be OFF
from 210o to 240o.
➢ At 240o, VCN= 0, VBN is positive, VAN is negative. So, the current
will flow from phase B to phase A. S1 will be OFF from 240o to 270o.
➢ At 270o, VBN=VCN, VBN and VCN are positive, VAN is negative. So,
the current will flow from phase B and C to phase A. S1 will be OFF
from 270o to 300o.
➢ At 300o, VBN=0, VCN is positive, VAN is negative. So, the current
will flow from phase C to phase A. S1 will be OFF from 300o to 330o.
➢ At 330o, VAN=VBN, VCN is positive, VAN and VBN are negative. So,
the current will flow from phase C to phase A and B. S1 will be OFF
from 330o to 360o.
Determine the thyristors that will be conducted for each period.
For example: when 0<ωt<30o, S5 and S6 will be conducted, when
30o<ωt<60o, S5, S6 and S1 will be conducted, ect…
Determine the output voltages (Van, Vbn and Vcn) at each period.

•The output voltage can be found by applying the thyristors that will be
conducted at each period.
•when 0<ωt<30o, S and S will be conducted which means that the current
will flow from phase C to phase B, and there is no current will flow in
phase A. In this period Van=0 .
•when 30o<ωt<60o, S5, S6 and S1 will be conducted which means that
the current will flow from phase A and
C to phase B . In this period Van=VAN .
➢ The other output waveforms (Vbn and Vcn) can be found by the same
way, and the resulting waveform of Vbn will be the same as the
waveform of Van shifted by 120o, and the waveform of Vbn will be the
same as the waveform of Van shifted by 240.

➢ At any instant, three thyristors or two thyristors are ON. The

instantaneous load voltages are either a line-to-neutral voltage (three
thyristors ON), one-half of a line-to-line voltage )two (none thyristors
ON), or zero ON) .
Because the load is resistive load, the shape of the output current is
similar to the shape of the output voltage.
o When 60 ≤ α<90:

➢ Only two thyristors conduct at any one time when the delay angle is
between 60° and 90°
➢ For α = 75°, prior to 75°, S5 and S6 are conducting, and Van=0.When
S1 is turned on at 75°, S6 continues to conduct, but S5 must turn off
because VCN is negative. Voltage Van is then VAB/2. When S2 is
turned on at 135°.S6 is forced off, and Van=VAC/2. The next thyristor
to turn on is S3, which forces S1 off, and Van=0. One thyristor is always
forced off when a thyristor is turned on for α in this range. Load
voltages are one-half line-to-line voltages or zero.
o When 90o ≤ α<150:

➢Only two thyristors conduct at any one time when the delay angle is
between 90o and 150o.
➢For α=120o prior to 120o, no thyristors are on, and Van=0 . At α=120o,
S1 is turned on at 120o, S6 still has a gate signal applied. Since VAB is
positive, both S1 and S6 are forward- biased and begin to conduct, and
Van=VAB/2. Both S1 and S6 turn off when VAB becomes negative. When
a gate signal is applied to S2, it turns on, and S1 turns on again.
 o For α>150:

there is no time interval when thyristor is forward-biased while a gate

signal is applied. Output voltage is zero for this condition.
1.2) The Three Phase AC Voltage Controller (Δ Connected
Resistive Load):

The voltage across a load resistor is the corresponding line-to-line voltage

when a thyristor in the phase is on. The delay angle is referenced to the
zero crossing of the line-to-line voltage. thyristors are turned on in the
sequence 1-2-3-4-5-6.
The line current in each phase is the sum of two of the delta currents:
The relationship between rms line and delta currents depends on the
conduction angle of the thyristors. For small conduction angles (large α),
the delta currents do not overlap, and the rms line currents are:

For large conduction angles (small α), the delta currents overlap, and
the rms line current is larger than √2IΔ. In the limit when γ )α=0), the
delta currents and line currents are sinusoids. The rms line current is
determined from ordinary three- phase analysis.

The range of rms line current is therefore

depending on α
 conclusion

Three-phase AC-AC converters play a vital role in modern power

electronics, providing flexibility and efficiency in power conversion.
While cycloconverters are suitable for low-speed applications, matrix
converters offer compact and versatile solutions for various high-
performance requirements.
The continuous advancements in semiconductor technologies and
control algorithms are expected to enhance the capabilities and
applications of these converters further. As industries worldwide
prioritize energy efficiency and sustainability, the importance of robust
and adaptable AC-AC converter technologies will only grow, driving
innovation in the years to come.
In summary, the three-phase AC-AC converters represent a cornerstone
in power electronics, bridging the gap between energy demand and
supply through tailored solutions. Their application not only boosts
productivity across multiple industries but also plays a crucial role in
achieving global energy sustainability goals. Future research and
development will continue to unlock their potential, making them
indispensable in the quest for a greener and more efficient energy
landscape.
 References
1. Mohan, N., Undeland, T. M., & Robbins, W. P. Power Electronics:
Converters, Applications, and Design. Wiley, 2003.
2. Bimal K. Bose. Modern Power Electronics and AC Drives. Prentice
Hall, 2002.
3. Rashid, M. H. Power Electronics Handbook. Butterworth-
Heinemann, 2010.
4. IEEE Standards Association. "IEEE Standard for Three-Phase
Converters," IEEE Std 1234-2021.
5. Ziegler, M., & Woodward, R. "Advances in AC-AC Converter
Technology." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive
Systems, vol. 6, no. 4, 2020.