STRUCTURE QUERY LANGUAGE:
It is a non procedural language which is used to communicate with any database
such as Oracle, sqlserver etc.
This Language was developed by the German Scientist Mr. E.F.Codd in
1968
ANSI (American National Standard Institute) approved this concept and in
1972 sql was released into the market
Features of SQL:
SQL is not a case sensitive language it means that all the commands of Sql
are not case sensitive
Every command of sql should ends with a semicolon (;) (It is exemption for
SQL Server)
SQL can be pronounced as Sequel (Structured English Query Language)
SQL can be called as Common Language Interface, which is used to
communicate with any type of database
SQL can be called as NLI (Natural Language Interface). It means that all the
SQL Commands are almost similar to normal English language
Structured query language is mainly divided into 4 sub languages
1. DDL (Data Definition Language)
2. DML (Data Manipulation Language)
3. TCL (Transaction Control Language)
4. DCL(Data Control Language)
5. DQL (Data Query Language)
DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE
Data Definition Language: This is a 1st sub Language in SQL which is
used to define the database objects such as table, view etc.
This language contains five commands
1. Create
2. Alter
3. SP_Rename
4. Truncate
5. Drop
1. Create:
This command is used to create the database objects within the database
Syntax: CREATE TABLE <TABLE NAME>
(COL 1 DATA TYPE (size),
COL2 DATA TYPE (size),
:
:
:
COLN DATA TYPE (size));
Ex: CREATE TABLE EMP (EID Int, ENAME Varchar (15), SAL
DECIMAL (6, 2));
Rules for Creating a Table:
Table name must be unique under the database.
Column names must be unique within the table.
Never start table name with numeric or special characters except
underscore’_’.
Do not use space in table name if we want give space in table name then use
underscore symbol only.
Every object name should contain minimum one character and maximum
128 characters.
The maximum no. of columns a table can have 1024 columns.
2. ALTER:
This command is used to modify the structure of a table using this
command, we can perform four different operations
Using this command we can increase (or) decrease the size of the data
type & also we can change the data type from old data type to new
data type
We can add a new column to the existing table
We can change the column name from old column name to new
column name
We can remove the column from the existing table
This command contains 4 sub commands
1. ALTER- ALTER COLUMN
2. ALTER- ADD
3. SP_RENAME
4. ALTER- DROP
a. ALTER-ALTER COLUMN:
Syntax: ALTER TABLE <TABLE NAME> ALTER COLUMN
<COLUMN NAME> DATA TYPE (SIZE)
Ex: ALTER TABLE EMP ALTER COLUMN ENAME char (25);
b. ALTER-ADD:
Syntax: ALTER TABLE <TABLE NAME> ADD <COLUMNNAME
>DATA TYPE(size);
Ex: ALTER TABLE EMP ADD DEPTNO int;
c. ALTER-DROP:
Syntax: ALTER TABLE <TABLE NAME> DROP COLUMN <COLUMN
NAME>;
Ex: ALTER TABLE EMP DROP COLUMN SAL;
d. SP_RENAME:
Syntax: SP_RENAME ‘TABLENAME.OLDCOLUMN’,’NEW COLUMN
NAME’,’COLUMN,;
Ex: SP_RENAME ‘EMP.SAL’,’SALARY’,’COLUMN’
3. SP_RENAME:
This command is used to change the table name from old table name to new
table name
Syntax: SP_Rename ‘old table name’,’ New table name’
Ex: SP_Rename ‘EMP’,’EMP1’
4. TRUNCATE:
This command is used for to delete all the records from existing table
permanently
Syntax: TRUNCATE TABLE <TABLE NAME>
Ex: TRUNCATE TABLE EMP;
5. DROP:
This command is used to remove the table permanently from the database
Syntax: DROP TABLE <TABLE NAME>
Ex: DROP TABLE EMP;
Note: SP_help: This command is used to see the structure of table
Syntax: SP_help <table name>
Ex: SP_help EMP
Data Manipulating Language: This is the 2nd sub language in SQL,
which is used to manipulate the data within database. This Language contains 4
commands
1. Insert
2. Update
3. Delete
1. INSERT:
Using this command we can Insert the records into the existing table
We can insert the records into the table in two methods
Explicit method
Implicit method
Explicit method:
In this method user has to enter all the values into all the columns without
anything omitting (or) left any column data
Syntax: INSERT INTO <TABLE NAME> VALUES <VAL1, VAL2,
….VALN>;
(OR)
INSERT <TABLE NAME> VALUES <VAL1, VAL2, .VALN>;
(Here “INTO” Keyword is optional)
Ex1: INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (101,’RAJ’,9500);
Ex2: INSERT EMP VALUES (101,’RAJ’,9500);
1 Row(s) affected
Implicit method:
In this method we can enter the values into the required columns in the table,
so that user can omit (or) left some columns data while he enters the records
into the table
If the user omit any column data in the table then it automatically takes
NULL
Syntax: INSERT INTO <TABLE NAME> (COL1, COL2….COLN)
VALUES (VAL1, VAL2… VALN);
Ex: INSERT INTO EMP (EID, SAL) VALUES (106,9999);
2. UPDATE:
This command is used to modify the data in the existing table
By using this command we can modify all the records in the table & also
specific records in the table (Using ‘where’ clause)
Syntax: UPDATE <TABLE NAME> SET COL=VALUE;
Ex: UPDATE EMP SET SAL=10000;
Syntax change for more than one data simultaneously
Syntax: UPDATE <TABLE NAME> SET COL1=VALUE,
COL2=VALUE………COLN=VALUE;
Ex: UPDATE EMP SET EID=007,SAL=10000;
3. DELETE:
This command is used to delete the records from existing table
Using this command we can delete all the records and also to delete specific
record (by using ‘where’ clause)
Syntax: DELETE FROM <TABLE NAME>
Ex: DELETE FROM EMP;
10 row(s) affected
Difference between TRUNCATE and DELETE Command:
SRNO TRUNCATE DELETE
01 It is a DDL command It is a DML command
02 It is a permanent deletion It is temporary deletion
03 Specific record deletion is not We can delete the specific record
possible
04 It doesn’t support WHERE It supports WHERE clause
clause
05 We cannot Rollback the data We can Rollback the data
06 Truncate will reset the identity Delete will not reset the identity
Values value
DATA QUERY LANGUAGE:
1. SELECT:
This command is used to retrieve the data from existing table.
Using this command we can retrieve all the records & also specific records
from existing table (by using ‘where’ clause)
Syntax: SELECT * FROM <TABLE NAME> [WHERE <CONDITION>];
Ex: SELECT * FROM EMP;
* represents all columns
WHERE CLAUSE:
This clause is used to check the condition based on the condition, we can
retrieve, update, delete specific records in the table
So we can apply the where clause only in select, update & delete
Select Command With Where clause:
Syntax: SELECT * FROM <TABLE NAME> WHERE <CONDITION>
Ex: SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE EID=102;
Update Command With Where clause:
Syntax: UPDATE <TABLE NAME> SET <COLUMN NAME>=VALUE
WHERE (CONDITION);
Ex: UPDATE EMP SET ENAME=”sai” WHERE EID=102;
Delete Command With Where clause:
Syntax: DELETE FROM <TABLE NAME>WHERE <CONDITION>
Ex: DELETE FROM EMP WHERE EID=102;
ALIAS:
ALIAS is a duplicate name (or) alternate name for the original column name
(or) Table name (or) an expression name.
Column level Alias + Table level alias :
Syntax: SELECT COLUMN NAME AS “ALIAS NAME”,
COLUMN NAME AS “ALIAS NAME”,
:
:
COLUMN NAME AS “ALIAS NAME” FROM <TABLE NAME>;
EX: SELECT EID AS “EMPLOYEE ID”, ENAME AS “EMPLOYEE
NAME”, SAL AS “SALARY” FROM EMP;
NOTE: In the above example the keyword ‘as’ is optional
EX: SELECT EID “EMPLOYEE ID”, ENAME “EMPLOYEE NAME”,
SAL “SALARY” FROM EMP;
NOTE: In the above example quotations is also optional but there should not
be space between column name
EX: SELECT EID EMPLOYEEID, ENAME EMPLOYEENAME, SAL
SALARY FROM EMP;
Ex: SELECT EID EMPLOYEEID, ENAME EMPLOYEENAME, SAL
SALARY, SAL*12 ANNUALSALARY FROM EMP;
