Richard Owen

Sir Richard Owen KCB FRMS FRS (20 July 1804 – 18

Sir
December 1892) was an English biologist, comparative
anatomist and palaeontologist. Owen is generally Richard Owen
KCB FRMS FRS
considered to have been an outstanding naturalist with
a remarkable gift for interpreting fossils.

Owen produced a vast array of scientific work, but is

probably best remembered today for coining the word
Dinosauria (meaning "Terrible Reptile" or "Fearfully
Great Reptile").[2][3] An outspoken critic of Charles
Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection,
Owen agreed with Darwin that evolution occurred but
thought it was more complex than outlined in Darwin's
On the Origin of Species.[4][page range too broad] Owen's
approach to evolution can be considered to have
anticipated the issues that have gained greater attention
with the recent emergence of evolutionary
developmental biology.[5] Portrait of Owen, c. 1878
Born 20 July 1804
Owen was the first president of the Microscopical Lancaster, England
Society of London in 1839 and edited many issues of
Died 18 December 1892 (aged 88)
its journal – then known as The Microscopic
Richmond Park, London, England
Journal.[6] Owen also campaigned for the natural
specimens in the British Museum to be given a new Nationality British
home. This resulted in the establishment, in 1881, of Alma mater University of Edinburgh
the now world-famous Natural History Museum in St Bartholomew's Hospital
South Kensington, London.[7][page range too broad] Bill Known for Coining the term dinosaur,
Bryson argues that, "by making the Natural History presenting them as a distinct
Museum an institution for everyone, Owen taxonomic group
transformed our expectations of what museums are British Museum of Natural History
for."[8] Awards Wollaston Medal (1838)
Royal Medal (1846)
While he made several contributions to science and
public learning, Owen was a controversial figure Copley Medal (1851)
among his contemporaries, both for his disagreements Baly Medal (1869)
on matters of common descent and for accusations that Clarke Medal (1878)
he took credit for other people's work. Linnean Medal (1888)
Scientific career
Fields Comparative anatomy
Biography Paleontology
 Owen became a Zoology[1]
surgeon's apprentice in Biology[1]
1820 and was
appointed to the Royal College of
Surgeons in 1826.[9] In 1836,
Owen was appointed Hunterian
professor at the Royal College, and
in 1849, he succeeded William
Clift as conservator of the
Hunterian Museum. He held the
The young Richard Owen latter office until 1856 when he Owen was the driving force behind
became superintendent of the the establishment, in 1881, of the
British Museum (Natural History) in
natural history department of the
London.
British Museum. He then devoted much of his energies to a great
scheme for a National Museum of Natural History, which
eventually resulted in the removal of the natural history collections of the British Museum to a new
building at South Kensington: the British Museum (Natural History) (now the Natural History Museum).
He retained office until the completion of this work, in December 1883, when he was made a knight of
the Order of the Bath.[10]

Owen always tended to support orthodox men of science and the

status quo. The royal family presented him with the cottage in
Richmond Park and Robert Peel put him on the Civil List. In
1843, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish
Academy of Sciences. In 1844 he became an associated member
of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands. When this Institute
became the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in
Sheen Lodge, Richmond Park, 1851, he joined as a foreign member.[11] In 1845, he was elected
home of Owen as a member to the American Philosophical Society.[12]

He died at home on 15 December 1892 and is buried in the

churchyard at St Andrew's Church, Ham, near Richmond, Surrey.[13]

Work on invertebrates
While occupied with the cataloguing of the Hunterian collection, Owen did not confine his attention to
the preparations before him but also seized every opportunity to dissect fresh subjects. He was allowed to
examine all animals that died in London Zoo's gardens and, when the Zoo began to publish scientific
proceedings, in 1831, he was the most prolific contributor of anatomical papers. His first notable
publication, however, was his Memoir on the Pearly Nautilus (London, 1832), which was soon
recognized as a classic. Thenceforth, he continued to make important contributions to every department
of comparative anatomy and zoology for a period of over fifty years. In the sponges, Owen was the first
to describe the now well-known Venus' Flower Basket or Euplectella (1841, 1857). Among Entozoa, his
most noteworthy discovery was that of Trichina spiralis (1835), the parasite infesting the muscles of man
in the disease now termed trichinosis (see also, however, Sir James Paget). Of Brachiopoda he made very
special studies, which much advanced knowledge and settled the classification that has long been
accepted. Among Mollusca, he described not only the pearly nautilus but also Spirula (1850) and other
Cephalopoda, both living and extinct, and it was he who proposed the universally-accepted subdivision of
this class into the two orders of Dibranchiata and Tetrabranchiata (1832). In 1852 Owen named
Protichnites – the oldest footprints found on land.[14] Applying his knowledge of anatomy, he correctly
postulated that these Cambrian trackways were made by an extinct type of arthropod,[14] and he did this
more than 150 years before any fossils of the animal were found.[15][16] Owen envisioned a resemblance
of the animal to the living arthropod Limulus.[14]

Fish, reptiles, birds, and naming of dinosaurs

Most of his work on reptiles
related to the skeletons of extinct
forms and his chief memoirs, on
British specimens, were reprinted
in a connected series in his History
of British Fossil Reptiles (4 vols.
London 1849–1884). He published
the first important general account
of the great group of Mesozoic
land-reptiles, and he coined the
Owen's coining of the word dinosaur name Dinosauria from Greek
in 1841 δεινός (deinos) "terrible, powerful, Richard Owen in 1856 with
the skull of a crocodile
wondrous" + σαύρος (sauros)
"lizard".[2][3] Owen used 3 genera
to define the dinosaurs: the carnivorous Megalosaurus, the herbivorous Iguanodon and armoured
Hylaeosaurus', specimens uncovered in southern England.[3]

With Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins, Owen helped create the first life-size sculptures depicting dinosaurs
as he thought they might have appeared. Some models were initially created for the Great Exhibition of
1851, but 33 were eventually produced when the Crystal Palace was relocated to Sydenham, in south
London. Owen famously hosted a dinner for 21 prominent men of science inside the hollow concrete
Iguanodon on New Year's Eve 1853. However, in 1849, a few years before his death in 1852, Gideon
Mantell had realised that Iguanodon, of which he was the discoverer, was not a heavy, pachyderm-like
animal, as Owen was proposing, but had slender forelimbs.[17]

Work on mammals
Owen was granted right of first refusal on any freshly dead animal at the London Zoo. His wife once
arrived home to find the carcass of a newly deceased rhinoceros in her front hallway.[8]

At the same time, Sir Thomas Mitchell's discovery of fossil bones, in New South Wales, provided
material for the first of Owen's long series of papers on the extinct mammals of Australia, which were
eventually reprinted in book-form in 1877. He described Diprotodon (1838) and Thylacoleo (1859), and
extinct species kangaroos and wombats of gigantic size. Most fossil material found in Australia and New
Zealand was initially sent to England for expert examination, and with the assistance of the local
collectors Owen became the first authority on the palaeontology of
the region.[18] While occupied with so much material from abroad,
Owen was also busily collecting facts for an exhaustive work on
similar fossils from the British Isles and, in 1844–1846, he
published his History of British Fossil Mammals and Birds, which
was followed by many later memoirs, notably his Monograph of
the Fossil Mammalia of the Mesozoic Formations (Palaeont. Soc.,
1871). One of his latest publications was a little work entitled
Antiquity of Man as deduced from the Discovery of a Human Owen's illustration of a camel's
Skeleton during Excavations of the Docks at Tilbury (London, skeleton
1884).

Owen, Darwin, and the theory of evolution

Sometime during the 1840s Owen came to the conclusion that species arise as the result of some sort of
evolutionary process. He believed that there were a total of six possible mechanisms: Parthenogenesis,
prolonged development, premature birth, congenital malformations, Lamarckian atrophy, Lamarckian
hypertrophy and transmutation, of which he thought transmutation was the least likely.[7]

Science historian Evelleen Richards has argued that Owen was likely
sympathetic to developmental theories of evolution, but backed away
from publicly proclaiming them after the critical reaction that had greeted
the anonymously published evolutionary book Vestiges of the Natural
History of Creation in 1844 (it was revealed only decades later that the
book had been authored by publisher Robert Chambers). Owen had been
criticized for his own evolutionary remarks in his On the Nature of Limbs
in 1849.[19] At the end of On the Nature of Limbs, Owen suggested that
humans ultimately evolved from fish as the result of natural laws,[20]
which resulted in Owen being criticized in the Manchester Spectator for
denying that species such as humans were created by God.[7]
Owen with a giant moa
skeleton
Owen, as president-elect of the British Association, announced his
authoritative anatomical studies of primate brains, claiming that the
human brain had structures that ape brains did not and that therefore humans were a separate sub-class,
starting a dispute which was subsequently satirised as the Great Hippocampus Question.[21] Owen's main
argument was that humans have much larger brains for their body size than other mammals including the
great apes.[4]

In 1862 (and later occasions) Huxley took the opportunity to arrange demonstrations of ape brain
anatomy (e.g. at the BA meeting, where William Flower performed the dissection). Visual evidence of the
supposedly missing structures (posterior cornu and hippocampus minor) was used, in effect, to indict
Owen for perjury: Owen had argued that the absence of those structures in apes was connected with the
lesser size to which the ape brains grew, but he then conceded that a poorly developed version might be
construed as present without preventing him from arguing that brain size was still the major way of
distinguishing apes and humans.[4]
Huxley's campaign ran over two years and was devastatingly successful at persuading the overall
scientific community, with each "slaying" being followed by a recruiting drive for the Darwinian cause.
The spite lingered. While Owen had argued that humans were distinct from apes by virtue of having large
brains, Huxley claimed that racial diversity blurred any such distinction. In his paper criticizing Owen,
Huxley directly states:

... "if we place a, the European brain, b, the Bosjesman brain, and c, the orang brain, in a
series, the differences between a and b, so far as they have been ascertained, are of the
same nature as the chief of those between b and c".[22]

Owen countered Huxley by saying the brains of all human races were really of similar size and
intellectual ability, and that the fact that humans had brains that were twice the size of large apes like
male gorillas, even though humans had much smaller bodies, made humans distinguishable.[4]

Legacy
He was the first director in Natural History Museum in
London and his statue was in the main hall there until 2009,
when it was replaced with a statue of Darwin. A bust of Owen
by Alfred Gilbert (1896) is held in the Hunterian Museum,
London.

A species of Central American lizard, Diploglossus owenii,

was named in his honour by French herpetologists André
Marie Constant Duméril and Gabriel Bibron in 1839.[23]

The Sir Richard Owen Wetherspoons pub in central Lancaster

is named in his honour.[24]

Conflicts with his peers

Owen has been described by some as a malicious, dishonest
and hateful individual. He has been described in one Supplanted statue of Owen in the Natural
History Museum.
biography as being a "social experimenter with a penchant for
sadism. Addicted to controversy and driven by arrogance and
jealousy". Deborah Cadbury stated that Owen possessed an "almost fanatical egoism with a callous
delight in savaging his critics." An Oxford University professor once described Owen as "a damned liar.
He lied for God and for malice".[25] Gideon Mantell claimed it was "a pity a man so talented should be so
dastardly and envious". Richard Broke Freeman described him as "the most distinguished vertebrate
zoologist and palaeontologist ... but a most deceitful and odious man".[26] Charles Darwin stated that "No
one fact tells so strongly against Owen ... as that he has never reared one pupil or follower."[27]

Owen famously credited himself and Georges Cuvier with the discovery of the Iguanodon, completely
excluding any credit for the original discoverer of the dinosaur, Gideon Mantell. This was not the first or
last time Owen would falsely claim a discovery as his own. It has also been suggested by some
authors[28] that Owen even used his influence in the Royal Society to
ensure that many of Mantell's research papers were never published.
Owen was finally dismissed from the Royal Society's Zoological Council
for plagiarism.[28]

Another reason for his criticism of the Origin, some historians claim, was
that Owen felt upstaged by Darwin and supporters such as Huxley, and his
judgment was clouded by jealousy. Owen in Darwin's opinion was

"Spiteful, extremely malignant, clever; the Londoners say he

is mad with envy because my book is so talked about".[29]

"It is painful to be hated in the intense degree with which

Owen hates me".
Caricature of Owen "riding
Owen also resorted to the same subterfuge he used against Mantell, his hobby", by Frederick
writing another anonymous article in the Edinburgh Review in April Waddy (1873).
1860.[30] In the article, Owen was critical of Darwin for not offering many
new observations, and heaped praise (in the third person) upon himself,
while being careful not to associate any particular comment with his own
name.[31] Owen did praise, however, the Origin's description of Darwin's
work on insect behaviour and pigeon breeding as "real gems".[30]

Owen was also a party to the threat to end government funding of the
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew botanical collection (see Attacks on Hooker
and Kew), orchestrated by Acton Smee Ayrton:

"There is no doubt that rivalry resulted between the British

Museum, where there was the very important Herbarium of
the Department of Botany, and Kew. The rivalry at times
became extremely personal, especially between Hooker and Owen with his
Owen ... At the root was Owen's feeling that Kew should be granddaughter Emily
subordinate to the British Museum (and to Owen) and should
not be allowed to develop as an independent scientific
institution with the advantage of a great botanic garden."[32]

Owen's lost scientific standing was not due solely to his underhanded dealings with colleagues; it was
also due to serious errors of scientific judgement that were discovered and publicized. A fine example
was his decision to classify man in a separate subclass of the Mammalia (see Man's place in nature). In
this, Owen had no supporters at all. Also, his unwillingness to come off the fence concerning evolution
became increasingly damaging to his reputation as time went on. Owen continued working after his
official retirement at the age of 79, but he never recovered the good opinions he had garnered in his
younger days.[33][34]

Bibliography
Memoir on the Pearly Nautilus (1832)
Odontography (1840–1845)
Description of the Skeleton of an Extinct Gigantic Sloth (1842)
 On the Archetype and Homologies of the Vertebrate Skeleton
(1848)
History of British Fossil Reptiles (4 vols., 1849–1884)
On the Nature of Limbs (1849)
Palæontology or a Systematic Summary of Extinct Animals and
Their Geological Relations (1860)
Archaeopteryx (1863)
Anatomy of Vertebrates (1866) Image from
Available at Google Books:
Volume I, Fishes and Reptiles (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=BeMOAAAAYAAJ)
Volume II, Birds and Mammals (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=ooDbkHz4FRwC) Caricature of an elderly
Volume III, Mammals (https://books.google.com/books?id=swg Owen, captioned "Old
AAAAAQAAJ) Bones", in the London
Memoir of the Dodo (1866) Full book on Wiki commons magazine Vanity Fair,
March 1873
Monograph of the Fossil Mammalia of the Mesozoic Formations
(1871)
Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of South Africa (1876)
Antiquity of Man as deduced from the Discovery of a Human Skeleton during Excavations of
the Docks at Tilbury (1884)

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Further reading
Anonymous (1873). "Professor Owen". Cartoon portraits and biographical sketches of men of
the day (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cartoon_portraits_and_biographical_sketches_of_me
n_of_the_day/Professor_Owen). Illustrated by Frederick Waddy. London: Tinsley Brothers.
pp. 36–37. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
Anonymous (1896). "SIR RICHARD OWEN (1804-1892) (Obituary Notice, Monday, December
19, 1892)" (https://archive.org/details/eminentpersonsbi05timeiala/page/291). Eminent
Persons: Biographies reprinted from The Times. Vol. V (1891-1892). London: Macmillan and
Co., Limited. pp. 291–299. Retrieved 7 March 2019 – via Internet Archive.
Amundson, Ron, (2007), The Changing Role of the Embryo in Evolutionary Thought: Roots of
Evo-Devo. New York: Cambridge University of Press.
Bryson, Bill (2003). A Short History of Nearly Everything. London: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-
7679-0817-7.
Cadbury, Deborah (2000). Terrible Lizard: The First Dinosaur Hunters and the Birth of a New
Science (https://archive.org/details/terriblelizard00debo). New York: Henry Holt. ISBN 978-0-
8050-7087-3.
Collette, Joseph H., Gass, Kenneth C. & Hagadorn, James W. (2012). "Protichnites eremita
unshelled? Experimental model-based neoichnology and new evidence for a euthycarcinoid
affinity for this ichnospecies". Journal of Paleontology. 86 (3): 442–454.
Bibcode:2012JPal...86..442C (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JPal...86..442C).
doi:10.1666/11-056.1 (https://doi.org/10.1666%2F11-056.1). S2CID 129234373 (https://api.
semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129234373).
Collette, Joseph H. & Hagadorn, James W. (2010). "Three-dimensionally preserved arthropods
from Cambrian Lagerstatten of Quebec and Wisconsin". Journal of Paleontology. 84 (4):
646–667. doi:10.1666/09-075.1 (https://doi.org/10.1666%2F09-075.1). S2CID 130064618 (h
ttps://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130064618).
Cosans, Christopher, (2009), Owen's Ape & Darwin's Bulldog: Beyond Darwinism and
Creationism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Desmond, Adrian & Moore, James (1991). Darwin. London: Michael Joseph, the Penguin
Group. ISBN 0-7181-3430-3.
Darwin, Francis, editor (1887). The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin: Including an
Autobiographical Chapter (7th Edition). London: John Murray.
Darwin, Francis & Seward, A. C., editors (1903). More letters of Charles Darwin: A record of his
work in a series of hitherto unpublished letters. London: John Murray.
Huxley, Thomas H. (1861). "On the zoological relations of man with the lower animals".
Natural History Review. 2. Vol. 1, no. 1. pp. 67–84 – via Wikisource.
Owen, Richard (1852). "Description of the impressions and footprints of the Protichnites from
the Potsdam sandstone of Canada" (https://zenodo.org/record/1602923). Geological Society
of London Quarterly Journal. 8 (1–2): 214–225. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1852.008.01-02.26 (h
ttps://doi.org/10.1144%2FGSL.JGS.1852.008.01-02.26). S2CID 130712914 (https://api.sem
anticscholar.org/CorpusID:130712914).
Owen, Richard (published anonymously) (April 1860). "Darwin on the Origin of Species" (http://
darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A30&pageseq=1). Edinburgh
Review. 111: 487–532. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
Owen, Richard (January 2007) [1849]. Amundson, Ron (ed.). On the Nature of Limbs: A
Discourse, with a preface by Brian Hall, and essays by Ron Amundson, Kevin Padian, Mary
Winsor, and Jennifer Coggon (https://books.google.com/books?id=ftvbuluG7xQC). Chicago:
University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-64194-2. LCCN 2007009519 (https://lccn.loc.
gov/2007009519).[1]
Owen, Richard (Owen's grandson) (1894). The Life of Richard Owen (https://archive.org/details/
liferichardowen00owengoog). Vol. 1. London: J. Murray. ISBN 978-0-8478-1188-5.
LCCN 03026819 (https://lccn.loc.gov/03026819).
Owen, Richard (Owen's grandson) (1894). The Life of Richard Owen (https://archive.org/details/
liferichardowen01owengoog). Vol. 2. London: J. Murray. ISBN 978-0-8478-1188-5.
LCCN 03026819 (https://lccn.loc.gov/03026819).
Richards, Evellen, (1987), "A Question of Property Rights: Richard Owen's Evolutionism
Reassessed", British Journal for the History of Science, 20: 129–171.
Rupke, Nicolaas, (1994), Richard Owen: Victorian Naturalist. New Haven: Yale University
Press.
Shindler, Karolyn. Richard Owen: the greatest scientist you've never heard of, The Telegraph,
16 December 2010. (accessed 16 December 2010) (https://web.archive.org/web/201012100
82405/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/evolution/8185977/Richard-Owen-the-greatest-sci
entist-youve-never-heard-of.html)
External links
Media related to Richard Owen at Wikimedia Commons
Quotations related to Richard Owen at Wikiquote
Works by or about Richard Owen at Wikisource
Data related to Richard Owen at Wikispecies
Portraits of Richard Owen (https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=m
p03405) at the National Portrait Gallery, London
Works by or about Richard Owen (https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3
A%22Owen%2C%20Sir%20Richard%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Owen%2C%20Sir%2
0R%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Owen%2C%20S%2E%20R%2E%22%20OR%20s
ubject%3A%22Sir%20Richard%20Owen%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Sir%20R%2E%2
0Owen%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22S%2E%20R%2E%20Owen%22%20OR%20creato
r%3A%22Sir%20Richard%20Owen%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Sir%20R%2E%20Owe
n%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22S%2E%20R%2E%20Owen%22%20OR%20creator%3
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Richard%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Owen%2C%20Sir%20R%2E%22%20OR%20creat
or%3A%22Owen%2C%20S%2E%20R%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Owen%2C%2
0S%2E%20Richard%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Sir%20Richard%20Owen%22%20OR%20
title%3A%22Sir%20R%2E%20Owen%22%20OR%20title%3A%22S%2E%20R%2E%20Ow
en%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Sir%20Richard%20Owen%22%20OR%20descriptio
n%3A%22Sir%20R%2E%20Owen%22%20OR%20description%3A%22S%2E%20R%2E%
20Owen%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Owen%2C%20Sir%20Richard%22%20OR%2
0description%3A%22Owen%2C%20Sir%20R%2E%22%29%20OR%20%28%221804-189
2%22%20AND%20Owen%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29) at the
Internet Archive
1. Cosans, 2009, pp. 108–111

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