Global Warming And Climate Chang

Date Aug.2024

Group Three (3)

Group Members

1.Abdirisak Mohamed said

2. Fardawsa Hassa Muse

3. Maryan ibrahum Mohamed

4. Mohamed Muse Dahir.

5. Omar Ali Hassan

6. Yusuf Abdullahi Hassan

1
Table Of Contents

Abstract...........................................................................................................................................3
1.0 Global warming.........................................................................................................................4
1.1 Introduction................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 In Europe.......................................................................................................................4
1.3 in Africa...........................................................................................................................

2.0 climate change ........................................................................................................................... 7

3.0 climate change in somalia .........................................................................................................7

4.0 Burning Fossil Fuels ................................................................................................................ 8

5.0 Green Hause Gases ................................................................................................................. 9

6.0 International conventions of global warming and climate change…………………………..10

7.0 The Protection of Ozone Layer.................................................................................................12

7.1 Viena Convention of the protection of ozone layer.................................................................. 12

7.2 montreal protocol..................................................................................................................... 13

8.0 the somalia National laws of environmental protection. ........................................................ 13

9.0 Causes of global warming and climate change. ...................................................................... 14

10.0 Factors contributing protection against global warming and climate change........................17

11.0 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................. 20

12.0 Letter of
References …………………………………………………………………………………………
………………21

2
Abstract

The environmental crisis has grown significantly in the world with the development of
manufacturing and technology, it contributors to global air pollution, with industrial emissions
releasing hazardous waste fumes. The global average surface temperature rose 0.6 to 0.9 degrees
Celsius (1.1 to 1.6° F) between 1906 and 2005, and the rate of temperature increase has nearly
doubled in the last 50 years. Temperatures are certain to go up further. Throughout its long
history, Earth has warmed and cooled time and again. Global warming leading to more extreme
weather events in Africa and is responsible for only a fraction of global greenhouse gas
emissions but is suffering disproportionately from climate change. in the past three decades,
Somalia has faced numerous obstacles, including climate shocks that have caused loss of life,
livelihoods, displacement, and disruption of national economy.

Water vapour, Methane, Carbon dioxide and burning fossil fuels are major green hauses that
contribute global warming and climate change. international community suggested creation for
international conventions and also regional or national for environmental protection, and states
are under responsibility to enforce and to take appropriate measures against who ever breaks it.
Advocating strong climate policies, rising public awaranes, Educaton and using renewable
energy are mechanisims for mitigating global warming and climate change .

3
 Global Warming

Introduction

The most pressing environmental problem currently facing the planet are global warming from
fossil fuels and also climate change, this environmental crisis has grown significantly in the
world with the development of manufacturing and technology, These are significant contributors
to global air pollution, with industrial emissions releasing hazardous waste fumes.

According Earth Observatory, Global warming is the unusually rapid increase in Earth’s average
surface temperature over the past century primarily due to the greenhouse gases released as
people burn fossil fuels. The global average surface temperature rose 0.6 to 0.9 degrees Celsius
(1.1 to 1.6° F) between 1906 and 2005, and the rate of temperature increase has nearly doubled in
the last 50 years. Temperatures are certain to go up further. Throughout its long history, Earth has
warmed and cooled time and again. Climate has changed when the planet received more or less
sunlight due to subtle shifts in its orbit, as the atmosphere or surface changed, or when the Sun’s
energy varied. But in the past century, another force has started to influence Earth’s climate:
humanity.1

The greenhouse effect is when the sun’s rays penetrate the atmosphere, but when that heat is
reflected off the surface cannot escape back into space. Gases produced by the burning of fossil
fuels prevent the heat from leaving the atmosphere. These greenhouse gasses are carbon dioxide,
chlorofluorocarbons, water vapor, methane, and nitrous oxide. The excess heat in the atmosphere
has caused the average global temperature to rise overtime, otherwise known as global warming2

In Europe

Europe is currently experiencing significant and fastest-warming and its temperatures are rising
at roughly twice the global average, two top climate monitoring organizations reported Monday,
1
Earth observatory, golobal warming, by Holli reibeek, June 3, 2010.
Global Warming (nasa.gov)
2
National Geography, the global warming.
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/global-warming.

4
warning of the consequences for human health, glacier melt and economic activity. The U.N.’s
World Meteorological Organization and the European Union’s climate agency, Copernicus, said
in a joint report that the continent has the opportunity to develop targeted strategies to speed up
the transition to renewable resources like wind, solar and hydroelectric power in response to the
effects of climate change. The continent generated 43% of its electricity from renewable
resources last year, up from 36% the year before, the agencies say in their European State of the
Climate report for last year. More energy in Europe was generated from renewables than from
fossil fuels for the second year running.

The latest five-year averages show that temperatures in Europe are now running 2.3 degrees
Celsius (4.1 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels, compared to 1.3 degrees Celsius
higher globally, the report says — just shy of the targets under the 2015 Paris climate accord to
limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius3

In Africa

Global warming leading to more extreme weather events in Africa and is responsible for only a
fraction of global greenhouse gas emissions but is suffering disproportionately from climate
change. This is widely damaging food security, ecosystems and economies, fueling displacement
and migration and worsening the threat of conflict over dwindling resources. According to many
reports the rate of temperature increase in Africa has accelerated in recent decades, with weather-
and climate-related hazards becoming more severe. 110 million people and more were directly
affected by weather on the continent, climate and water-related hazards in 2022. There were a
reported 5 000 fatalities, of which 48% were associated with drought and 43% were associated
with flooding, according to the Emergency Event Database. But the true toll is likely to be much
higher because of under-reporting.4

Agriculture is the mainstay of Africa’s livelihoods and national economies – supporting more
than 55% of the labor force. But its agricultural productivity growth has declined by 34% since
1961 due to climate change. This decline is the highest compared to what other regions of the
world have experienced. The loss and damage costs in Africa due to climate change are projected
3
NBC news, Europe is the fastest warming Continent, by Associated press,Aprl, 2024.
Europe is the fastest-warming continent, report says (nbcnews.com).
4
World metrological organization, Africa suffers disproportionately from climate change, sep-2023.
Africa suffers disproportionately from climate change (wmo.int)

5
to range between US$ 290 billion and US$ 440 billion, depending on the degree of warming,
according to the UNECA’s African Climate Policy Centre.

Climate change

There is a big difference between Global warming and climate change, but people things the two
have carring same meaning, we refer Climate change any long-term alteration in average
weather patterns, either globally or regionally. Climate change has an increasingly large impact
on the environment, Climate change has occurred many times in Earth's history, and for many
different reasons. The changes in global temperature and weather patterns seen today, however,
are caused by human activity. And they're happening much faster than the natural climate
variations of the past. Scientists have many ways to track climate over time, all of which make it
clear that today's climate change is linked to the emission of greenhouse gases, such as carbon
dioxide and methane. These gases trap heat from the sun's rays near Earth's surface, much like
the glass walls of a greenhouse keep heat inside. Small changes in the proportions of greenhouse
gases in the air can add up to major changes on a global scale5.

in the coming decades climate changes will increase in all regions. For 1.5°C of global warming,
there will be increasing heat waves, longer warm seasons and shorter cold seasons. Climate
change is already affecting every region on Earth, in multiple ways. The changes we experience
will increase with additional warming,” said IPCC Working Group I Co-Chair Panmao Zha

Weather and climate change have been understood interchangeable, when we want to refer
weather we refers to atmospheric conditions that occur locally over short periods of time—from
minutes to days. For example rain, snow, clouds, winds, floods, or thunderstorms. While Climate,
on the other hand, refers to the long-term (usually at least 30 years) regional or even global
average of temperature, humidity, and rainfall patterns over seasons, years, or decades.6

 Distinicating between global warming and climate change can be confusing for many
people, but they really are two very different things. Global warming refers to the rise in
global average temperatures of the Earth over time and is considered human-caused ,
while Climate change includes warming and the impacts of warming. Also Global

5
Live science, what is climate change and how is effecting earth, by stephanie pappas, march,2022.
What is climate change? | Live Science
6
Live science, what is climate change and how is effecting earth, by stephanie pappas, march,2022.

6
 warming refers to the rise in global average temperatures of the Earth over time, climate
change includes warming and the impacts of warming, such as melting glaciers, changes
in weather patterns, increasingly dangerous hurricanes or more frequent drought,
according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administratio.

Climate change in Somalia

Geographically, Somalia is located in the horn of Africa , has 647,540 km2 land, Somalia is
bordered by Kenya, Ethiopia, and Djibouti to the west. Climate plays a key role for
Somalia’s economic Growth and livelihoods, Somalia population is estimated over 15.8
million (2020) people, Climate change in Somalia is characterized by recurrent drought and
regular flooding which leads to failed crops, loss of livestock and Somalia’s chronic food
insecurity. Climate crises threaten Somalia’s socio-economic progress by increasing water
and food scarcity, the need for humanitarian assistance, displacement and the degradation of
traditional livelihood. Climate change is creating the ‘new normal’ in Somalia - with more
arid landscapes, unstable water and food supplies, and more climate-induced displacement.7

Amb. Khadija al makhzumi, the minstery of environment and climate change said in a report
Somalia`s first biennial Report “in the past three decades, Somalia has faced numerous
obstacles, including climate shocks that have caused loss of life, livelihoods, displacement,
and disruption of national economy. Even though Somalia contributes a negligible amount to
the problem of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions that cause climate change, it remains one
of the most vulnerable nations to climate hazards. The most severe of these hazards, droughts,
riverine floods, flash floods, and storms, have increased in magnitude, frequency, and
intensity over the past two decades, with dire repercussions for food security, water
availability, ecosystem sustainability, and livestock production, the bedrock of our rural
econom”.8

Somalia need to adapt and promote their analysis and coordination mechanisms, to prevent
climate issues Arrising in the globe, The current situation faced by Somalia and the rest of
Africa – putting women and children at risk due to the adverse effects of climate change and
7
USAID, focous on the climate crises In Somalia, sep.2023.
Focus on the Climate Crisis in Somalia | Somalia | U.S. Agency for International Development (usaid.gov)
8
Somalia`s first biennial Report under UNFCC convention, sep.2022.
Somalia First BUR report 2022.pdf (unfccc.int)

7
 ongoing conflicts – is not new. Africans must deal with negative climate change impacts that
are not their doing. The end of Somalia's decades-long famine and conflict is not approaching
quickly enough; the country's various regimes have struggled to handle these issues in a way
that offers a long-term resolution to the problem. Here are the steps that must be taken to help
Somalia get through this crisis: first, Push for sustainable agriculture, Somalia's ongoing
humanitarian food crisis is a prime example of a dysfunctional food production, distribution
and administration system. Second, Access to development financing for food security and
better agricultural practices, The international community's professionals and policy-makers
can work with Somalia to develop relevant policies.

To achieve a sustainable investment infrastructure that can be relied upon by the government
of Somalia and its international community development partners to create a long-term
solution to the yearly humanitarian food crisis. third, Access to agricultural technologies
Unlike a few commercial farmers in the area, Somalians, like most of their counterparts in
sub-Saharan Africa, are smallholder farmers who pursue farming primarily for personal use
and subsistence. The Maasai in East Africa and the Somali, for example, herd cattle, goats,
sheep and camels. Finally, Strengthening local systems and institutions, The fact that
Somalia's systems are only now starting to recover from the turmoil that has plagued the
nation for years is one of the nation's biggest problems. Smallholder farmers, local
governments and the federal government lack the capacity to address climate change
effectivel9

Burning Fossil Fuels.

Burning fossil fuels describes to the burning of oil, natural gas, and coal to generate energy.
this energy is entitled to generate electricity, and to power transportation and industrial
processes and so other activities. Fossil fuels have, and continue to, play a vital role in global
energy systems. Nevertheless they also come with several negative effects. When we burned
fossil fuels, they produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and are the largest driver of global climate
change. They are also a major contributor to local air pollution, which is estimated to be
linked to millions of premature deaths each year. As low-carbon sources of energy – nuclear

9
Industries in depth, 4 ways to lift Somalia out of climate-change crisis, July,2023.
4 ways to lift Somalia out of climate-change crisis | World Economic Forum (weforum.org)

8
 and renewables – become readily available, the world needs to rapidly transition away from
fossil fuels and to take immediate action.10

Mostly, the people questions who`s Responsiable for climate change and global warming but
in The science is clear. Human influence and activities have been responsible for nearly all
global warming over the past 200 years, primarily by burning fossil fuels, because, Global
average carbon dioxide concentrations reached 414.4 parts per million (ppm) in 2021, the
highest level in roughly 2 million years; The Earth’s average surface temperature has risen
by 1.1°C since the late 1800s, with most of the warming happening in the past 40 years; A
significant portion of the greenhouse gases released into our atmosphere are absorbed by our
oceans, making them more acidic. The acidity of surface ocean water has increased by 30%
since the early 1800s, they are all involves by human activities. 11

Green Hause Gases.

Greenhouse gases (GHG) throwback infrared radiation, so some of the heat leaving the Earth
bounces off the greenhouse gases in our atmosphere and comes back to the Earth’s surface.
Also A greenhouse gas is any gaseous compound in the atmosphere that is capable of
absorbing infrared radiation, thereby trapping and holding heat in the atmosphere This is
called the “greenhouse effect,”. Greenhouse gases consist of carbon dioxide, methane, ozone,
nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and water vapor. Water vapor, The greenhouse effect is
not a negative thing totally. Without it, our planet would be too cold for life. But if the
amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere changes, the strength of the greenhouse effect
changes too12.

The major green hauses include:

- Water vapour is the most potent greenhouse gas in Earth’s atmosphere, but its behaviour
is fundamentally different from that of the other greenhouse gases. The primary role of
water vapour is not as a direct agent of radiative forcing but rather as

10
Our world in data, fossil fuels, by hannah ritch and pablo rosado, jan-2024.
Fossil fuels - Our World in Data
11
WWF Australia, causes of global warming.
Causes of global warming | WWF-Australia | Causes of global warming | WWF Australia
12
Climate portal, green hause gases by David chandler, may 2023.
Greenhouse Gases | MIT Climate Portal

9
 a climate feedback—that is, as a response within the climate system that influences the
system’s continued activity.
- The second major green hause gases are Methane, and also is the second most important
greenhouse gas. CH4 is more potent than CO2 because the radiative forcing produced per
molecule is greater. In addition, the infrared window is less saturated in the range
of wavelengths of radiation absorbed by CH4, so more molecules may fill in the region13
- Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere through burning fossil fuels, solid waste, trees and
other biological materials, and also as a result of certain chemical reactions (e.g., cement
production). Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere (or "sequestered") when it
is absorbed by plants as part of the biological carbon cycle.
- Carbon dioxide is an important greenhouse gas that helps to trap heat in our atmosphere.
Without it, our planet would be inhospitably cold. However, an increase in
CO2 concentrations in our atmosphere is causing average global temperatures to rise,
disrupting other aspects of Earth's climate.14

International conventions of global warming and climate change

An international environmental convention is a legally binding agreement negotiated among

governments to take action together to combat or mitigate a global environmental threat.
Reaching an agreement to take such action among sovereign nations with diverse interests is no
small fear.

Why is there a Need for environmental Conventions?

The environment that we life needs for protection and prevention against any activites that
damages it, human activities such as Deforstation, fossil fuels, industrlization, agriculture and air
pollution impacted the environment`s well beng. After the world have industrlized and increased
the pollution, International community suggested creation for international conventions and also
regional or national for environmental protection, and states are under responsibility to enforce

13
Britanica, greenhouse gaes, by Michael e. mann, July 2024.
Greenhouse gas - Methane, Climate Change, Emissions | Britannica
14
Centere for science education, Carbondioxide.
Carbon Dioxide | Center for Science Education (ucar.edu)

10
and to take appropriate measures against who ever breaks it. The important for adopting these
conventions include;

 Ratification and implementation of the Convention and its protocols will, for many
Parties, reduce health and environmental impacts more cost-effectively than unilateral
action; It also creates economic benefits as harmonized legislation and standards across
borders will introduce a level playing field for industry across countries and prevent
Parties from competing with each other at the expense of the environment and health;
Factors that harm human health, affect food security, hinder economic development,
contribute to climate change and degrade the environment upon which our very
livelihoods depend.15

- UNFCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was

Signed in 1992, this convention is the foundational treaty that has provided a basis for
international climate negotiations since it was established, The ultimate goal of the
Convention is the “stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a
level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system”
within a timeframe that allows people and planet to adapt and economies to develop
sustainably. In joining the Convention, Parties acknowledge the existence of the threat of
climate change and agree to undertake efforts to combat it.16
- Kyoto Protocl: It was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on December 11, 1997, this protocol was
an international agreement that aimed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and the
presence of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere. The Kyoto Protocol mandated
that industrialized nations cut their greenhouse gas emissions at a time when the threat of
global warming was growing rapidly.17
- Paris Agreement: this paris Agreement Adopted by 194 parties on 12 December 2015 at
Farance`s paris, The agreement outlited some commitments and include: this convention
is To "pursue efforts" to limit global temperature rises to 1.5C, and to keep them "well

15
Drishti, environmental conventions, July 2022.
https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper3/environmental-conventions-biodiversity#:~:text=W.
16
the London School of economics and political science, what is the UNFCC, 22-Oct.2022.
https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/explainers/what-is-the-un-framework-convention-on-c.
17
Investopedia, what`s Kyoto protocol, definition…, By Carla Tarde, march,19-2024.
What Is The Kyoto Protocol? Definition, History, Timeline, and Status (investopedia.com).

11
 below" 2.0C above those recorded in pre-industrial times; To limit greenhouse gas
emissions from human activity to the same levels that trees, soil and oceans can absorb
naturally - known as net zero - between 2050 and 2100; Each country to set its own
emission-reduction targets, reviewed every five years to raise ambitions; Richer
countries to help poorer nations by providing funding, known as climate finance, to
adapt to climate change and switch to renewable energy.18

The Protection of Ozone Layer.

the depletion of the ozone layer is One of the most pressing environmental problems over the
last century, Ozone is a molecule that is formed three oxygen atoms. At any given time, ozone
molecules are constantly formed and destroyed in the stratosphere. The ozone layer in the
stratosphere absorbs a portion of the radiation from the sun, preventing it from reaching the
planet's surface. The Earth's atmosphere is composed of several layers. The lowest layer,
the troposphere, extends from the Earth's surface up to about 6 miles or 10 kilometers (km) in
altitude. Virtually all human activities occur in the troposphere. Mt. Everest, the tallest mountain
on the planet, is only about 5.6 miles (9 km) high. The next layer, the stratosphere, continues
from 6 miles (10 km) to about 31 miles (50 km). Most commercial airplanes fly in the lower part
of the stratosphere.19

The ozone layer absorbs 97% to 99% of the sun’s incoming ultraviolet radiation, This is
fundamental to protecting life on Earth’s surface from exposure to harmful levels of this
radiation, which can damage and disrupt DNA. In the 1970s and ‘80s, humans emitted large
amounts of gases that depleted this ozone in the upper atmosphere. As ozone concentrations in
the stratosphere fell, and a hole in the ozone layer opened up, there have been measurable
increases in the amount of UV-B radiation reaching the surface20

-Viena Convention of the protection of ozone layer, This Vienna Convention for the Protection
of the Ozone Layer was signed 22-march-1985 in viena, Australia, is a multilateral

18
BBC News, whats Paris climate greement and why does 1.5c Matter, 8-feb-2024.
What is the Paris climate agreement and why does 1.5C matter? - BBC News.
19
United states environmental protection Agency, basic ozone layer science, October 7,2021.
https://www.epa.gov/ozone-layer-protection/basic-ozone-layer-science.
20
Our world in data, What is the ozone layer, and why is it important, by hannah ritchia, march 13,2023.
What is the ozone layer, and why is it important? - Our World in Data.

12
environmental agreement provided frameworks for international reductions in the production
of chlorofluorocarbons due to their contribution to the destruction of the ozone layer, also, The
purpose of the Vienna Convention is to protect the ozone layer from depletion. this convention
signed 28 countries originally on 1985, and On 16th September 2009, Vienna Convention along
with Montreal Protocol was universally ratified and thus became the first treaties in the history of
the United Nations to achieve universal ratification.21

Under Article 2 of this convention states are obliged to take appropriate measures in
accordance with the provisions of this Convention and of those protocols in force to
which they are party to protect human health and the environment against adverse effects
resulting from human activities which modify or are likely to modify the ozone layer”22

- Montreal Protocol: this protocol Adopted on 16 September 1987 but entered into force
on January 1, 1989, montreal is an international treaty aimed at protecting the Earth’s
ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of numerous substances
known to deplete it.
the Montreal Protocol regulates the production and consumption of numerous substances
that deplete the ozone layer and is to safeguard , the Earth’s atmospheric shield that
prevents UV radiation from harming humans and other forms of life. In addition, since
2019, the Montreal Protocol controls hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), The protocol
establishes a framework for reducing and eventually eliminating the use of ODS,
including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, and other related chemicals23

the somalia National laws of environmental protection.

Following the long term of Somalia`s stateless, Somalia is one of the countries that impacted
climate change and global warming. Environmental crimes, lack of effective laws protecting the
environment, deforestation, airpollution and waste. Somalia’s environmental protection laws are

21
BYJU`S, exam prep, viena convention for ozone protection.
35 Years of Vienna Convention for the Protection of Ozone Layer [UPSC Environment Notes] (byjus.com)
22
Article 2 of viena convention of the protection of ozone layer, 1985.
23
Canada.ca, The Montreal Protocol: fixing the ozone layer and taking climate action,sep-13-2013.
The Montreal Protocol: fixing the ozone layer and taking climate action - Canada.ca.

13
largely inadequate, they suffer from poor implementation, some with omitted content, and poor
understanding of the importance of environmental protection. The legal framework will fail for a
variety of reasons, such as: the existence of sound legislation on paper but a weak, ineffective, or
poorly resourced; the judicial system is weak and lacks independence; (c) where legislation
exists but few if any of the key stakeholders are aware of its existence or understand what it
means. 24

In the early months of this year 2024, Somalia`s President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud enacted the
Environmental Protection and Management Law, which consisit of 102 articles which was
previously approved by the federal parliament’s Lower and Upper Houses. After the President’s
signing, Minister of Environment Khadija Mohamed Al Makhzoumi emphasized that the law
protects the environment and its natural surroundings. the ministry said on her platform “ This
legislation is crucial in our commitment to safeguarding our natural surroundings and promoting
sustainable development. Let’s work together to protect our environment for future
generations”25

under article 25 of provisional constitution of Somalia 2012 states in everybody has a right to an
environment that is not harmful to health and well-being. In addition, article 45 states that the
government shall give priority to the protection of the environment and that it shall adopt general
environmental policies26

on the other hand the The Penal Code of Somalia , which enacted in 1962, includes several
provisions addressing environmental crimes. These articles are:

Article 452 - Pollution of Water:

Article 455 - Damage to Property;

Article 459 - Illegal Appropriation of Water:

Article 464 - Sale of Adulterated and Counterfeit Food:

24
Legal Archives Centre, Regulatory Issues With Environmental Framework In Somalia.
Regulatory issues with environmental legal framework in Somalia – LAC

25
SOHA, Somali president ratifies environmental protection law amid climate crisis, feb-26-2024.
Somali president ratifies environmental protection law amid climate crisis | Somali Observatory for Humanitarian
Affairs (sooha.org).
26
Article 25 and 45 of Somalia`s constitution 2012.

14
Article 468 - Cruelty to Animals27

Causes of global warming and climate change

A lot of human activities contribute to global warming and climate change to various degrees

a. Deforestation
Under Article 48 of somali`s Environmental protection and management act prohibits the
import and expot of charcoal from and to Somalia, in order to achieve sustainable
charcoal reduction and transition from charcoal & firewood to alternative sources of
energy and livelihoods, the government shall Incentivize (tax breaks & subsidies) any
person engaged in the provision of alternative sources of energy.
Deforestation ranks one of the biggest contributes to global warming and climate change
Plants and trees are essential in regulating the climate because they absorb carbon dioxide
from the air and release oxygen back into it, deforestation in tropical rainforests adds
more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere than the sum total of cars and trucks on the
world’s roads. According to the World Carfree Network (WCN), cars and trucks account
for about 14 percent of global carbon emissions, while most analysts attribute upwards of
15 percent to deforestation. One way some tropical countries are reducing deforestation is
through participation in the United Nations’ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and
Forest Degradation (REDD) program.28

b. fossil fuels
A Fossil fuels refers to natural resources formed from the remains of prehistoric
organisms, primarily animals and plants, that have been subjected to heat and pressure
over millions of years. These non-renewable fuels, which include coal, oil, and natural
gas, supply about 80 percent of the world’s energy. When fossil fuels are burned, they
release carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, which in turn trap heat in our

27
Aerticles 452,455,459, 464 and 468 of Penal Code Of Somalia, December 1962.
28
SCIAM, Deforestation and Its Extreme Effect on Global Warming, Nov.13-2012.
Deforestation and Its Extreme Effect on Global Warming | Scientific American

15
 atmosphere, making them the primary contributors to global warming and climate change
and this is a negative impact to environment in whole.29

But they also come with several negative impacts. When burned, they produce carbon
dioxide (CO2) and are the largest driver of global climate change. They are also a major
contributor to local air pollution.

c. Agriculture.
Carbon dioxide is the most commonly found greenhouse gas and about 75% of all the
climate warming pollution in the atmosphere. About a quarter of Carbon dioxide also
results from land cleared for timber or agriculture. Agriculture is a significant contributor
to anthropogenic global warming, and reducing agricultural emissions largely methane
30
and nitrous oxide—could play a significant role in climate change mitigation.
Agriculture is the leading source of pollution in many countries. Pesticides, fertilizers and
other toxic farm chemicals can poison fresh water, marine ecosystems, air and soil.

d. Transportation
Transportation refers to the people movement, goods and animals from one location to
another, through various modes of transport, including air, land, sea, cable, pipeline, and
space transport. Transportation is The Leading Cause of Global Warming, Road
transportation is the greatest contributor to global warming for the next 50 years
according to a recent study by NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies. In USA,
David Burwell suggests steps U.S. policy makers can take to reduce emissions, promote
green growth, and mitigate transportation’s harmful effects on climate. “We have to look
at how much we drive and take actions to reduce the total demand for transportation—
31
particularly driving,” says Burwell.

29
National Geography, fossil fuels explained, by christina Nunez, 2 apriil-2019.
Fossil fuels—facts and information (nationalgeographic.com).
30
National GEO, How global warming is disrupting life on Earth,by sarah gibbens, feb 2024.
What are the effects of global warming? (nationalgeographic.com)
31
Carnegie endowrment for international Peace,Transportation the Leading Causes of global warming, By David
Burwell, April,2010.
Transportation—The Leading Cause of Global Warming - Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

16
 In countries like the UK and the US, the transport sector is now responsible for
emitting more greenhouse gases than any other, including electricity production and
agriculture. Globally, transport accounts for around a quarter of CO2 emissions. In
reducing car transports many institutions and scientist suggested to use cycling or
walking. Cycling, which shares many of the climate benefits of walking, is increasingly a
viable alternative to car journeys, too. Some countries have sped ahead in bike transport:
in the Netherlands 26% of journeys are made by bike, followed by Denmark on 18% and
10% in Germany. All three countries had major policy changes in the 1970s and 1980s that
led to a large increase in cycling, and all still continue to invest in cycling infrastructure.32
e. Industrial Process
When producing goods, the manufacturing sector emits carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases that cause global warming, both by burning fossil fuels and through
certain industrial processes. The manufacturing sector uses several sources of energy, for
the past two decades, the largest source of energy has been natural gas, followed by
electricity. Coal and petroleum are the least-used fuels for energy, although petroleum is
still an important input to production as an energy feedstock for the chemical and refining
industries, these all contribute the warming global and climate change.33 The industrial
sector is a significant contributor to global warming, primarily through the emission of
greenhouse gases (GHGs) during the production of goods and raw materials.

Factors contributing protection against global warming and climate change.

a. Use Renewable Energy Sources
One of the most significant factors in mitigating global warming is the
transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy, Renewable energy comes
from sources that replenish naturally and continually within a human
lifetime. Renewable energy is often called sustainable energy. Switching
our reliance on fossil fuels to renewable energy sources that produce lower

32
BBC Worl, How our daily travel harms the planet, 18 march 2020.
How our daily travel harms the planet (bbc.com)
33
National analys for U.S Congress, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the Manufacturing Sector, Feb 2024.
Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the Manufacturing Sector (cbo.gov)

17
 or no greenhouse gas emissions is critically important in tackling
the climate crisis. 34

Renewable energy is one of the most effective tools we have in the fight against climate change,
and there is every reason to believe it will succeed, furthermore, renewable technologies can
increasingly save customers money as they displace emissions from fossil fuels35

For example, increasing the use of renewables in the global energy mix can help reduce reliance
on coal, oil, and natural gas, which are the biggest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions.

b. Public Awaraness and Education.

Raising public awareness concerns climate change impacts and solutions is crucial for fostering
community engagement in sustainability efforts. Education is a critical agent in addressing the
issue of climate change. The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) assigns
responsibility to Parties of the Convention to undertake educational and public awareness
campaigns on climate change, and to ensure public participation in programmes and information
access on the issue. Education can encourage people to change their attitudes and behavior; it
also helps them to make informed decisions.36

According to Peoples’ Climate Vote 2024, The results of the survey, which statistically represent
87 percent of the world’s population, show that climate change is on people’s minds everywhere.
Globally, 56 percent said they were thinking about it daily or weekly. When asked about different
measures to respond to the climate crisis, 81 percent of people support the protection and
restoration of nature, highlighting the importance of biodiversity and healthy ecosystems in
limiting climate change. Climate education is another measure that received a lot of public
support, with 80 percent of people backing the role of schools in increasing awareness

34
Natural History Musum, Renewable energy and its importance for tackling climate change, by kery lotzf, 14
december 2022.
Renewable energy and its importance for tackling climate change | Natural History Museum (nhm.ac.uk)

35
NRDC, Renewable Energy Is Key to Fighting Climate Change, July 26, 2016.
Renewable Energy Is Key to Fighting Climate Change (nrdc.org)
36
Naciones Unidas, Education is key for addressing climate change.
Education is key to addressing climate change | United Nations

18
 c. Government policies

In order to mitigate global warming and climate change, governments must take strong
measures to prevent these issues, Governments around the world have recognized the urgent
need to address global warming and climate change through a variety of policies and initiatives,
additionally the government must Support policies that aim to reduce carbon emissions at the
national and local levels And must punish environmental violators, and to spread public
awaraness.

A carbon tax reflecting the social cost of carbon is viewed as an essential policy tool to limit
carbon emissions, high prices for carbon-emitting goods reduce demand for them. The carbon
tax is generally levied on fossil fuels, Some countries have already adopted such a tax and
discussions are ongoing in others. There are proponents of a global carbon tax too. Yet,
governments are often keener to adopt measures other than a tax to contain carbon emissions37.
Climate activists believe that This tool is benifetable for environment for green houses reduction.

According to the World Meteorological Organization, without measures to reduce green

house gases, global temperatures are projected to rise by about 4°C above preindustrial levels by
the end of the century.

According The government of Somalia, the government enacted critical natural resource
management and climate change relevant policies and legislative frameworks. Policies relevant
to the climate change include the National Environment Policy (2020), Climate change policy,
Nationally Determined Contributions (2021) under UNFCCC, the National Voluntary Land
Degradation Neutrality Targets (2020), the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2015)
among others. However, clear gaps remain in the policy and regulatory landscape.38

d. Global Co-operation

The challenge of global warming is a critical issue that requires concerted efforts from nations
around the world, climate change cannot be solved at the national level alone.

37
World Economic Forum, What are the advantages and challenges of a carbon tax, Feb 4, 2022.
What is carbon tax and will it help to limit emissions? | World Economic Forum (weforum.org)
38
SOMALIA’S FIRST BIENNIAL UPDATE REPORT under UNFCC, sep-2022.
Somalia First BUR report 2022.pdf (unfccc.int)

19
This issue of global warming and Climate change caused by activities such as burning fossil
fuels. In December 2015, 195 states signed up to the Paris Agreement. This is the most important
pact for international cooperation on tackling climate change, and countries are taking steps to
deliver on it39. The Paris Agreement reaffirms that developed countries should take the lead in
providing financial assistance to developing countries, so they can take adequate measures to
fight climate change, including investing in adaptation measures, this is global cooperation to
combat global warming and climate change40.

Conclusion

The globe is currently facing a multitude of significant environmental problems, each

interconnected and exacerbated by human activities that led global warming and climate change.
Global warming is the unusually rapid increase in Earth’s average surface temperature over the
past century primarily due to the greenhouse gases released as people burn fossil fuels. In Africa,
Global warming is responsible for only a fraction of global greenhouse gas emissions but is
suffering disproportionately from climate change. Climate change in Somalia is characterized by
recurrent drought and regular flooding which leads to failed crops, loss of livestock and
Somalia’s chronic food insecurity. International community set agreements on environmental
convention that is a legally binding agreement negotiated among states to take action together
to combat or mitigate a global environmental threat. States are suggested to Reduce burning
fossil fuels, agriculture, transportation and manufuctring process emissions.

END

39
Imperial,What are the world’s countries doing about climate change, November, 2019.
What are the world’s countries doing about climate change? | Grantham Institute – Climate Change and the
Environment | Imperial College London
40
United Nation Climate change, The Explainer, The Paris Agreement, Feb 2021.
The Explainer: The Paris Agreement | UNFCCC.

20
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21
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22
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23