Sizing and Optimization of PV–Diesel Hybrid

Power System in Remote Villages

1
Mhamed Rebhi 2, 1Ali Benatillah, 2
Mabrouk Sellam ,3 Boufeldja kadri
1
Laboratory of Energies Environment and information System University of Adrar Algeria
2
Laboratory of Energies in Arid Zones University of Bechar Algeria
3
Laboratory of Telecommunications University of Tlemcen Algeria

[email protected] ; [email protected] ; [email protected] ; [email protected]

Abstract-In recent years, the energy demand on the subject of the electricity puts great defies in opposition to the demographic
growth, fossil energy falling and evolution of the economic and social life; for this reason the photovoltaic energy becomes a strategic
choice in the world policy. Our project consists to concept PV-diesel hybrid system on profit to household implemented on Bechar
region in the south-west of Algeria, the investment in the photovoltaic energy bases on the optimal sizing , the power management
and the economic evaluation ; for that , we have used three selective methods in objective to optimize the energy production
Keywords: hybrid power system, sizing, PLSP, Life Cycle Cost (LCC).
the LCC concepts to supply drinking water in remote
1. INTRODUCTION small villages in Ghardaia in the south center of Algeria
In this study, the preference of the photovoltaic –diesel
The exploitation of the photovoltaic energy in the hybrid to supply an isolated household is proposed
economic and social life has been increasing by enormous according to geographical, social and economic
ways thanks to its propriety to the environment, its considerations because the Bechar region located in the
exclusion of the pollution, adapting for the rural zone South-west of Algeria is characterized by the villages far
installation and its simplicity of maintenance. During the away from themselves, a weak density of populations and
recent years, several configurations of the renewable the permanent electrical fluctuations during the summer
energy system had been developed such as: stand-alone, period. Starting of this concept, the installation of the
hybrid, or grid-connected system to improve the hybrid power system bases on two main criteria: the
production of the electricity. optimal sizing and the economic analysis allowing to
estimate the cost of one kilowatt-hour. Our contribution is
Many works have been developed during theses last years to explain the complementarity between the LLC method
about the stand-alone PV system and the photovoltaic – and the LPSP to optimize the sizing the PV-diesel Hybrid
diesel hybrid power system, L.stoyanov et al [1] have Power System (PVDHPS).
studied the optimization of the electrical production by the Our project has been developing in collaboration between
multi-sources system via a life cycle cost method, another the LEEIS (in Adrar University) and LEAZ (Bechar
publication was presented by G.E.Ahmad [2] to explain a university) laboratories
computer program determining the specifications of the The selected methods for sizing and optimization are
photovoltaic system components providing the electrical based on the conventional mathematical models used in
appliances in family house on rural regions in Egypt ,in the photovoltaic domain and the available information
the same objective Sheeraz Kirmani et al [3] have system from SOLAR ATLAS OF ALGERIA and THE
developed a techno economic feasibility analysis of a AMERICAN SPATIAL AGENCY
stand-alone PV system to electrify a rural area household
in India , however a simulation model for sizing of stand- II. DESCRIPTION OF THE PV-DIESEL HYBRID
alone PV system was detailed by N.D.Kaushika et al [4] SYSTEM
using the loss of power supply probability (LPSP)
technique where The photovoltaic-diesel hybrid power system is an
the load demand is variable according to the seasons of organism combining two energy sources (solar and diesel)
years , on the other hand Yahia Bakelli et al [5] have where the diesel engine plays an assistant supply , the
proposed an optimal sizing of photovoltaic pumping autonomy of the system is assured by
system with water tank storage using both the LPSP and the storage battery , the system through the electrical
conversion is destined to provide a household stayed on
the Bechar neighborhood during the climatic seasons .
The system configuration in series is the
appropriated technique to adopt the control which allows
 to optimize the continuous flow and to develop the and the diesel engine
process performances with reducing the use of the battery
B. Solar irradiation in Bechar site

The available solar radiation on the site of

Bechar of latitude 31°.38’, longitude 02°15 W and
altitude 806 m, according to SOLAR ATLAS of
Algeria is illustrated in the table (2)

Table (2): monthly average solar irradiation

Month Jan Feb Mrch April May Jun

G w/m
2
3.51 r4.45 5.50 6.72 7.12 7.18

Figure 1 : Photovoltaic-Diesel hybrid power system to Month July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
supply household.
G W/m2 7.02 6.25 5.48 4.54 3.61 3.16
A. The energy requirements of the household

The typical house in the rural zones of Bechar The graphic representation is schematized in the
region is composed of 3 flats (F3) and implemented figure [6] (3)
of 120 m² on surface; these family houses are 7.5
expected to be simple and do not need large
7
quantities of electrical energy, the different
Average solar Radiation in the Bechar

6.5
appliances of the electrical energy include: lighting,
water pumping, cooling apparatus and audiovisual 6

material. Supposing that the system must supply the 5.5

household during one day of each season of year, 5

the loss energy because of joule effect and the 4.5

electromagnetic field through the PV modules, 4

cables, batteries, the regulator, rectifier and the 3.5

inverter are expected to be 5 % added to the load 3
profile, in this case the PV generator must provide a 0 2 4 6
Month
8 10 12

daily energy detailed in the table (1) Fig 2 : Average Monthly solar Irradiation in site of
Bechar
Table (1): load repartition
Following the collect from our meteorological station
installed in ENEGARID laboratory of the Bechar
u/day U/day U/day U/day
Type Nbr P (W)
winter Spring summer autumn
university ,the figure presents the daily incident
irradiation stored in February, mars and April 2011
Lamp 3 3x32 5h 3h 2h 3h
Refrigerator 1 100 24h 24h 24h 24h
Television 1 60 5h 3h 4h 3h
Water
1 130 2h 3h 4h 3h
pump
Fan 1 50 0h 0h 4h 0h
Ironic 1 70 1h 1h 0h 1h
351 332
Energy (W) 506 3552 3328
0 8
 1000
900 Fig 5 : daily solar irradiation stored by station in
800 ENGARID laboratory on 28/02/2011
700
600
500 1200
400 Global
1000
300
Insident
200 800
100
0 600
Global
400
Insident
200
0
Fig 3 : daily solar irradiation stored by station in
ENGARID laboratory on 26/02/2011

1000
Fig 6 : daily solar irradiation stored by station in
800 ENGARID laboratory on 29/02/2011
600
C. Sizing of the PV generator
400 Global
200 Insident The sizing of the PV generator can be formed by
the equation [7]:
0
08:00
09:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00

( )= ( 1)
× ×ɳ

Such as: S (PV) is the area the generator

Fig 4 : daily solar irradiation stored by station in FC: temperature correction factor
ENGARID laboratory On 27/02/2011 and 29/02/2011 EL: energy requirements
R: average solar radiation
1200
NPV: generator efficiency
1000
800 We use a PV panel of BP solar with its
600 characteristics illustrated in the table (2)
Série1
400
200 Série2 If we take one solar day of winter season when
0
the radiation has the weakest value, ɳPV=0.12,
FC=0.8
The load energy is: 3510+ 5 %
El=3510+175.5=3685.5W
 Table 3: Characteristics of BP SOLAR 175 W The number of batteries is 7 batteries of
110 Ah / 24 V
Number of cells 72
Size of cells (mm) 125×125 E. Sizing of the regulator
Size of modules (mm) 1587×790×5
0 The regulator assures the charge of the
Open circuit voltage(V) 43.6
battery during a long lifetime, it’s indispensable
Short circuit current (A) 5.45 to support the maximal current debited by the
Power (W ) 175 PV generator, in this case the input current is
Efficiency (%) 14 24x 4.94=118.56 A, and an output
Nominal voltage (V) 24 current which must be superior to the
Voltage at maximum power 35.4 maximum value called by the load on
(V)Current at maximum power (I) 4.94 supposing that the voltage of use is 24 V
Temperature coefficient of ISC (0.065±0.01 (506/24 =21.08A)
NOCT 5)%/ºC
47±0.2°C F. Sizing of the inverter
Temperature coefficient of VOC -
Temperature coefficient of (0.36±0.05)%/º
- For providing an alternative current in aid of the
Pmax
Tolerance (0.5±0.05)%/º
-3/+5% consummation, it’s necessary to install an inverter to
converting the direct current produced from the battery;
3.685 in this case the inverter capacity is calculated by [9]:
( )= = 9.36 (3)
3.51 × 0.8 × 0.14
The peak power of the generator in the standard
- ɳinver: efficiency the inverter
conditions is:
( ) = 9.36 × 1000 × 0.14 = 1310.4 G. Cabling
We use a PV panel of BP solar with area of 1.25 Due to the fact that the PV energy is very
m² Ppk=175 W, , 24V, the number necessary of the expensive, the efficiency of the cabling also don’t
modules to supply the house =9.36/1.25 7.48 should be Exide 1% , the length of cable is limited to 10
modules , we can use 8 modules. m , the cable cross-section can be calculated as follows
[6] :

D. Sizing of the storage battery

The capacity of the storage battery is determinate (4)
according to the equation [8]:
N C xE L Where: S: cable cross-section (mm²)
C ( Bat ) 
DODxUx  OUT : Specific resistance (ohm.mm²/m)= 0.0179
(2)
(ohm.mm²/m) for copper
Such as : C(bat) : capacity of the battery L: length of cable
DOD: depth of the discharge I: rated current through the cable
NC: autonomy of battery V: permissible loss in the cable (0.03)
ɳout: efficiency of the battery U: system voltage
 H. Diesel generator energy management should be effected according to
the following conditions:
The relation between the diesel generator input - The diesel generator can be
fuel and output electrical power is assumed, here, to operational after the autonomy.
be linear. Another common ‘rule of thumb’ is the - The battery capacity don’t diminish
assumption that the fuel consumption at idling is plus of 30 % of the discharge.
approximately 25 to 30 per cent of the consumption - The gasoil consummation will be
at nominal rated power. The diesel plants have a minimal during the use.
clutch between the diesel engine and the generator. - The restitution of the battery capacity
To be able to handle starts and stops of the diesel is assured by the diesel generator.
engine, the clutch must also be modeled [10]: Two scenarios are considered to cover the stored
energy in the battery bank:
[ ( ∗ − 0) − ∗ − ] First case: the product energy by the two sources
= overtakes the energy demand, in this case the
And battery is charging with efficiency [11]:
− −
=  E (t) 
EB (t)  EB (t 1)   EPV (t )  L  *bch
 ond 
wd : Engine speed
wref : Governor reference speed (5)
: Governor gain constant Second case: the energy demand is superior to
Td : Time constant in governor the produced energy; the battery is discharging to
mf : Diesel fuel consumption compensate the deficit:
Kc : Constant describing efficiency of the  E (t ) 
E B (t )  E B (t  1)   L  E PV (t ) 
combustion   ond 
Po: Motor chamber pressure when running idle (6)
Kv: Stroke volume If the PV energy and that stored in the battery are
Tp : Produced torque insufficient to satisfy the demand at the time t , we
Tf : Friction torque find here a shortage of energy can be calculated by
Tdgen : Load torque from generator and clutch Loss power supply probability <PLSP> that
Dd : Constant describing the frictional losses resumed in two equations:
Jd : Total moment of inertia of the engine, clutch
and generator LPS (t )  EL (t)  E PV (t )  EB (t  1)  EB, min  * ond
From the previous consummation the diesel
generator is sized according to the load profile and (7)
the gasoil consummation Where
LPS (t) : loss power supply estimated
EL(t) : Energy demand
I - Sizing optimization of the PV-Diesel -Battery EPV (t): PV energy
System: EB(t): stored energy in the battery
EB,min: minimum stored energy
The diesel engine must cover all the energy NOND: inverter efficiency
requirements in case the deficit of the PV energy The loss power supply probability can be
and the discharge battery simultaneously, but the designed by:
 T
For calculate the cost of batteries after 8 years,
 LPS ( t )
t ( 8) we apply the I formula [13]:
LPSP  T

E L (t )
A. (1  i ) N 1
t

If LPSP=0 the PV system satisfies the energy C ( 10 )

demand (1  d ) N
If LPSP = 1 the battery is totally discharged and Where C: I (currency)
the PV generator don’t product any power A: net present value (currency)
I : annual inflation rate (5%)
100 D: market discount rate (6%)
90 N: year’s number
80 After 8 years, the cost of batteries will be
70 decreased to:
With the same manner, after 16 years the cost of
Modules Number

60

50
batteries will be become:
40
The cost of inverter C (ond) = 850 €
30
The cost of regulator C (reg) =147 €
The cost of cables C (cab) =54.34 €
20
The global cost of the PV system is:
10
CG  6859.75 €
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Batteries Number
70 80 90 100
The demand energy during 20 years
E L  3.685 X 365 X 20  26900.5 kwh
Fig 7 : Relationship between modules
number and batteries number. The unit electrical cost is given by:
6859.75
C unit   0.25
II .ECONOMIC EVALUATION 26900.5
From the economical viewpoint, photovoltaic The unit electrical cost is: 0.25 €
energy is different from conventional energy The cost of the diesel generator during 20 years
system that the PV system requires a high cost and is calculated according to factors [14]:
a little maintenance during the operation cycle, to - The diesel capacity is limited to 3.5 KW.
evaluate the global cost, it must be taken into - The maintenance and operation cost is
account all the costs of the components with approximated to 5%
estimation the lifetime considered 20 years, on - The cost of reviving is reached to 25%.
excepting the battery which can be changed every 8 - The gasoil consummation is estimated 5
years , for this reason , applying the life cycle cost liters /day.
method (LCC) the global cost of the PV system - The inflation rate on the cost is 5% and
can be calculated[12] : the market discount rate is 6%.
C G  C PV  C REg  C BAT  C OND  CCAB ( 9) Applying the previous formula (10), the cost of
The PV energy cost: the diesel generator is designed as follow:
C (PV) =CunitxN=680X8=5440 € The initial cost of diesel =434.78 €
The cost of batteries in the first phase = number x The maintenance & operation cost:
20
battery cost =7x 52.63 = 368.41€. (0.05 X 434.78) x (1  0.05) N 1
C M &O  1 (1  0.06) N
 C M &O  372.82 Capacity of inverter 846.85 W
€
Size of the regulator 21.08 A / 24 V
The cost reviving is:
20  (1  0.05) 4 (1  0.05) 9 (1  0.05)14 (1  0.05)19  Capacity of diesel generator 3.5 KW
Creviv  0.25X 434.78X  (1 0;06)
1
5

(1  0.06)10

(1  0.06)15
 
(1  0.06) 20  Cost of photovoltaic generator 5440 €
Cost of batteries in the first phase 368.41€.
Creviv  347.82 € Cost of regulator 147 €
The unit cost Cost of inverter 850 €
for one liter of gasoil =14.89 € Cost of diesel generator during 20 4671938 €
The consummation cost during one year years
Global cost for 20 years 6859.75 €
=5x14.89x365=27174.25 € unit electrical cost 0.25 €
The cost during 20 years:
20
( 27174 . 25 ) x (1  0 . 05 ) N  1
C Car   1 (1  0 . 06 ) N
III. RESULTS ANALYSIS

C Car  466038.38 We have seen that the PV energy sizing is based

CDiesel CInit  CO&M  CReviv  Cgasoil on the load profile which is variable during the day
(11) and the available solar radiation, however the
C Diesel  467193.8 € number of PV modules varies according to the load
and the PV module peak power, on the other hand,
The unit electrical cost by diesel generator is:
467193 ? 8
the mathematical method is reasonable to sizing the
C unit   17.36 different components of system and to determinate
26900 .5
the energy outcome, but the optimization requires
The unit electrical cost is: 17.36 €
to minimize the loss power through the components
inferior to 5% of the demand energy , this bring up
This cost is variable according to the
some selective methods and choice the components
maintenance charge and the gasoil price in the
with weak resistance and best efficiency .
market why the optimization of the product energy
The economic analysis proves that the cost of
is necessary to diminish the operation and
one kilowatt-hour by PV system is competitive
maintenance cost (O&M) and to reduce the
against the conventional electrical system, although
pollution of CO2, the energy optimization can be
the cost of one kilowatt-hour by diesel generator is
effected by introducing a control system allowing
higher because of its expense from the maintenance
the utilization the diesel generator in the worst
and the gasoil consummation then we can apply a
cases, in alternative with the battery
technique of control to broaden the PV generation
and the battery use for letting the diesel engine at
Table 4: global results of the sizing and the
the unfavorable cases.
economical cost

Description Value
IV.CONCLUSION
Energy demand of household for a 3685.5W
day
The Photovoltaic-Diesel Hybrid Power System
Size of the photovoltaic generator 9.36 m² (PDHPS) is one kind of the Hybrid Power System
Number of photovoltaic modules 8 modules that increases the energy production and covers the
Capacity and number of batteries 7 batteries of deficit of the stand-alone PV system energy
110Ah /24 V according to an optimal sizing ,another hand it
decreases the investment and operation costs in
comparison to the diesel engine only but this
configuration requires an adequate energy
management to avoid the operating cost derived
from the permanent operations of the battery and
the diesel generator , this project is the best resolve
for the electrical central installed in the south west
of Algeria where the weather is very hot in
summer.
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