Rathnam refusing caste-based ritual.
Groups face exclusion, discrimination, and
Adivasi activists reclaiming land. inequality.
Safai Karamchari Andolan's fight against Religious solace
7. **Examples** 1. **Definition and Context**
manual scavenging.
Armed struggle
Continuous effort required to translate laws Strategies to overcome:
into practice. Education and self-improvement
Notes:
Public awareness and education play a pivotal Economic upliftment
role in societal change.
**Article 15**: Prohibits discrimination based on
**Equality**: Right to dignity and opportunities. religion, race, caste, sex, or birthplace.
**Constitutional Provisions**
**Social Justice**: Government initiatives to
balance historical injustices. 6. **Key Concepts** **Article 17**: Abolishes untouchability and its
practices.
**Empowerment**: Education and economic Protects against humiliation, violence, and
independence.
Confronting **Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
dispossession.
2. **Legal Framework**
Marginalization (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989**
Punishes caste-based atrocities and
discrimination.
Social resistance and boycotts (e.g., Rathnam's
ostracization).
**Employment of Manual Scavengers Act, 1993 Prohibits manual scavenging and promotes
Limited enforcement of laws and policies. 5. **Challenges in Implementation** & 2013** rehabilitation.
Violence by dominant groups.
Challenges: Untouchability, manual scavenging,
forced rituals.
Filing cases under constitutional laws (e.g., **Dalits**
**Legal Invocations** Rights: Equality and dignity under Fundamental
Rathnam's case).
Rights.
Reservation in education and employment.
Issues: Land displacement and exploitation.
**Government Policies**
Scholarships and hostels for marginalized 3. **Key Communities and Issues** **Adivasis**
communities. Legal measures: Forest Rights Act, 2006.
4. **Strategies and Actions**
Community mobilization. Double marginalization due to gender and
**Women**
**Activism** community.
Organizations like Safai Karamchari Andolan.
Rights to preserve cultural identity and
**Religious and Cultural Minorities**
education.
Poems and songs questioning social hierarchies
**Literature and Art**
(e.g., Soyrabai, Kabir).
