DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

DIFHERENT METHODS FOR THE EMISSION OF ELECTRONS FROM METAL SURFACE

1 Thermionic emission
In method the metal is heated to sufficient temperature and the free electrons get
this

enough energy to leavethe metal surface.

2. Field emission (Coldcathode emission)
In this method a strong electric field of the order of 10 v/m is applied atthe metal
surfacewhich pulls theelectron fromthemetal surface.
3.
Photoelectric emission
In this method when electromagnetic
radiation of suitable frequency falls on the metal
surface,clectrons areemitted from
the metal.

PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

it was discoveredby Heinrich Hertz in 1887.When electromagnetic

radiations of suitable
frequency falls on the surface of certain metals, electrons are emitted
fromthem. This
phenomenon iscalled photoelectric
effect.

WORK FUNCTION

The minimum energy required to eject an electron from the metal

surface is called the
work function.

LAWS OF PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

1. For a given frequency of incident radiation, the number of photoelectronsemitted is

directly proportional to the intensity of the incident radiation.
2. The kinetic energy of photoelectronsis directly proportional to the frequency of incident
radiation but it is independent of the intensity of the radiation.
3. Photoelectric effect does not occur if the frequency of the
incident radiation is below a
certain minimum value. "The minimum frequency of incident
radiation required to
produce photoelectriceffect is called threshold frequency"
4. Photoelectric effect isan instantaneousphenomenon.

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 EINSTEIN'S EXPLANATION OF PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

Einstein's explained photoelectric effect based on quantum theory. According toquantum

theory, light contain photonshaving energy hv. When a photon of energy hv is incident on
a metal surface, electrons are emitted. A part of the photon energy is used as the work
function and the remaining part of the photon energy appearsas the kinetic energy of the
photoelectrons.

EINSTEIN'S PHOTOELECTRIC EQUATION

Photon energy =Work function + maximum KE of photoelectron

hv = + Kmax

Kmax = hy -
This equation called Einstein'sphotoelectric equation.
is
hoaKmos
RELATION BETWEEN WORK FUNCTION AND THRESHOLD FREQUENCY s h

If a photon of threshold frequency Vo is incident on the metal surface the KE of the emitted
electrons will be zero.

0= hvo -

=hvo
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

Quar wedew UVRan

Eraçuated Chass R
Fectroo

pfatC

-wwinm
 metal plate like zinc. The plates Cand A are enclosed in
The emitter plate C is a photosensitive
radiations to pass
quartz window,which allows u.v.
an evacuated glass bulb with a transparent
plate C, electrons
incident on the photosensitive emitter
through it. When u.v. radiations are
between the
are emitted and are collected
by the collector plate A. The potential difference
The photoclectric current is measured by the micro
electrodes is measured by a voltmeter (V).
first keep the plate A at some positive
We accelerating potential with respect to plate
ammeter.
(v) and fixed intensity(/). next We
Cand illuminate plate Cwith uv radiation of fixed frequency
A and measure the photocurrent each time. Then it
increase the positive potential of the plate
current increases and finally saturates. This maximum
value of
is found that the photo
radiation is called saturation
photoclectric current for a particular intensity of incident
emitted by the
current. Saturation current corresponds to the case when all the photoelectrons

emitter plate Creach the collector plate A. We now apply anegative M (retarding) potential to
the plate A with respect to the plate C and make it increasingly negative gradually. Then the

photo current is found to decrease. And at a particular retarding potential Vo photocurrent is

completely stopped. The minimum retarding potential of the collector plate at which the
photocurrent stops or becomes zero is called the cut-off or stopping potential.

RELATION BETWEEN STOPPING POTENTIAL V, AND K.E. OF PHOTOELECTRON

;m =eVo

VARIATION OF PHOTOELECTRICCURRENT WITH INTENSITYOF INCIDENTRADIATION

Current
Photoclectric
Inteasity of Light

Photoelectric current increases with increase in intensity of light.

3
 Reason: When
we increase
Therefore the the
no. of intensity of incident
light, the number of photons also increases.
increases. photoelectrons emitted
increases. Hence the photoelectric current
VARIATON OF
PHOTOCURRENT WITH ANODE POTENTIAL (COLLECTOR PLATEPOTENTIAL)

Saturation
Current
photeeuge4
Pteshal

Rrr Caector eporel

Catttsuly
Photoelectriccurrent
increases with
increase in
reaches a maximum accelerating potentialof
the collector
value called the plate and
saturation current. If the
respect to the emitter collector plate is
e plate (retarding
we increase the retarding potential) then the
potential, at a particular
photoelectric current
negative with

decreases. If
retarding potential
becomes zero.This retarding photoelectric current
potential is called stopping
potential.
EFFECT OF INTENSITY
OF INCIDENT RADIATION ON STOPPING POTENTIAL

tt igçieq pctertia
dipedant ef ictensity
Siglit. it depeods
(eqvsey

Stopping potential

Retarding poteatial Collector plate poteatial

4
 is
potential
Thus the stopping
The stopping potential the same for the intensities I, /lz, h.
current)
current (saturation
is

But the photoelectric

independent of theintensity of incident light.

increases with intensity of incident light.

ON STOPPING POTENTIAL
OF INCIDENTRADIATION
tHECT OF FREQUENCY

soinslei
y
Collectsrplate podestial

Rrtarndng podeatil

iight.
incident
in frequency of
increase
increases with
The stopping potential

- As the
Explanation: of incident radiation.
with increase in frequency

The K.E.of
the photoelectrons
increases
increases.
eVo mv=
the stopping potential
increases,
K.E.of the photoelectrons
frequency.
does not change with
current
But the saturation INCIDENTLIGHT
WITH FREQUENCY OF
STOPPING POTENTIAL
VARIATIONOF

Metal H

Frequcacy
f lacideat Radinlos
(H
from the above graph?
and work function
Planck's constant
Q.How will you find

5
 eny
it

The
stopping
potential
increaseswith
frequencyof
incident
radiation.
hv
+ mv²
hv = t eVo

eV,= hv

Comparing with the

standard
equation of
Slope, m= straight line y =mx
+c,weget
and y
-intercept,c =-9
Planck's
constant, h= mn xe
Le.
Planck's constant
=slope of the
graph x
Work function charge of
electron

ie.Work
of themetal, =-(c xe)
function of the
metal
=-(y-intercept of thegraph x
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT AND chargeof
electron)
WAVE THEORY OF IGHT
According to wave theory
of light, light
magnetic fields. A is an
wave is a electro-magnetic wave
the photoelectric continuous consisting of
electric and
distribution of energy.The
effect if light is changes that
considered asa wave will occur in
are.
1.
Greater the
intensity of incident radiation, greater
When amplitude of wave
will be the amplitudeof
increasesthe energy the wave.
high density of the wave
intensity light increases. Thus a
contains high energy
kinetic
waves and can emit
energy. Therefore, by photoelectrons of greater
the wave concept the
depend on the intensity of K.E. of the
photoelectrons should
incident radiation. But
photoelectron does not depend experiments show that KE of
on the intensity of
the frequency. incident radiation but
depends on
2 When we consider the wave
concept, even low
frequency wave can produce
photoelectriceffect if the intensity is
greater. Thus threshold
frequencyshould not exist.
But experiments show that there is
a threshold frequency.
3. If light is a wave, theelectron in the metal
surface can absorb energy
the wave front.But the energy continuously from
absorbed per unit time is very small. Therefore, it takes a

6
long time
(hours)for a
single electron to absorb sufficient energy to escape from the
metal
surface. But
experimental observations show that photoelectric effect is
instantaneous.
Thus the wave pictureof light is unable to explainphotoelectric
effect.

PARTICLE NATURE OF LIGHT: THE PHOTON

In the interaction of light with matter as in the case of photoelectric effect light behaves
as it it is made of quanta or packets of energy. These quanta of energy are called
photons.
Properties of photons:

For light of frequency v, allphotons have the same energy hv and momentum
hy
independent of the intensity of light.

Lighthaving greater intensity contains more no. of photons. But the energy of
photons is independent of intensity.
Photons are electrically neutral and are not deflected by electric or magnetic
fields.

iv. In photon-particle collision (such as photon-electroncollision), the total energy

and the total momentum are conserved. However, the no. of photons may not
be considered in a collision.

DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION

Radiation has wave nature as well as particle nature.This is called the dual nature of
radiation.

DUAL NATURE OF MATTER

DUAL NATURE OF MATTER

De Broglie found that particles of matter have wave nature.Thus material particles have
dual nature.

MATTER WAVES

The waves associated with material particles are called matter waves or De Broglie
waves.

EXPRESSION FOR THE DE BROGLIE WAVELENGTH OF A PARTICLE

De-Brogliewavelength,

7
 But p =mv

h
mv

h Planck'sconstant=6.626 × 10-3Js

m mass of the particle

v velocityof the particle

De-Brogliewavelength in terms of K.E. of particle

We have,

K.E.=
p
2m

*p= /2m(K. E)

J2m(K. E.)

But the K.E. of a charge moving under a potential difference of V' volts is.

K.E. =qV

:= J2mqv

For an electron mnoving under a potential difference of V volts,

= 1.227 nm

8
 microscope.
optical
microscope resolution
with

higher
electron
over

the

which

is
utilized
properties
electrons
of
design
electron.
the
in
been

wave
have

The
confirming
wavelength
wave
Broglie
agreement
nature
the

with
wavelength
of de
measured
good
found
experimentally
in
Gerrner.
of is
Davisson
verified
The
experimnentally
LH.
and
electrons
CJ.
by
was
of
wave

nature
The
EXPERIMENT
DAVISSON
AND

GERMER