bdkbZ 1 'kks/k izk:i

bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
1-0 mís';
1-1 çLrkouk
1-2 'kks/k D;k gS\
1-3 'kks/k ds çdkj
1-4 'kks/k izk:i D;k gS\
1-5 'kks/k izk:i dk egRo
1-6 'kks/k izk:i ds ewy rRo
1-6-1 'kks/k leL;k dk çdFku
1-6-2 lkfgR; dk iqujkoyksdu
1-6-3 mís'; vkSj pj
1-6-4 vk¡dM+kas ds lzksr
1-6-5 v/;;u {ks=
1-6-6 vk¡dM+k laxgz .k dh fof/k;k¡
1-6-7 fo'ys"k.k vkSj fjiksVZ ys[ku
1-7 lkjka'k
1-8 lanHkZ
1-9 cks/k ç'uksa ds mÙkj
1-0 mís';
çLrqr bdkbZ dk v/;;u djus ds ckn vki bl ;ksX; gksx
a s fd &
 fofHkUu çdkj ds 'kks/k dk;Z igpku ldsa(
 Li"V dj ldsa fd 'kks/k izk:i D;k gksrk gS( rFkk
 'kks/k izk:i dk egRo crk ldsAa
1-1 çLrkouk
'kks/k ¼research½ dk vFkZ gksrk gS & fdlh fof'k"V fo"k; vFkok mifo"k; dk lqO;ofFkr
v/;;uA lkekftd 'kks/k dks lkekU;r% ,d ,sls dk;Z ds :i esa le>k tk ldrk gS
tks u, rF;ksa dks [kkstus vkSj iqjkus rF;ksa dks rkfdZd ,oa lqO;fLFkr <ax ls fl) djus
ds vfHkçk; ls fd;k tkrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa es]a uohu tkudkjh tksMu+ k] çpfyr rF;ksa dks
fl) djuk vFkok mUgsa pqukSrh nsuk gh lkekftd 'kks/k dk eq[; mís'; gksrk gSA ;ax
¼2003½ dh O;k[;k ds vuqlkj] 'kks/k dk mís'; u, oSKkfud midj.k] ladYiuk,¡ ,oa


oykjefr ,e-] Lora= fo}ku] dks;EcVwj —r( ikBka'k 1-2 bXuw ikBî lkexzh % ekuo foKku vkSj
'kks/k fof/k ¼BANC 131½ ls fy;k x;k gSA
7
Lkkekftd “kks/k djuk fl)kar fodflr djuk gksrk gS] tks fd ekuo O;ogkj ds fo'oluh; ,oa fof/k ekU;
v/;;u dks lqxe cuk nsrs s gSaA lekt'kkL=h ,d lkdY; çk/kkj esa vius 'kks/k ds fo"k;
dk vUos"k.k djrs gSaA os ,sls lHkh igyqvksa dk lekos'k djrs gSa tks 'kks/k esa muds fo"k;
dks çHkkfor djrs gksAa bldk mís'; gksrk gS yksxksa] mudh laLÑfr vkSj lekt ds fo"k;
esa vf/kd tkudkjh gkfly djukA ;gk¡ fu"i{kokn ¼objectivity½ dk vFkZ gksrk gS fd
vU; lekt foKkfu;ksa dh Hkk¡fr lekt'kkL=h Hkh lkekftd 'kks/k fd, tkrs le; fu"i{k
ifj.kke nsus ds fy, vius O;fäxr ewY;ksa ,oa erksa dks ,d rjQ j[k fn;k tkuk
lqfuf'pr djsAa v/;;u ds fy, dksbZ fo"k; pqu fy, tkus ds ckn lekt'kkL=h
,dkxzfpÙk jgus vkSj fdlh Hkh çdkj ds çHkko ¼çHkko dk u rks oS;fäd vkSj u gh cká
lzkrs ½ dks LFkku u nsus dk ç;kl djrs gSaA bl çdkj dk vuq'kklu vkSj O;ogkj dk
rVLFk ekud gh lkekftd&foKku 'kks/k esa fu"i{krk dk vk/kkj curs gSaA
bl bdkbZ esa lkekftd 'kks/k ds Lo:i vkSj dk;Z{ks= ij cy fn;k x;k gSA vkxkeh
ikBka'kksa esa ge lkekftd foKku esa 'kks/k ds fofHkUu çdkj tkusx a As rnarj ge 'kks/k
izk:i ds egRo ij çdk'k Mkysaxs vkSj ppkZ djsx a s fd bls dSls rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA
la{ksi esa] ge lkekftd 'kks/k] mlds fu;kstu vkSj mlds fØ;kUo;u dh >yd ns[ksx a As
bl ikBîØe dh vU; bdkb;ksa esas 'kks/k çfØ;k ij foLr`r ppkZ dh tk,xhA
1-2 'kks/k D;k gS\
vf/kdka'k ekuo foKkuh {ks= esa tkdj vkSj {ks= dk;Z djds vius 'kks/k dk lapkyu djrs
gS]a tks fd tgk¡ Hkh yksx vkSj laL—fr;k¡ gS]a çR;{k voyksdu ds ek/;e ls mudh
laL—fr ;k fdlh Hkh leL;k ds ckjs esa v/;;u djuk gksrk gSA
ckWDl 1-1 {ks= dk;Z
og dk;Z ftlesa ekuo foKkuh lekt ;k laL—fr ds O;ofLFkr vUos"k.k }kjk çR;{k
lwpuk ,d= djrs gSaA blesa v/;;ukFkZ yksxksa ds lkFk jguk] laL—fr ds nSfud thou esa
Lo;a dks lfEefyr djuk] yksxksa ds O;ogkj dks ns[kuk vkSj lkaL—frd ifjdYiukvksa dk
ijh{k.k djuk 'kkfey gksrk gS ¼Qsjkjks vkSj ,aMªkVk] 2010½A
'kks/k fnypLi gks ldrk gS D;ksfa d blesa vki tks dqN Hkh lh[krs gS]a og ml ij ml
ij fu;a=.k vkSj Lok;Ùkrk dk ekinaM lq>krk gSA ;g vkidks fdlh fo"k; ;k vkidh
#fp ds çdj.k lac/a kh u, vk;keksa dh iqf"V djus] mUgsa Li"V djus] mudk vuqlj.k
djus vFkok ;gk¡ rd fd mUgsa [kkst ikus dk volj nsrk gSA dksbZ Hkh O;fä tks fdlh
oLrq ds vUos"k.k esa #fp j[krk gks] 'kks/k dj ldrk gSA
'kks/k tk¡p vkSj vUos"k.k dh ,d çfØ;k gS( ;g O;ofLFkr] i)frc) vkSj uhfrijd gksrh
gS( 'kks/k O;kogkfjd leL;kvksa dks gy djus vkSj Kku o`f) djus esa enn dj ldrk
gSA 'kks/k esa dbZ ç'u 'kkfey gksrs gSa( mnkgj.k ds fy,]
 leL;k D;k gS\
 leL;k D;ksa gksrh gS\
 leL;k dc vkrh gS\
 leL;k dgk¡ gksrh gS\
 leL;k dks dSls gy fd;k tk ldrk gS\

8
bl çdkj ds ç'u ^ftKklk^ ls tUe ysrs gSa] tks fd euq"; ds ekSfyd xq.kksa esa ,d gSA “kks/k izk:i
tc ,slh [kkst ;k tk¡p lqO;ofLFkr rjhds ls dh tkrh gS rks ;g ,d oSKkfud 'kks/k
cu tkrh gSA oSKkfud 'kks/k fdlh Hkh 'kks/kdrkZ dks ,d u;h ladYiuk ;k dksbZ
vo/kkj.kk fodflr djus esa enn djrk gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i varr% u;s fu;eksa ,oa
fl)karksa dh [kkst gksrh gS ;k fQj igys ls çpfyr fu;eksa ,oa fl)karksa esa lq/kkj ;k
la'kks/ku esa fd;k tkrk gSA
fo}kuksa us dbZ rjhdksa ls 'kks/k dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA 'kks/k dh dqN ifjHkk"kkvksa ij uhps
ppkZ dh xbZ gS&
 jsMeSu ,aM ekWjh ¼1993½ ds vuqlkj 'kks/k u;k Kku çkIr djus dk ,d O;ofLFkr
ç;kl gSA
 dfyaZxj ¼1986½ us 'kks/k dks çk—frd ifj?kVukvksa ds chp dkYifud lac/a kksa ds
,d O;ofLFkr] fu;af=r] vuqHkotU; vkSj egRoiw.kZ tk¡p ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr
fd;kA
 beksjh ¼dSfyoku] 2014½ ds vuqlkj] 'kks/k dksbZ Hkh la;ksftr tk¡p gS tks fd
fdlh leL;k ds lek/kku gsrq tkudkjh çnku djus ds fy, vfHkdfYir ,oa
lapkfyr dh tkrh gSA
 vYcVZ ltsVa &X;ksxhZ ¼1937½ ds vuqlkj] 'kks/k og ns[kus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS
tks gj fdlh us ns[kk gS] vkSj og lkspus ds fy, Hkh tks fdlh vkSj us u lkspk
gksA
 Øslosy ¼2008½ ds vuqlkj] 'kks/k fdlh çdj.k ;k eqís lac/a kh gekjh le> c<+kus
ds fy, tkudkjh ,d= dj mldk fo'ys"k.k djus gsrq ,d pj.kc) çfØ;k gSA
mi;qZä ifjHkk"kk,¡ fdlh 'kks/k dh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krkvksa dks mtkxj djrh gSa &
 ;g fdlh ifj?kVuk dk lqO;ofLFkr vkSj fu.kkZ;d vUos"k.k gksrk gSA
 ;g fdlh ifj?kVuk dh foospuk vkSj O;k[;k fd, tkus ij vfHkyf{kr gksrk gSA
 ;g oSKkfud fof/k viukrk gS rFkk vuqHkotU; lk{; vkSj voyksduh; vuqHko
ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA
 ;g u;s lkekU;hdj.k] fu;e vFkok fl)kar çLrqr djrk gSA
 ;g ç'uksa ds mÙkj vkSj leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ryk'k djus dh fn'kk esa dke
djrk gSA
v/;;u ds fo"k; ds vuqlkj gj 'kks/k ds vyx&vyx y{; vkSj mís'; gksrs gSaA vke
rkSj ij 'kks/k dk mís'; oSKkfud çfØ;kvksa ds vuqç;ksx ls ç'uksa ds mÙkj ryk'k djuk
gksrk gSA 'kks/k dk eq[; y{; ml lR;@rF; dk irk yxkuk gksrk gS tks fd fNik
gqvk gS vkSj ftls vHkh rd [kkstk ugha x;k gSA 'kks/k djrs le; 'kks/kdrkZ 'kks/k fd,
tkus ds dkS'ky vkSj {kerk ls laiUu gksuk pkfg,A og fdlh vPNs fo"k; dk p;u djs
vkSj ml fo"k; ds vuqlkj mi;qä ,oa fof'k"V midj.k o rduhdsa pquAs 'kks/k esa
lajpukRed çfØ;kvksa vkSj fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk vko';d gksrk gS] ftls ^dk;Zç.kkyh^
dgk tkrk gSA oSKkfud 'kks/k djus ds fy, vkidks mfpr dk;Zç.kkyh dk ikyu djuk
pkfg,A oSKkfud 'kks/k dks Kku dh mUufr ds fy, funsZf'kr ekuo xfrfof/k ds :i esa
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS] tgk¡ Kku nks eksVs rkSj ij vyx&vyx çdkj dk gksrk
gS & çfrfyfi çLrqr djus ;ksX; ç;ksx ¼vkerkSj ij ek=kRed vk¡dM+]s ysfdu ges'kk

9
Lkkekftd “kks/k djuk ugha½ vkSj fl)karksa ;k rF;ksa ds chp lac/a kksa esa ns[ks x, vk¡dM+s ¼vkerkSj ij lehdj.k]
ysfdu ges'kk ugha½ ¼usYlu] 1959½A
oSKkfud fof/k dh vfuok;Zrk
oSKkfud 'kks/k fof/k;ksa dh lcls egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk,¡ gSa & ¼i½ oSKkfud 'kks/k vuqHkotU;
gksrk gS D;ksfa d bldk mís'; okLrfodrk dks tkuuk vkSj le>uk gksrk gSA çR;sd pj.k
voyksdu ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS] ewy rF;ksa dks ,d= djrs le; ;k Li"Vhdj.k dk
ijh{k.k djrs le; ;k iwokZuqeku ds ewY; dk vkdyu djrs gq, ;k fdlh gLr{ksi ds
ifj.kkeLo:i ;g gksuk pkfg,A ¼ii½ oSKkfud 'kks/k O;ofLFkr vkSj rkfdZd gksrk gSA u
dsoy voyksdu O;ofLFkr :i ls fd;k tkuk pkfg,] cfYd ,d fuf'pr rkfdZd Øe
dk Hkh ikyu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ¼iii½ oSKkfud 'kks/k nqgjko vkSj lapkj.k ;ksX; gksrk
gSA pw¡fd voyksdu mís';iw.kZ gksrk gS vkSj Li"Vhdj.k rkfdZd gksrk gS] leku
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa j[kdj ns[kk x;k dksbZ Hkh O;fä ,d gh ?kVuk dk fujh{k.k dj ldrk
gS vkSj mlh rdZ dks çLrqr dj ldrk gS ftlls Li"Vhdj.k vkSj iwokZuqeku ,d gh gksAa
¼iv½ oSKkfud 'kks/k y?kqdkjd gksrk gSA fu;eksa ds eq[; lac/a k dks le>us ds fy,
okLrfodrk dh tfVyrk de gks tkrh gSA os lHkh fooj.k tks vko';d u gksa ;k
ftudh tk¡p ds rgr çfØ;k ij cgqr de çHkko gksrk gS] mUgsa NksM+ fn;k tkrk gS
¼Cysl o vU;] 2006½A
HkkSfrdh vkSj jlk;u 'kkL= tSls fo"k;ksa esa 'kks/k fofHkUu jklk;fud çfrfØ;kvksa vkSj
HkkSfrd rRoksa ds lkFk ç;ksx djds fd, tkrs gSAa viuh 'kks/k leL;k dks gy djus ds
fy, 'kks/kdrkZ ç;ksx'kkyk esa ç;ksx djrs gSAa
ekuo foKku esa 'kks/k tSfod vkSj lkekftd&lkaL—frd vk;keksa ij vk;ksftr fd;k
tkrk gSA ;g ç;ksx'kkyk&vk/kkfjr vkSj {ks=&vk/kkfjr nksuksa gksrk gSA
 tSfod ekuo foKkuh ç;ksx'kkyk esa viuk 'kks/k djrs gSAa
 lkekftd&lkaL—frd ekuo foKkuh {ks= dk;Z djds 'kks/k djrs gSAa os NksVs Lrj
ds lektksa ds chp vius dke ds fy, tkus tkrs gSaA
rFkkfi vkt ekuo foKkuh lHkh çdkj ds ekuo lektksa ij vius 'kks/k dks dsfa ær dj
jgs gSaA oSKkfud i)fr esa 'kks/k dks O;ofLFkr rjhds ls fd;k tkrk gSA ;gk¡ ^O;ofLFkr*
'kCn ,d rkfdZd vuqØe ds ckn ,d tk¡p djus ds fy, viukbZ xbZ laxfBr çfØ;k
dks bafxr djrk gSA
ewy :i ls] oSKkfud fof/k fdlh 'kks/kdrkZ }kjk vk¡dM+s ,d= djus] ifjdYiuk dk
ijh{k.k djus ;k orZeku Kku ls u, fu;eksa ;k fl)karksa dks fodflr djus ds fy,
mBk, x, dneksa dk ,d laxzg dk uke gSA blesa fuEufyf[kr fcanq 'kkfey gksrs gSa &
 fdlh leL;k dk fu:ihdj.k(
 'kks/k dh :ijs[kk dh rS;kjh(
 voyksdu ;k isz{k.k(
 vk¡dM+ksa dk laxzg.k(
 vk¡dM+ksa dk oxhZdj.k( rFkk
 vk¡dM+ksa dk fo'ys"k.k vkSj foospuA
LoHkkor% euq"; iwokZxzg ls eqä ugha gksrkA blfy, 'kks/k esa] fo'ks"k :i ls ekuo'kkL=h;
'kks/k es]a fu"i{krk vkSj O;fäijdrk ds egRo dks le>uk cgqr egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA
10
^^O;fäijd** 'kCn dk vFkZ ^^fdlh ds –f"Vdks.k ls** ¼fMfo,dksa o vU;] 2015½ gSA “kks/k izk:i
O;fäijd –f"Vdks.k fdlh 'kks/kdrkZ ds –f"Vdks.k vkSj O;fäxr vuqHkoksa ls çHkkfor
gksrk gSA fdlh 'kks/k dk ifj.kke tks O;fäijd –f"Vdks.k ij vk/kkfjr gks] dks iwjh rjg
ls oS/k vkSj fo'oluh; ugha ekuk tk ldrk gSA nwljh vksj] fu"i{krk fcuk fdlh
O;fäxr iwokZxzg ds okLrfod rF;ksa ;k oLrqvksa ls lacfa /kr gksrh gS ¼fMfo,dksa o vU;]
2015½A fdlh 'kks/k dks rc rd oSKkfud ugha ekuk tk ldrk gS tc rd fd mlesa
fu"i{krk dk ?kVd 'kkfey u gksA
1-3 'kks/k ds çdkj
lkekftd foKku esa fofHkUu çdkj ds 'kks/k ns[ks tkrs gSAa vkb,] buesa ls çR;sd ij
la{ksi esa ppkZ djsAa
ewyHkwr 'kks/k % ewyHkwr 'kks/k ;k 'kq) 'kks/k vius fufeÙk gh Kku çkfIr ds mís'; ls fd;k
tkrk gSA 'kq) 'kks/kdrkZ ubZ&ubZ vo/kkj.kk,¡ vkSj ladYiuk,¡ lq>krs gSa] tks fd çpfyr
fl)krksa esa vius lekos'k ls mUgsa lq/kkj ldrh gSa vFkok u, fl)karksa dh vksj vxzlj
dj ldrh gSAa nwljs 'kCnksa esa] LoHkkor% ewyHkwr ubZ vo/kkj.kkvksa dk uoksUes"k vkSj lkFk
gh] iqjkus fl)karksa dks ,dk,d çLrqr fd;k tkuk 'kq) 'kks/kdrkZvksa dks okLro esa ,sls
fl)karksa ds fdlh Hkh çR;{k ifj.kke vFkok çHkko ;k fQj O;kogkfjd ç;ksx dh vis{kk
fd, fcuk gh çpqjrk ls Kku esa o`f) djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djrk gSA
vuqç;qä 'kks/k % vuqç;qä 'kks/k ;k O;kogkfjd 'kks/k vH;kl fl) vuqç;ksx vFkok ç;ksx
ds fy, tkudkjh ,d= djus dh vko';drk ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA bl çdkj ds 'kks/k
ls tqMs+ lekt'kkL=h] mnkgj.k ds fy,] Lo;a dks vkradokn] ekuo rLdjh] cPps vkSj
u'khyh nok,¡] cky vijk/k] oSokfgd fookn rFkk ifjokjksa ds chp laifÙk fookn tSlh
fofHkUu lkekftd leL;kvksa ds v/;;u esa yxk ldrs gSAa 'kq) 'kks/k ls fHkUu]
O;kogkfjd 'kks/k lkekftd leL;kvksa dk v/;;u dj lek/kku ikus dk ç;kl djrk gSA
bldk mís'; lkekftd leL;kvksa ls fuiVus ds fy, 'kks/k ifj.kke ykxw djuk gksrk gSA
vUos’k.kkRed 'kks/k % vUos’k.kkRed 'kks/k ;k ijd 'kks/k fof'k"V :i ls fdlh u, vFkok
vis{kk—r vYi&vUosf"kr çfros'k] lewg vFkok ifj?kVuk dk ^^irk yxkus** mlls
lacfa /kr gekjh le> dks c<+kus ds fy, djok;k tkrk gSA bldk ç;ksx fdlh 'kks/k
fo"k; ij ifjKku çkfIr ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ifj.kker% vUos’k.kkRed 'kks/k mu
v/;;ukFkZ O;fä;ksa dk vis{kk—r NksVk uewuk gh ç;ksx esa ykrk gS ftuls 'kks/kkFkhZ
çR;{k lwpuk çkIr dj ik,A fo"k; dh xgjh le> fodflr djus ds fy, 'kks/kkFkhZ dks
çR;sd ds fy, vyx&vyx xgu lk{kkRdkj vk;ksftr djus gksrs gSAa
ç;ksxkRed 'kks/k % ç;ksxkRed 'kks/k ;k çk;ksfxd 'kks/k 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa dk mR—"V fodYi rc
gksrk gS tc ge fdlh fof'k"V leL;k dk dkj.k vkSj çHkko Kkr djuk pkgrs gksAa
fo'ks"k :i ls] fdlh nh xbZ n'kk esa leL;k dh O;k[;k miyC?k djkus ds fy, bl
çdkj ds 'kks/k dks pquuk mfpr gksrk gSA ;gk¡ 'kks/kkFkhZ ;g fl) djus dk ç;kl djrk
gS fd ^^A** gh ^^B** dk dkj.k gS vFkok ^^B** dk ifj.kke dsoy ^^A** gh gksrk gSA ;s
ç;ksx çk—frd@okLrfod n'kkvksa dh ctk; ç;ksx'kkyk çfros'k esa fdlh
fufeZr@LFkkfir n'kk esa gksrs gSa vFkok fd, tkrs gSAa ,sls ç;ksx iwoZ&fu/kkZfjr n'kkvksa ds
rgr Lora= pjksa esa gsj&Qsj djds fd, tkrs gSAa
o.kZukRed 'kks/k % o.kZukRed 'kks/k fdlh lkekftd fLFkfr & lkekftd çk/kkj dh fdlh
?kVuk dk o.kZu djrk gSA bl çdkj ds 'kks/k esa 'kks/kkFkhZ tks Kkr djrs gSa vFkok tks os
11
Lkkekftd “kks/k djuk ns[krs gSa mldk ;FkklaHko lgh&lgh fooj.k çLrqr djrs gSAa mnkgj.k ds fy, fdlh
cktkj ds o.kZukRed v/;;u dks ysAa ;gk¡ 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa ls vis{kk gksrh gS fd dqN yksxksa
dk lk{kkRdkj djus ds ckn tks os ns[krs gSa vkSj tks ikrs gSa mldk o.kZu djsAa
fo'ys"k.kkRed 'kks/k % fo'ys"k.kkRed 'kks/k esa 'kks/kkFkhZ ml ?kVuk ls dgha vkxs tkdj
fo'ys"k.k djrk gS tks og ns[krk gSA bl çdkj dk 'kks/k ml ?kVuk vFkok lkekftd
fLFkfr ds lanHkZ dks le>dj gh fd;k tkrk gS ftldk og v/;;u dj jgk gksrk gSA
;gk¡ og ;g ekudj pyrk gS fd og tks ns[k tk jgk gS] mlls vf/kd Hkh dqN gksrk
gSA çk;% 'kks/kkFkhZ ml ?kVuk vFkok lkekftd n'kk ds lanHkZ] dkj.kksa vkSj fufgrkFkksZa dh
[kkst djrk gSA
ewY;kadu 'kks/k % ewY;kadu 'kks/k fdlh lkekftd dk;ZØe vFkok uhfr ds xq.kksa vFkok
çHkkoksa dk vkdyu djus dk ç;kl djrk gSA bl çdkj dk 'kks/k fdlh fof'k"V
dk;ZØe vFkok uhfr ds ^^fu"d"kZ** vFkok ifj.kke tkuus esa #fp j[krk gSA ewY;kadu
'kks/k ds egRoiw.kZ ewyHkwr rRoksa esa 'kkfey gSa & dk;ZØe dh çHkko'khyrk] mldh
çHkkodkfjrk ¼ykxr ykHk ds fygkt ls½ vkSj D;ksa@D;k dk;ZØe dks tkjh j[kk tk,\
;g 'kks/k vkerkSj ij lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl dk;ZØeksa vkSj muds lexz fu"iknu ,oa
çHkko ls ljksdkj j[krk gSA 'kks/kdrkZ fdlh Hkh dk;ZØe dk ewY;kadu djrs le;
vkpkj&fopkj ,oa ewY;ksa dk dk;ZØe esa lnk lekos'k djs vkSj vius lg;ksfx;ksa dks
lcls vkxs j[ksA
lgHkkxh dkjZokbZ 'kks/k % lgHkkxh dkjZokbZ 'kks/k ;k Hkkxhnkjh dkjZokbZ 'kks/k esa fdlh
leqnk; ds lnL; 'kks/k çfØ;k esa 'kkfey fd, tkrs gSAa bl çdkj ds 'kks/k dk mís';
ml leqnk; ds thou esa ifjorZu ykuk gksrk gS ftldk 'kks/kkFkhZ v/;;u dj jgs gksrs
gSAa rc LokHkkfod :i ls leqnk; ds gh lnL;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkuk mfpr gksrk gSA
bldk fufgrkFkZ gksrk gS & 'kks/kkFkhZ vkSj LFkkuh; yksxksa ds chp la;qä ç;kl vkSj
?kfu"B lg;ksxA
cks/k ç'u 1
1- 'kks/k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ Li"V djsAa
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2- lgh feyku dj 'kks/k dk çdkj igpkusa &
¼i½ ewyHkwr A. vH;kl fl) ç;ksx gsrq KkuktZu ds fy, djok;k tkrk gSA
¼ii½ vuqç;qä B. fdlh ,sls eqís ij ifjKku çkIr djus ds fy, djok;k tkrk
gS tks vis{kk—r de vUosf"kr gksA
¼iii½ vUos’k.kkRed C. çpfyr fl)karksa ,oa ifjKku dks le`) djus gsrq KkuktZu
ds fy, djok;k tkrk gSA

12
1-4 'kks/k izk:i D;k gS\ “kks/k izk:i

'kks/k izk:i v/;;u ds vkjaHk esa lkekftd 'kks/kdrkZ }kjk rS;kj dh x;h v/;;u dh
vLFkk;h ;kstuk dks dgk tkrk gSA ;g tkuuk jkspd gksxk fd okLrfod dk;Z&;kstuk
dks 'kq: djus ls iwoZ ge dSls rS;kjh djsAa fdlh Hkh lkekftd 'kks/kdrkZ ds fy, ;g
vko';d gksxk fd og v/;;u djus dh j.kuhfr rS;kj djsA v/;;u dh bl çdkj dh
j.kuhfr vFkok ;kstuk esa dqN fu.kZ; fy;k tkuk 'kkfey gksrk gS] tSls & fdl eqís
fo"k; dk v/;;u fd;k tk,( fd, tkus okys v/;;u ds HkkSxksfyd {ks= vFkok LFkku
dk fu/kkZj.k( lexz dk vkdkj( le;kfof/k;k¡( vk¡dM+k laxzg.k gsrq ç;qä rduhdsa
dkSu&lh gksx a h( vk¡dM+kas dk fMftfVydj.k( rFkk v/;;u dk fo'ys"k.kA ;s lHkh ljksdkj
'kks/kdrkZ dks vkjaHk esa gh v/;;u dh lk/;rk dks tk¡p ysus esa enn djrs gSAa ;g
mruk gh egRoiw.kZ gksrk gS ftruk fd fdlh okLrqdkj ds fy, Hkou&fuekZ.k gsrq Li"V
:i ls cuk;k x;k uD'kk vFkok <k¡ps dk rFkkdfFkr ^CY;w fçaV*A bl çdkj dk izk:i
¼design½ lkekftd 'kks/kdrkZ dks blds fofHkUu laHkkfor tksf[ke Vkyus esa lgk;d gksrk
gS ;k fQj vkus okys laHkkfor [krjs dk iwokZuqeku dj ysus esa enn djrk gSA “kks/k dk
izk:i fdlh 'kks/k ifj;kstuk vFkok dk;ZØe ds fy, ;qfä;qä ;kstuk çLrqr djrk gSA
;g fd, tkus okys dk;Z dh foLr`r :ijs[kk vkSj eq[; vfHky{k.k r; dj nsrk gS]
ftuesa 'kkfey gksrs gSa & vk¡dM+k laxzg.k ,oa fo'ys"k.k ds fy, viukbZ tkus okyh
fof/k;k¡] vkSj ;g n'kkZ;k tkuk fd 'kks/k j.kuhfr v/;;u ds fof'k"V y{;ksa ,oa mís';ksa
ds çfr D;k –f"Vdks.k j[krh gSA v/;;u ds izk:i.k esa 'kks/kdrkZ }kjk çeq[k fu.kZ;ksa esa
fuEufyf[kr ç'u 'kkfey gksrs gSa &
a) v/;;u fdl fo"k; esa gS\
b) v/;;u gsrq fdl çdkj ds vk¡dM+s pkfg,\
c) v/;;u vkf[kj D;ksa djok;k tk jgk gS\
d) vko';d vk¡dM+s dgk¡ ls çkIr gks ldrs gSa\
e) v/;;u dgk¡ vFkok fdl {ks= esa djok;k tk,xk\
f) v/;;u esa fdruh le;kof/k;k¡ 'kkfey gksx a h\
g) fdruh lkexzh vFkok fdrus ekeyksa dh vko';drk gksxh\
h) ekeyksa ds p;u gsrq vk/kkj D;k gksx
a s\
i) vk¡dM+s ,d= djus dh dkSu&lh rduhdsa viukbZ tk,¡xh\
j) vk¡dM+ksa dk fo'ys"k.k dSls fd;k tk,xk\
k) mi;qZä ç'uksa ds mÙkj vkSj fy, tkus okys fu.kZ; dSls loksZÙke gksa fd 'kks/k dk
mís'; U;wure /ku] le; vkSj ÅtkZ [kpZ djds çkIr gks tk,\
'kks/k izk:i v/;;u dk ekxZn'kZu vo'; djrk gS] ijarq ;g fdlh fo"k; fo'ks"k dk
v/;;u dj jgs lHkh 'kks/kdrkZvksa ds fy, vuU; vFkok le:i ugha gksrkA ;g Hkh laHko
gS fd ,d gh fo"k; dk v/;;u dj jgs nks O;fä fHkUu&fHkUu 'kks/k izk:i rS;kj dj
ysAa
mi;qZä ds vykok] 'kks/k izk:i ds dqN çeq[k ijLij&fuHkZj ?kVd gSa & v/;;u dk
vkSfpR;] vk¡dM+ksa ds lzksr] 'kks/k ds mís'; ,oa çkDdFku rS;kj djuk ¼;fn dksbZ gks½a ]
çfrn'kZ vFkkZr~ uewus dk p;u] vkSj vk¡dM+k laxzg.k dh rduhdsAa

13
Lkkekftd “kks/k djuk
1-5 'kks/k izk:i dk egRo
'kks/k izk:i lkekftd 'kks/kdrkZ dks viuk oSKkfud v/;;u lqO;ofLFkr <ax ls iw.kZ
djus esa l{ke djrk gSA fdlh Hkh dk;Zdyki ds lai.w kZ ,oa lQy gksus ds fy, t:jh
gS fd mfpr ;kstuk cukbZ tk, fd dk;Z fo'ks"k dks dSls fd;k tk, vFkok dk;Z dk
fu"iknu dSls djsAa ,d jlksb, dks] mnkgj.k ds fy,] fdlh fnu ds fy, [kkuk idkuk
okLro esa 'kq: djus ls iwoZ ,d foLr`r dk;Z&;kstuk rFkk D;k idkuk gS] fdlds fy,
idkuk gS vkSj D;ksa idkuk gS fo"k;d =qfVjfgr vo/kkj.kk,¡ rS;kj djuh gksrh gSaA
jlksb, dks rS;kj fd, tkus okys [kk| inkFkksZa@[kkus dh lwph dh vko';drkuqlkj
¼ek=k vkSj xq.koÙkk nksuksa ds fygkt ls½ ftalksa dks igys ls gh [kjhn ysuk gksrk gSA
blds fy, mldks fu.kZ; ysuk gksrk gS fd volj fo'ks"k ds fy, D;k idk;k tk, vkSj
fdruk idk;k tk,A blls mldks igys ls vko';d lkexzh [kjhn ysus vkSj idkus dh
çfØ;k 'kq: djus esa enn feyrh gSA blh çdkj] 'kks/kdrkZ dks igys ;kstuk cukuk vkSj
fQj ,d&,d djds v/;;u dh xfrfof/k;ksa dks fØ;kfUor djuk gksrk gSA bl çdkj
;kstuk cuk ysus ls laHkkfor dfBukb;ksa vkSj vlqfo/kkvksa dk iwokZuqeku dj ysus esa enn
feyrh gS] tks fd v/;;u dh çfØ;k esa mRiUu gks ldrh gSaA 'kks/kdrkZ okLrfod dk;Z
vkjaHk fd, tkus ls i;kZIr le; iwoZ gh fof'k"V ifj;kstuk ds lac/a k esa vusd fu.kZ;
ysus dh fLFkfr esa gksrk gSA
vius v/;;u dh vko';drk vkSj ç—fr ds vk/kkj ij 'kks?kdrkZ mi;qä 'kks/k izk:i
rS;kj djuk ldrk gSA ,slk dksbZ ,dy vuU; 'kks/k izk:i ugha gS tks lHkh çdkj ds
v/;;u ¼o.kZukRed] vUos’k.kkRed] ç;ksxkRed] losZ{k.k] ewY;kadu o vU;½ ds fy, ç;ksx
fd;k tk lds vFkok viuk;k tk ldsA dksbZ Hkh 'kks/k izk:i ¼;k ;kstuk½ ;qok fo}kuksa
ds fy, vifjgk;Z gksrk gS D;ksfa d blls os (i) vius fopkjksa dk bl Hkk¡fr foU;kl ,oa
iqujkoyksdu dj ikrs gSa fd Hkfo"; esa os lR;kfir dj ldsa fd muesa dksbZ nks"k rks
ugha] (ii) ;g ^D;k djsa & D;k u djs*a ds 'kh?kzx.kd ds :i esa Hkh dke djrk gS] (iii)
vkjafHkd pj.k esa okafNr fo"k;&oLrq lac/a kh lq>ko Hkh nsrk gS] lkFk gh] (iv) ;g fVIi.kh
djus vkSj ;ksxnku nsus gsrq çcq) oxZ ds fy, nLrkost dk Hkh dke djrk gS ¼dksBkjh]
2008½A
,d Lo;a }kjk rS;kj CY;wfçaV vFkok ?kj dk uD'kk ç;ksx dj edku cukus okys
okLrqdkj dh Hkk¡fr lkekftd foKku esa 'kks/kdrkZ dks vius mís'; vkSj lalk/kuksa dh
miyC/krk ds vuqlkj i;kZIr le; iwoZ cqf)eÙkkiwoZd ;kstuk cukuh gksrh gS vkSj 'kks/k
ifj;kstuk ls tqMh+ çfØ;k,¡ fu/kkZfjr djuh gksrh gSa ¼ftuesa 'kkfey gksrh gSa & vk¡dM+k
laxzg.k fof/k;k¡] vk¡dM+kas ds fo'ys"k.k gsrq ç;qä rduhdsa vkfn½A ;kstuk cukrs le; dh
tkus okyh xyfr;k¡ var esa 'kks/k ds ifj.kkeksa esa Hkkjh {kfr n'kkZ ldrh gSAa nwljs 'kCnksa
es]a 'kks/k izk:i esa dksbZ Hkh çeq[k =qfV ifj.kkeksa dh furkar fo'oluh;rk Hkax gksus ns
ldrh gS vkSj bl çdkj vkidks viuk mís'; iwjk djus esa foQy dj ldrh gSA vc
ls vkxs bu tksf[keksa dks /;ku esa j[kus dh –f"V ls 'kks/kdrkZ dks fdlh Hkh 'kks/k
ifj;kstuk dks 'kq: djus ls iwoZ ,d Hkyh&Hkk¡fr rS;kj 'kks/k izk:i dk egRo vkSj
vko';drk le> ysus pkfg,A
1-6 'kks/k izk:i ds ewy rRo
eksVs rkSj ij] lkekftd foKku esa 'kks/k ls tqMh+ lajpuk vkSj çfØ;k dks lkr çeq[k
fn'kk&funsZ'k iêksa ds varxZr j[kk tk ldrk gSA ;s gSa & v/;;u vFkok 'kks/k mís'; gsrq
14
dksbZ fo"k; igpkuuk( pqus x, fo"k; ds fy, çklafxd iwoZ v/;;uksa dk iqujkoyksdu “kks/k izk:i
djuk; mís'; fu/kkZfjr djuk vkSj ifjdYiuk fuekZ.k djuk; 'kks/k dk mi;qä izk:i
¼çfrp;u çfØ;k lesr 'kks/k fof/k;ksa vkSj rduhdksa ds fygkt ls½ dk ;pu djuk;
v/;;u ds midj.kksa ¼tSls & ç'ukoyh] lk{kkRdkj vuqlp w h vkfn½ dk iwoZ&ijh{k.k
djuk vkSj fQj blds ckn fofHkUu pj.kksa esa vk¡dM+s ,d= djuk( vk¡dM+kas ds lzksr
fu/kkZfjr djuk( lkaf[;dh; rduhdsa ç;ksx dj vk¡dM+kas dk fo'ys"k.k djuk( rFkk varr%
ifj.kkeksa dks O;ofLFkr djuk vkSj çdk'ku ds fy, fjiksVZ fy[kukA bu pj.kksa dks
'kks/kdrkZ ds fy, funs'kd fl)kar ekuk tkrk gSA vkb,] vc bu pj.kksa ij foLrkj ls
ppkZ dj bUgsa vkSj vPNh rjg le>saA
1-6-1 'kks/k leL;k dk çdFku
fdlh Hkh 'kks/k esa lcls igyk pj.k v/;;u ds fy, fdlh fo"k; dks igpkuuk@pquuk
gh gksrk gSA ;g fo"k; vfuok;Z :i ls ,d 'kks/k&;ksX; fo"k; gksuk pkfg,] ftldk vFkZ
gS fd fo"k; 'kks/kdrkZ }kjk 'kks/k fd, tkus ds fy, lqifjfpr vkSj lk/; gksuk pkfg,A
le;] /ku] HkkSxksfyd foLrkj vkSj vk¡dM+kas rd igq¡p ds fygkt ls gj 'kks/kdrkZ dh
viuh lhek,¡ gksrh gSAa lekt'kkL= 'kks/k fo"k;ksa dh ,d foLr`r 'k`a[kyk gsrq laHkkouk
çLrqr djrk gSA fdarq 'kks/kdrkZ dks mä lhekvksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj gh lko/kkuhiwoZd
fo"k; dk p;u djuk pkfg,A dqN fo"k; cgqr tfVy lkfcr gks ldrs gSa vkSj
'kks/kdrkZ dks 'kks/k vkjaHk djus ds ckn ijs'kkuh dk lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gSA
;|fi dksbZ 'kks/k fo"k; 'kks/kdrkZ dh vius fo"k; ij ftKklk ls mRiUu gks ldrk gS]
'kks/k ds ifj.kke rFkk lekt vkSj lekt'kkL=h; lkfgR; ds çfr mlds ;ksxnku dks
/;ku esa vo'; j[kk tkuk pkfg,A lkFk gh] fdlh fo"k; fo'ks"k gsrq /ku fn;k tkuk
vFkok fo"k; dh lelkef;d çklafxdrk Hkh fpaR; fo"k; gksrs gSAa leku :i ls gh
egRoiw.kZ gksrk gS & 'kks/k leL;k dks crk;k tkukA vkidk 'kks/k fo"k; Li"Vr%
ifjHkkf"kr gksuk pkfg,A 'kks/kdrkZ ls visf{kr gksxk fd og fdlh fof'k"V 'kks/k fo"k; dks
fdlh lkekU; lkekftd leL;k ls gh igpkusA
'kks/kdrkZ 'kks/k leL;k dks Li"V :i ls crk, vkSj og lkekftd lanHkZ Hkh crk, ftlesa
mldh çklafxdrk gksxhA dbZ 'kks/kdrkZ rc nqfo/kk esa iM+ tkrs gSa tc muls dgk tkrk
gS fd viuh 'kks/k leL;k crk,¡A mUgsa ek= bruk djuk gksxk fd os fo"k; dk ftldk
v/;;u djuk pkgrs gks]a mldk [kkdk [khapas vkSj mldk lanHkZ crk,¡A ;g lanHkZ
,sfrgkfld] lkekftd] jktuhfrd vFkok vkfFkZd gks ldrk gSA çk;% og bu lc dk
lafeJ.k gksrk gSA pfy,] ,d 'kks/kdrkZ dk mnkgj.k ysrs gS]a tks fd u'kk[kksjh dh
leL;k ij v/;;u djuk pkgrk gSA ;gk¡ bruk crk nsuk gh i;kZIr ugha gksxk fd og
u'kk[kksjh dk v/;;u djsxk( mlls visf{kr gksxk fd og ml lanHkZ dk Li"V mYys[k
djs ftlesa bl fo"k; dk v/;;u fd;k tk,xkA ;fn mldk lanHkZ lkekftd gks rks
v/;;u ml lkekftd fLFkfr ij dsfa ær gksxk tks u'kk[kksjh dh vksj ço`Ùk djrh gSA
blh çdkj] ;fn lanHkZ jktuhfrd gks rks v/;;u ds dsaæ esa u'kk[kksjh gsrq jktuhfr]
'kklu ç.kkyh vkSj jktuhfrd fLFkfr çklafxd gksx a As bl vFkZ es]a og lanHkZ ftlesa
v/;;u fd;k tk,xk] gesa fn'kk çnku djrk gSA
'kks/kdrkZ dks viuk fof'k"V 'kks/k fo"k; pquus ds fy, lqfopkfjr fu.kZ; ysuk pkfg,A
v/;;u djus ds fy, vkids ikl Bksl vkSfpR; gksuk pkfg,A vkidk v/;;u vc rd
vuqÙkfjr jgs ç'uksa dk mÙkj nsus dks y{; cuk,] u, rF; lkeus yk, vkSj vuUosf"kr
{ks=ksa ij çdk'k MkysA vfHkçsr 'kks/k ml fo"k; ij miyC/k lkfgR; dk ewY;&o/kZu djsA

15
Lkkekftd “kks/k djuk la{ksi es]a vkidk 'kks/k dksbZ mís'; iwjk djsA mnkgj.k ds fy,] fdUgha vkinkxzLr {ks=ksa esa
efgyk l'kfädj.k dk v/;;u dj jgk 'kks/kkFkhZ ;g dgdj vkSfpR; çfriknu dj
ldrk gS fd v/;;u dk vfHkçk; ,sls lk/kuksa dh igpku djuk gS ftuds lgkjs
efgyk,¡ vius thou dks okil iVjh ij yk ldsAa
1-6-2 lkfgR; dk iqujkoyksdu
,d ckj 'kks/k fo"k; pqu fy, tkus ds ckn mlh fo"k; ij vrhr esa vU; 'kks/kdrkZvksa
}kjk fd, x, v/;;u Hkh tkuuk vko';d gksrk gSA ;g vfHkKrk “kks/kdrkZ dks vius
fo"k; ij vkSj vf/kd tkudkjh gkfly djus ds lkFk&lkFk vius v/;;u esa nqgjko ls
cpus esa Hkh enn djrk gSA çklafxd lkfgR; dk iqujkoyksdu 'kks/kdrkZ dks vius
mís';ksa dks lqfoU;Lr djus] vius /;ku dk dsæa xgjk djus] orZeku v/;;u ls iwoZ
v/;;u dks fHkUu igpkuus rFkk iwoZ v/;;u dh vuqifw rZ djus vFkok dHkh&dHkh
çfrokn djus gsrq 'kks/k dks lq/kkjus esa Hkh lgk;rk djrh gSA lkfgR; dk iqujkoyksdu
,d csgrj 'kks/k dks lqlk/; cukus okys igys ls vf/kd vkSj uohu fopkj mRiUu djus
yxrk gSA iwoZ v/;;u orZeku v/;;u ds fy, ,d ekxZn'kZd dk dke dj ldrk gSA
,d leL;k tks lkfgR; dk iqujkoyksdu djus esa vusd 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa ds lkeus vkrh gS]
;g gS fd mudks vius fo"k; ls lacfa /kr <sj lkjh iqLrdsa vkSj ys[k miyC/k gksrs gSaA
fdlh ,dy v/;;u esa lHkh iqLrdksa vkSj ys[kksa dks 'kkfey dj ysuk laHko ugha gksrkA
rc D;k lek/kku gS\ lek/kku ds fy, v/;;u esa 'kkfey iqLrdksa ,oa ys[kksa dk
lko/kkuhiwoZd vkSj cqf)eÙkkiwoZd p;u djsAa p;u djus esa v/;;u ds mís';ksa dk lanHkZ
fy;k tkuk mi;ksxh fl) gksrk gSA
'kks/kdrkZ ;g Hkh /;ku esa j[ks fd lkfgR; dk iqujkoyksdu ,d lrr çfØ;k gS vkSj
vko';d ugha fd çkjafHkd voLFkk esa ,d pj.k dk dke gh gksxkA lkfgR; ds
iqujkoyksdu dk mís'; orZeku Kkuiqat esa varjky ;k dfe;k¡ igpkuuk gksrk gSaA ;s
varjky ;k vHkko 'kks/kdrkZ ds v/;;u esa ikVs ;k nwj fd, tk ldrs gSAa
1-6-3 mís'; vkSj ifjorhZ dkjd
fdlh fof'k"V fo"k; ij miyC/k lkfgR; dk iqujkoyksdu 'kks/k ls iwoZ fo"k; ij vusd
vuqÙkfjr ç'u lkeus ykrk gSA iwoZ 'kks/k fo"k; ds fdlh fHkUu vk;ke ij /;ku dsfa ær
djrs gq, fd;k x;k gks ldrk] ftlls ,sls vuqÙkfjr ç'u lkeus vk,A
bu ç'uksa ds mÙkj 'kks/k fo"k; esa 'kwU;rk dks Hkjus vkSj 'kks/kdrkZ dks fdlh uohu
ifj.kke ij igq¡pus esa enn djsx
a sA 'kks/k voLFkk esa igq¡pus ls iwoZ fd;k tkus okyk dk;Z
gS & v/;;u ds mís'; lqfoU;Lr djukA ewy :i ls] mís'; v/;;u ds ekxZn'kZu gsrq
ckxMksj dk dke djrs gSaA
tc mís';ksa dh :ijs[kk rS;kj gks tkrh gS rks 'kks/kdrkZ mu fof'k"V xq.kksa dh igpku
djrk gS ftudk og v/;;u djus dk ç;kl dj jgk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn og
fdlh leqnk; esa efgykvksa ds l'kfädj.k dk v/;;u dj jgk gks rks v/;;u ds
ifjorhZ dkjd f'k{kk vkSj vk; gks ldrs gSaA buds vykok vkSj Hkh dbZ dkjd gks ldrs
gSAa tc ge efgykvksa ds l'kfädj.k lac/a kh v/;;u esa f'k{kk vkSj vk; ifjorhZ ekurs
gSa rks ge ;g tkuus dk ç;kl djrs gSa fd efgyk l'kfädj.k mudh f'k{kk vkSj vk;
ij fdl çdkj fuHkZj djrk gSA
ifjdYiuk ;k çdYiuk ,d ç;ksxkRed dFku gksrk gS] tks fd 'kks/kdrkZ }kjk fdUgha nks
ifjorhZ dkjdksa ds chp laHkkfor lac/a k fo"k;d viuh vo/kkj.kk ds vk/kkj ij rS;kj
16
fd;k tkrk gSA ;g lkfgR; ds iqujkoyksdu vkSj mís';ksa ds xBu ds rqjra ckn “kks/k izk:i
fodflr fd;k tkrk gSA ifjdYiuk dqN vkSj ugha cl 'kks/kdrkZ dk og voyksdu gh
gS tks mlus miyC/k lkfgR; ,oa vk¡dM+kas ds vk/kkj ij fd;k] vkSj vc vius 'kks/k ds
ek/;e ls mls lR; vFkok vlR; fl) djus dks rS;kj gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] rVh;
leqnk; dh efgykvksa ds l'kfädj.k esa Lo;a lgk;rk lewgksa ¼ SHGs½ dh Hkwfedk dk
vUos"k.k djus okyk 'kks/kdrkZ viuh ifjdYiuk bl dFku ds lkFk xfBr djsxk fd
fu.kZ;u esa bu lewgksa ¼SHGs½ ls tqMh+ efgykvksa dh jk; muds ?kj vkSj xk¡o nksuksa
txg çeq[krk ls yh tkrh gSA rc 'kks/kdrkZ bl çdFku dks 'kks/k ds nkSjku ,df=r
vuqHkotU; vk¡dM+ksa ls fl) djus dk ç;kl djsxkA ;s vuqHkotU; vk¡dM+s dHkh&dHkh
ifjdYiuk dks fujLr Hkh dj nsrs gSAa
1-6-4 vk¡dM+kas ds lzksr
vkb,] le>sa fd vk¡dM+s D;k gSa\ vf/kdka'k 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa ds vuqlkj vk¡dM+s çklafxd rF;]
la[;k,¡ lwpuk ;k tkudkjh] ?kVuk,¡ vuqHko vkfn gksrs gSa] tks fd v/;;u dk vk/kkj
cu tkrs gSaA vk¡dM+s vrhr ls lac) gks ldrs gSa ¼;Fkk] tks igys gks pqdk gS½
rFkk@vFkok os orZeku ls lac) gks ldrs gSaA bl çØe esa ç'u ;g mBrk gS fd dksbZ
'kks/kkFkhZ vk¡dM+s dgk¡ ls çkIr djsA
vk¡dM+s ¼'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk ,d= dh xbZ lwpuk@tkudkjh dk laxzg½ f}rh;d gks ldrs gSa
;k fQj çkFkfedA f}rh;d vk¡dM+s çdkf'kr iqLrdksa ,oa i=&if=dkvksa] iwoZ 'kks/k ys[kks]a
ljdkjh nLrkostks]a fjiksZaVks]a vfHkys[kks]a vksfM;ks ,oa ohfM;ks Vsi] o vU; miyC/k lkexzh
ls çkIr fd, tk ldrs gSAa nwljh vksj] çkFkfed vk¡dM+s os gSa tks 'kks/kdrkZ vius Je ls
çR;{k ,d= djus dk ç;kl djrk gSA
v/;;u gsrq pqus x, O;fä vFkok O;fä lewg çkFkfed vk¡dM+ksa ds lzkrs cu tkrs gSAa os
O;fä tks vk¡dM+s çnku djrs gS]a lwpuknkrk ¼informants½ dgykrs gSaA rnuqlkj]
lwpuknkrk vk¡dM+s ugha gksrs( os 'kks/kdrkZ ds fy, vk¡dM+ksa ds lzkrs gksrs gSAa vk¡dM+s os gSa
tks 'kCnksa ds ek/;e ls vFkok —R;ksa ds ek/;e ls gesa dqN crkrs gSAa
1-6-5 v/;;u {ks=
,d ckj çlax r; gks tkus ds ckn vxyk pj.k gksxk & v/;;u dk LFkku igpkuukA
bl LFkku dk vFkZ gS & og HkkSxksfyd {ks= vFkok LFkku tgk¡ v/;;u djk;k tk,xkA
bl HkkSxksfyd {ks= fo'ks"k ds Hkhrj gh 'kks/kdrkZ ml vkcknh ;k tu leqnk; dh igpku
djrk gS ftldk v/;;u fd;k tk,xkA bls gh v/;;u {ks= ¼universe of study½ dgk
tkrk gSA lexz vko';d ugha fd og HkkSfrd LFkku vFkok fBdkuk gh gks tgk¡ 'kks/k
fd;k tkuk gSA ;g v/;;u fd;k tkus okyk dksbZ lkekftd lewg Hkh gks ldrk gSA
v/;;u ds mís'; ls lexz lwpuknkrkvksa ds :i esa dqN yksxksa dk p;u 'kks/k esa ,d
Jelk/; dk;Z dgykrk gSA lexz u dsoy yksxksa dks cfYd LFkkuks]a laxBuks]a ifjokjks]a
yksd O;ogkj] xq.kksa ,oa vo/kkj.kkvksa vkfn dks Hkh lekfo"V@bafxr djrk gSA le;]
ÅtkZ ,oa miyC/k lalk/kuksa tSls dkjdksa dh ck/;rkvksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, 'kks/kdrkZ
dks vk¡dM+k laxzg.k ds mís'; ls dqN gh lwpuknkrkvksa dks pquuk gksxkA cM+h la[;k esa
ls dqN dk gh ;g p;u uewuk ;k ^çfrn'kZ* dgykrk gSA
1-6-6 vk¡dM+k laxzg.k dh fof/k;k ¡
fdlh 'kks/k dk izk:i dks rS;kj djus dk vxyk pj.k vk¡dM+kas dk laxgz .k gh gSA
f}rh;d vk¡dM+s iqLrdky;ksa o vU; laxBuksa ls çkIr fd, tk ldrs gSa] tcfd çkFkfed
17
Lkkekftd “kks/k djuk vk¡dM+ksa dks {ks= dk;Z vFkok losZ{k.k ls çkIr fd;k tkrk gSA {ks= dk;Z ds ek/;e ls
vk¡dM+ksa dk laxzg.k voyksdu] lk{kkRdkj] dsl LVMh vkfn vusd rduhdksa dk ç;ksx
dj fd;k tk ldrk gSA bu rduhdksa ds fo"k; esa ge vkxkeh bdkb;ksa esa foLrkj ls
i<+x as As losZ{k.k ds ek/;e ls vk¡dM+ksa dk laxgz .k vkerkSj ij ç'ukofy;ksa dk ç;ksx dj
fd;k tkrk gSA lekt'kkfL=;ksa }kjk ,df=r vk¡dM+s viuh ç—fr esa ek=kRed vFkok
xq.kkRed gks ldrs gSAa ek=kRed vk¡dM+s la[;kRed gksrs gS]a ;Fkk bUgsa vadksa esa fxuk tk
ldrk gS] tSls & fdlh ifjokj esa ,sls lnL;ksa dh la[;k tks 18 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds
gSAa bl çdkj ds vk¡dM+s tux.kuk fof/k ls ,d= fd, tkrs gSAa tux.kuk fof/k ds
fo"k; esa ge bdkbZ 5 esa foLrkj ls i<saxAs nwljh vksj] xq.kkRed vk¡dM+s viuh ç—fr esa
o.kZukRed gksrs gSaA bUgsa la[;k inksa esa ugha O;ä fd;k tk ldrk] tSls fd ekU;rkvksa
,oa ewY;ksa ls lac) vk¡dM+As bl çdkj ds vk¡dM+s voyksdu] lk{kkRdkj] dsl LVMh vkfn
fof/k;ksa ls ,d= fd, tkrs gSAa fdlh ç'ukoyh esa dqN ç'u xq.kkRed vk¡dM+ksa ds fy,
rS;kj fd, tk ldrs gSaA dbZ lekt'kkL=h vius 'kks/k ds fy, ek=kRed vkSj xq.kkRed
nksuksa çdkj ds vk¡dM+s ,d= djrs gSAa 'kks/kdrkZ vius v/;;u ds mís';ksa vkSj dk;Z{ks=]
foÙkh; lalk/kuksa ,oa v/;;ukFkZ miyC/k le; ij fuHkZj djrs gq, 'kks/k dh ,d ;k ,d
ls vf/kd rduhdsa viuk ldrk gSA
1-6-7 fo'ys"k.k vkSj fjiksVZ ys[ku
laxzg fd, x, vk¡dM+ksa dk fo'ys"k.k 'kks/k dk vfregRoiw.kZ pj.k gksrk gSA ;gh og
çfØ;k gS ftlds nkSjku vifj"—r vk¡dM+kas & la[;kvksa vFkok dFkuksa dk dksbZ laxzg
ek= & dks lkFkZd fu"d"kksZa esa cny fn;k tkrk gSA laxfz gr vk¡dM+ksa dks dwVc)] mís';ksa
ds vk/kkj ij rkfydkc)] fdlh jSf[kd Øe esa lajfpr vkSj fQj fujhf{kr fd, tkus dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA vk¡dM+kas dk ijh{k.k og tkudkjh çdV djrk gS ftlls ge viuh
ifjdYiukvksa dh tk¡p dj ldrs gSAa ifj.kker% 'kks/kdrkZ orZeku v/;;uksa ds lkFk
ifj.kkeksa dh çklafxdrk lR;kfir dj ldrk gSA fo'ys"kd lkaf[;dh; rduhdksa dk
ç;ksx dj vk¡dM+ksa dk fo'ys"k.k dj ldrk gS] tSls & lkekftd foKku gsrq lkaf[;dh;
iSdt
s ¼SPSS½A
tfVy vkSj my>s gq, vk¡dM+kas dks vklku fo'ys"k.k ds fy, ljy Jsf.k;ksa vkSj
rkfydkvksa esa oxhZ—r fd;k tk ldrk gSA fo'ys"k.k ds nkSjku vk¡dM+ksa dks dwVc)
djuk çFke çfØ;k gksrh gSA blesa lHkh mÙkjnkrkvksa ds vk;q] f'k{kk] vk;] fyax] ifjokj
vkfn ds çdkj vuqlkj vk¡dM+kas ds leLr lewg dks a, b, c, d vkfn dksbZ dksM vFkok
ladrs fpà ns fn;k tkrk gSA lax`ghr vk¡dM+kas dks fQj bUgha dksM ;k ladrs fpàksa ds
:i esa ntZ fd;k tkrk gSA bl çdkj ntZ fd, x, vk¡dM+kas dks fQj fu"d"kZ çkIr djus
ds fy, rkfydk,¡ cukus ds fy, fxu fy;k tkrk gSA
vk¡dM+ksa dks dwVc) djus] laikfnr djus vkSj rkfydkc) djus ds fy, 'kks/kdrkZ
dEI;wVj vkSj lkW¶Vos;j tSlh vk/kqfud çkS|ksfxdh dk ç;ksx dj ldrk gSA dEI;wVj
;qx ds iwoZ 'kks/kdrkZ vk¡dM+kas dks dwVc) vkSj rkfydkc) djus ds fy, pkVZ ç;ksx
djrs FksA 'kks/kdrkZvksa dh orZeku ih<+h dks vk/kqfud çkS|ksfxdh dk ojnku çkIr gqvk gS]
ftlls le; vkSj ÅtkZ nksuksa dh cpr gksrh gSA uohure lkW¶Vos;j 'kks/kdrkZvksa dks <sj
lkjs pjksa ds lkFk vklkuh ls vk¡dM+kas dh cM+h la[;k ds ifj.kke Kkr djus esa enn
djrs gSAa rkfydkvksa dh la[;kvksa dks fQj çfr'krrk esa cny fn;k tkrk gS] ftlesa
vk¡dM+s vkSj vf/kd cks/kxE; gks tkrs gSAa rkfydk&pkfyr vk¡dM+s fp=e; çLrqfr nsus esa
enn djrs gS]a tSls & çokg lafp=] o`Ùk[kaM js[kkfp=] naM vkjs[k vkSj vk;r fp=A

18
eq[; :i ls voyksdu ,oa lk{kkRdkj dh rduhdksa ds ek/;e ls çkIr fd, x, vk¡dM+ksa “kks/k izk:i
dks fdlh lS)kafrd çk/kkj esa fo'ysf"kr fd, tkus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA mnkgj.k ds
fy,] fyax fo"k;d fdlh v/;;u ds vk¡dM+ksa dk ekDlZoknh ukjhokn vFkok fdlh vU;
çk/kkj esa j[kdj fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA 'kks/kdrkZ fdlh ,sls lS)kafrd çk/kkj dks
pquus dk fu.kZ; ysrk gS tks mlds fo'ys"k.k dk ekxZn'kZu djsA lkFk gh] vko';d gksxk
fd xq.kkRed vk¡dM+kas dh rqyuk ek=kRed vk¡dM+kas ls dh tk ldsA nwljs 'kCnksa es]a ;fn
'kks/kdrkZ us vk¡dM+s la[;kRed :i esa ,d= fd, gSa rks mudk fo'ys"k.k xq.kkRed
vk¡dM+ksa ls lacaf/kr gh gksA dqN vU; v/;;u ,sls gksrs gSa ftuesa 'kks/kkFkhZ dks dsoy
xq.kkRed vk¡dM+kas ij gh fo'okl djuk gksrk gSA fo'ys"k.k ds ckn 'kks/kdrkZ dks og jhfr
Li"V djuh gksrh gS ftlesa og v/;;u ds ifj.kkeksa dks çLrqr djsxkA ;s ifj.kke 'kks/k
fjiksV]Z fdlh iqLrd vFkok 'kks/k ys[k ds :i esa çLrqr fd, tk ldrs gSAa
cks/k ç'u 2
1- {ks= dk;Z esa ç;qä vk¡dM+k laxzg.k dh fdUgha rhu rduhdksa dk o.kZu djsaA
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2- çkFkfed vk¡dM+ksa vkSj f}rh;d vk¡dM+ksa ds chp varj Li"V djsAa

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1-7 lkjka'k
bdkbZ dk vkjaHk geus lkekftd foKku esa 'kks/k dh ç—fr vkSj dk;Z{ks= ds laf{kIr
fooj.k ds lkFk fd;kA fQj geus lkekftd foKku esa 'kks/k ds dqN çeq[k çdkjksa dh
O;k[;k çLrqr dh] tSls ewyHkwr 'kks/k] vuqi;qä 'kks/k] leUos"kh 'kks/k] ç;ksxkRed 'kks/k
vkSj ewY;kadu 'kks/kA var esa geus vius ifj;kstuk dk;Z gsrq 'kks/k izk:i rS;kj djus dh
fof/k tkuhA geus leL;k ds çdFku] v/;;u ds vkSfpR; vkSj çklafxd lkfgR; ds
iqujkoyksdu dks ppkZ ds dsaæ esa j[kkA blds vykok] geus vk¡dM+ksa ds lzksrksa ,oa
fo'ys"k.k ds lkFk v/;;u ds mís';ksa vkSj ifjdYiukvksa dks xfBr djus ds fo"k; esa Hkh
ppkZ dhA
1-8 lanHkZ
Bhandarkar, P.L and T.S. Wilkinson. 2004. Methodology and Techniques of
Social Research. Himalaya Publishing House: Delhi.
Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) course material:
Anthropology and Research Mehods (BANC 131) 2020. IGNOU: New Delhi.

19
Lkkekftd “kks/k djuk Kothari, C.R. 2008. Research Methodology Methods & Techniques. New Age
International (P) Limited, Publishers: New Delhi.
Ruane, Janet M. 2005. Essentials of Research Methods: A Guide to Social
Science Research. Blackwell Publishing: USA.
Young, Pauline V. 2003. Scientific Social Surveys and Research. Fourth edition.
Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Limited: New Delhi.

1-9 cks/k ç'uksa ds mÙkj

cks/k ç'u 1
1- 'kks/k fdlh fof'k"V fo"k; ij lqO;ofLFkr vkSj mís';iw.kZ <ax ls fd;k x;k
v/;;u gksrk gSA
2- i) C
ii) A
iii) B
cks/k ç'u 2
1- {ks= dk;Z esa ç;qä vk¡dM+k laxzg.k dh rhu rduhdsa gSa &
¼i½ voyksdu ¼ii½ lk{kkRdkj ¼iii½ dsl LVMh
2- çkFkfed vk¡dM+s 'kks/kdrkZvksa }kjk eq[;r% {ks= dk;Z ds ek/;e ls ,d= fd, tk
ldrs gSa] ftlesa ç;qä 'kks/k midj.k gSa & lk{kkRdkj] ç'ukoyh vkSj vuqlp w hA
f}rh;d vk¡dM+kas esa iqLrdks]a i=&if=dkvks]a ljdkjh vfHkys[kks]a fjiksVksZa]
nLrkostks]a lekpkj i=ksa o vU; çdkf'kr lkekfxz;ksa ls çkIr lwpuk@tkudkjh
'kkfey gksrh gSA

20