Chapter 2 Motion in One Dimension

Exercise (A)

1.Differentiate between the scalar and vector quantities, giving

two examples of each.

Solution
Scalar Vector

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They are expressed only by They are expressed by
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their magnitudes. magnitude as well as direction.
They can be added, They can be added, subtracted
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subtracted, multiplied or or multiplied following a
divided by simple arithmetic different algebra.
methods.
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They are symbolically They are symbolically written

written by English letter. by their English letter with an
arrow on top of the letter.
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Example: mass, speed Example: force, velocity

2. State whether the following quantity is a scalar or vector?

a) pressure d) force
b) momentum e) energy
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c) weight f) speed

Solution
a) Pressure is a scalar quantity.
b) Momentum is a vector quantity.
c) Weight is a vector quantity.
d) Force is a vector quantity.
e) Energy is a scalar quantity.
f) Speed is a scalar quantity.

3.When is a body said to be at rest?

Solution
A body is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with
respect to its immediate surroundings.

4. When is a body said to be in motion?

Solution
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N A D
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A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to
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its immediate surroundings.

5. What do you mean by motion in one direction?

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Solution
When a body moves along a straight line path, its motion is said to be
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one-dimensional motion.

6.Define displacement. State its unit.

Solution
The shortest distance from the initial to the final position of the body
is called the magnitude of displacement. It is in the direction from the
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initial position to the final position.

Its SI unit is metre (m).

7.Differentiate between distance and displacement.

Solution
Distance is a scalar quantity, while displacement is a vector quantity.
The magnitude of displacement is either equal to or less than the
distance. The distance is the length of path travelled by the body so it
is always positive, but the displacement is the shortest length in
direction from initial to the final position so it can be positive or
negative depending on its direction. The displacement can be zero
even if the distance is not zero.

8.Can displacement be zero even if the distance is not zero? Give

one example to explain your answer.

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Solution
Yes, displacement can be zero even if the distance is not zero.
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For example, when a body is thrown vertically upwards from a point
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A on the ground, after sometime it comes back to the same point A.
Then, the displacement is zero, but the distance travelled by the body
is not zero (it is 2h; h is the maximum height attained by the body).
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9.When is the magnitude of displacement equal to the distance?

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Solution
The magnitude of displacement is equal to distance if the motion of
the body is one-dimensional.

10. Define velocity. State its unit.

Solution
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The velocity of a body is the distance travelled per second by the

body in a specified direction.
Its SI unit is metre/second (m/s).
11.Define speed. What is its S.I. unit?

Solution
The speed of a body is the rate of change of distance with time.
Its SI unit is metre/second (m/s).

12.Distinguish between speed and velocity.

Solution

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Speed is a scalar quantity, while velocity is a vector quantity. The
speed is always positive-it is the magnitude of velocity, but the
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velocity is given a positive or negative sign depending upon its
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direction of motion. The average velocity can be zero but the average
speed is never zero.
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13.Which of the quantity-speed or velocity-gives the direction of

motion of a body?
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Solution
Velocity gives the direction of motion of the body.

14.When is instantaneous speed the same as the average speed?

Solution
Instantaneous velocity is equal to average velocity if the body is in
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uniform motion.

15.Distinguish between uniform velocity and variable velocity.

Solution
If a body travels equal distances in equal intervals of time along a
particular direction, then the body is said to be moving with a uniform
velocity. However, if a body travels unequal distances in a particular
direction in equal intervals of time or it moves equal distances in
equal intervals of time but its direction of motion does not remain
same, then the velocity of the body is said to be variable (or non-
uniform).

16.Distinguish between average speed and average velocity.

Solution
Average speed is the ratio of the total distance travelled by the body

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to the total time of journey, it is never zero. If the velocity of a body
moving in a particular direction changes with time, then the ratio of
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displacement to the time taken in entire journey is called its average
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velocity. Average velocity of a body can be zero even if its average
speed is not zero.
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17.Give an example of the motion of a body moving with a

constant speed but with a variable velocity. Draw a diagram to
represent such a motion.
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Solution
The motion of a body in a circular path with uniform speed has a
variable velocity because in the circular path, the direction of motion
of the body continuously changes with time.
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18.Give an example of motion in which the average speed is not
zero but the average velocity is zero.

Solution
If a body starts its motion from a point and comes back to the same
point after a certain time, then the displacement is zero, average
velocity is also zero, but the total distance travelled is not zero, and
therefore, the average speed in not zero.

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19.Define acceleration. State its unit.
N A D
CO N
Solution
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Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with time.
Its SI unit is metre/second2 (m/s2).
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20.Distinguish between acceleration and retardation.

Solution
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Acceleration is the increase in velocity per second, while retardation

is the decrease in velocity per second. Thus, retardation is negative
acceleration. In general, acceleration is taken positive, while
retardation is taken negative.

21.Differentiate between uniform acceleration and variable

acceleration.
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Solution
The acceleration is said to be uniform when equal changes in velocity
take place in equal intervals of time, but if the change in velocity is
not the same in the same intervals of time, the acceleration is said to
be variable.
22.What is meant by the term retardation? Name its S.I. unit.

Solution
Retardation is the decrease in velocity per second.
Its SI unit is metre/second2 (m/s2).

23.Which of the quantity-velocity or acceleration-determines the

direction of motion?

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Solution
Velocity determines the direction of motion.
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24.Give one example of each type of following motion:
(a) Uniform velocity (b) Variable velocity
(c) Variable acceleration (d) Uniform retardation.
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Solution
(a) Example of uniform velocity: A body, once started, moves on a
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frictionless surface with uniform velocity.

(b) Example of variable velocity: A ball dropped from some height is
an example of variable velocity.
(c) Example of variable acceleration: The motion of a vehicle on a
crowded road is with variable acceleration.
(d) Example of uniform retardation: If a car moving with a velocity 'v'
is brought to rest by applying brakes, then such a motion is an
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example of uniform retardation.

25.The diagram (Fig. 4.6) below shows the pattern of the oil
dripping on the road at a constant rate from a moving car. What
information do you get from it about the motion of the car.
Solution
Initially as the drops are equidistant, we can say that the car is moving
with a constant speed but later as the distance between the drops starts
decreasing, we can say that the car slows down.

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26. Define the term acceleration due to gravity. State its average
value.
N A D
CO N
Solution
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When a body falls freely under gravity, the acceleration produced in
the body due to the Earth's gravitational acceleration is called the
acceleration due to gravity (g). The average value of g is 9.8 m/s2.
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27.'The value of g remains the same at all places on the Earth's

surface'. Is this statement true? Give reason for your answer.
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Solution
No. The value of 'g' varies from place to place. It is maximum at poles
and minimum at the Equator on the surface of the Earth.

28.If a stone and a pencil are dropped simultaneously in vacuum

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from the top of a tower, then which of the two will reach the
ground first? Give reason.

Solution
In vacuum, both will reach the ground simultaneously because
acceleration due to gravity is same (=g) on both objects.
MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE :

1. The vector quantity is :

a. Work
b. Pressure
c. Distance
d. velocity

Solution

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Velocity is a vector quantity. The others are all scalar quantities.
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2.The S.I. unit of velocity is
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1. km h-1 T IO
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2. m min-1
3. km rnin-1
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4. m s-1

Solution
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m s-1

3.The unit of retardation is

1. m s-1
2. m s-2
3. m
4. m s2
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Solution
m s-2

4. A body when projected up with an initial velocity u goes to a

height h in time t and then comes back at the point of projection.
The correct statement is
1. The average velocity is 2 h/t.
2. The acceleration is zero.
3. The final velocity on reaching the point of projection is 2 u.
4. The displacement is zero.

Solution
The displacement is zero.

5. 18 km h-1 is equal to
1. 10 m s-1

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2. 5 m s-1
3. 18 m s-1
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4. 1.8 m s-1
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Solution
5 m s-1
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NUMERICAL:
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1. The speed of a car is 72 km h-1. Express it in m s-1.

Solution
Speed of car = 72 km h-1
Speed of car in ms-1
×
= = 20 m/s
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2.Express 15 m s-1 in km h-1.

Solution
15m/s = × 3600 km/hr
Or, 15 m/s = 54 km/hr -1
3. Express each of the following in m s-1.
a. 1 km h-1
b. 18 km min-1

Solution
a) 1km h -1
1 km =1000 m
1 h =3600 s
∴ 1km h -1 = 1 × = ms-1

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b) 18 km min-1

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1 km = 1000 m
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1 min = 60 s
∴ 18 km min-1 = 18 × = 300 ms-1
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4. Arrange the following speeds in increasing order.

10 m s-1, 1 km min-1 and 18 km h-1.
[Hint: 1 km min-1 = 16.65 m s-1, 18 km h-1= 5 m s-1]
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Solution
18 km h-1 < 10 m s-1 < 1 km min-1

5. A train takes 3 hours to travel from Agra to Delhi with a

uniform speed of 65 km h-1. Find the distance between the two
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cities.

Solution
Total time taken = 3 hours
Speed of the train = 65 km/hr
Distance travelled = speed × time
= 65×3 = 195 km
6.A car travels the first 30 km with a uniform speed of 60 km h-1
and the next 30 km with a uniform speed of 40 km h-1. Calculate:
(i) The total time of journey, (ii)The average speed of the car.

Solution
For the first 30 km travelled, speed = 60 km/h.
Thus time taken (t1) =

= h-1

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= 0.5 h-1 or 30 min.
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For the next 30 km travelled, speed = 40 km/h
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Thus time taken (t2) =

= h-1
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= 0.75 h-1 or 45 min.

(i) Total time = (30 + 45) min

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= 75 min or 1.25 h.
(ii) Average speed of the car = Total distance travelled/total time
taken
= = 48 km h-1
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7. A train takes 2 h to reach station B from station A, and then 3 h

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to return from station B to station A. The distance between the

two stations is 200 km. Find: (i) The average speed, (ii) The
average velocity of the train.

Solution
Here, total distance = (200 + 200) km = 400 km
Total time taken = (2 + 3) h = 5 h
$% & ' ( &&
(i) Average speed =
% & ) *
 = = 80 km h -1
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(ii) Average velocity of the train is zero because the train stops at the
same point from where it starts, i.e. the displacement is zero.

8.A car moving on a straight path covers a distance of 1 km due

east in 100 s. What is (i) the speed and (ii) velocity of the car?

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Solution
(i) Speed of the car =
) *
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= = = 10 m/s
+ +
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(ii) Velocity of car = Speed with direction
= 10 m/s due east
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9. A body starts from rest and acquires a velocity 10m s-1 in 2 s.

Find the acceleration.
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Solution
Here, final velocity = 10 m/s
Initial velocity = 0 m/s
Time taken = 2s
,- & . &% /01 & . &% /2
Acceleration =
)
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= ms-2
= 5 ms-2

10. A car starting from rest acquires a velocity 180m s-1 in 0.05 h.
Find the acceleration.
Solution
Here, final velocity = 180 m/s
Initial velocity = 0 m/s
Time taken = 0.05 h or 180 s
,- & . &% /01 & . &% /2
Acceleration =
)
, 0 2
= m s-2
= 1 m s-2

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11. A body is moving vertically upwards. Its velocity changes at a
constant rate from 50 m s-1 to 20 m s-1 in 3 s. What is its
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acceleration?
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Solution
Here, final velocity = 20 m/s
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Initial velocity = 50 m/s

Time taken = 3 s
,- & . &% /01 & . &% /2
Acceleration =
)
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, 0 2
= m/s-2
= -10 m/s
Negative sign here indicates that the velocity decreases with time, so
retardation is 10 m/s.

12.A toy car initially moving with uniform velocity of 18 km h-1

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comes to a stop in 2 s. Find the retardation of the car in S.I. units.

Solution
Here, final velocity = 18 km/h or 5 m/s
Initial velocity = 0 km/h
Time taken = 2 s
,- & . &% /01 & . &% /2
Acceleration =
)
 , 0 2
= m s-2
= 2.5 m s-2

13.A car accelerates at a rate of 5 m s-2. Find the increase in its

velocity in 2 s.

Solution
1 ' ( &% /
Acceleration =
) *

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Therefore, increase in velocity = Acceleration × time taken
= (5 × 2) m/s
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= 10 m/s
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14. A car is moving with a velocity 20 m s-1. The brakes are
applied to retard it at a rate of 2 m s-2. What will be the velocity
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after 5 s of applying the brakes?

Solution
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Initial velocity of the car, u = 20 m/s

Retardation = 2 m/s2
Given time, t = 5 s
Let 'v' be the final velocity.
3 %4 5 6 %4 ( &% /
We know that, Acceleration =
)
,- & ( &% /01 & ( &% /2
=
)
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,( 0 2
Or, -2 =
Or, -10 = v - 20
Or, v = -20 + 10 m/s
Or, v = -10 m/s
Negative sign indicates that the velocity is decreasing.
15.A bicycle initially moving with a velocity 5.0 m s-1 accelerates
for 5 s at a rate of 2 m s-2. What will be its final velocity?

Solution
Initial velocity of the bicycle, u = 5 m/s
Acceleration = 2 m/s2
Given time, t = 5 s
Let 'v' be the final velocity.
3 %4 5 6 %4 ( &% /
We know that, acceleration =

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)
,- & ( &% /01 & ( &% /2
=
)
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,( 0 2
Or 2 =
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Or, 10 = (v - 5)
Or, v = 5 + 10
Or, v = 15 m/s
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16. A car is moving in a straight line with speed 18 km h-1. It is

stopped in 5 s by applying the brakes. Find (i) the speed of car in
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ms-1, (ii) the retardation and (iii) the speed of car after 2 s of
applying the brakes.

Solution
Initial velocity of the bicycle, u = 18 km/hr
Time taken, t = 5 s-1
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Final velocity, v = 0 m/s (As the car comes to rest)

×
(i) Speed in m/s = =5m/s
×

(ii) Retardation = (Final velocity - Initial velocity)/time taken

, 0 2
Or, Retardation = ms-2 =1ms-2
(iii) Let 'V' be the speed of the car after 2 s of applying the brakes.
,. 0 2
Then, Acceleration =
,. 0 2
Or, -1 =
Or, V = -2 + 5
Or, V = 3 m/s

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 EXERCISE –B

1. For the motion with uniform velocity, how is the distance

travelled related to the time ?

Solution
For the motion with uniform velocity, distance is directly proportional
to time.

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2.What information about the motion of a body is obtained from
the displacement-time graph?
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Solution
From displacement-time graph, the nature of motion (or state of rest)
can be understood. The slope of this graph gives the value of velocity
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of the body at any instant of time, using which the velocity-time graph
can also be drawn.
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3. (a)What does the slope of a displacement-time graph

represent?
(b)Can displacement-time sketch be parallel to the displacement
axis? Give a reason to your answer.

Solution
(a) Slope of a displacement-time graph represents velocity.
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(b) The displacement-time graph can never be parallel to the

displacement axis because such a line would mean that the distance
covered by the body in a certain direction increases without any
increase in time, which is not possible.
4. Draw a displacement-time graph for a boy going to school with
uniform velocity.

Solution

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5. State how the velocity-time graph can be used to find (i) The
acceleration of a body, (ii) The distance travelled by the body in a
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given time and (iii) The displacement of the body in a given time.

Solution
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(i) The slope of the velocity-time graph gives the value of

acceleration.
(ii) The total distance travelled by a body in a given time is given by
the area enclosed between the velocity-time graph and X-axis
(without any sign).
(iii) The displacement of a body in a given time is given by the area
enclosed between the velocity-time graph and X-axis (with proper
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signs).

6.What can you say about the nature of motion of a body if its
displacement-time graph is
(a) A straight line parallel to the time axis?
(b) A straight line inclined to the time axis with an acute angle?
(c) A straight line inclined to the time axis with an obtuse angle?
(d) A curve.

Solution
(a) There is no motion, the body is at rest.
(b) It depicts that the body is moving away from the starting point
with uniform velocity.
(c) It depicts that the body is moving towards the starting point with
uniform velocity.
(d) It depicts that the body is moving with variable velocity.

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7. Fig. 4.32 shows the displacement-time graph of two vehicles A
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and B moving along a straight road. Which vehicle is moving
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faster? Give reason.
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Solution
Vehicle A is moving with a faster speed because the slope of line A is
more than the slope of line B.
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8.State the type of motion represented by the following sketches in

Fig. 4.33 (a) and (b).
Give an example of each type of motion.

Solution

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(a) Fig. 4.33 (a) represents uniformly accelerated motion. For
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example, the motion of a freely falling object.

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(b) Fig. 4.33 (b) represents motion with variable retardation. For
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example, a car approaching its destination.

9.Draw a velocity-time graph for a body moving with an initial

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velocity u and uniform acceleration a. Use this graph to find the

distance travelled by the body in time t.
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Solution
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In this graph, initial velocity = u

Velocity at time t = v
Let acceleration be 'a'
Time = t
Then, distance travelled by the body in t s = area between the v-t
graph and X-axis
Or distance travelled by the body in t s = area of the trapezium OABD
= × (sum of parallel sides) × (perpendicular distance between
them)
= × (u + v) × (t)
,7 8 (2
=

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10.What does the slope of velocity-time graph represent?
N A D
CO N
Solution
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The slope of the velocity-time graph represents acceleration.

11. Fig. 4.34 shows the velocity-time graphs for two cars A and B
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moving in the same direction. Which car has greater

acceleration? Give reasons to your answer.
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Solution
Car B has greater acceleration because the slope of line B is more
than the slope of line A.
12.Sketch the shape of the velocity-time graph for a body moving
with (a) Uniform velocity and (b) Uniform acceleration.

Solution

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N A D
CO N
Velocity-time for a body moving with uniform velocity and uniform
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acceleration.

13.The velocity-time graph for a uniformly retarded body is a

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straight line inclined to the time axis with an obtuse angle. How is
retardation calculated from the velocity-time graph?
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Solution
retardation is calculated by finding the negative slope.

14.The figure shows the displacement - time graph for four bodies
A, B C and D. In each case state what information do you get
about the acceleration (zero, positive or negative).
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Solution
For body A: The graph is a straight line. So, the slope gives constant
velocity. Hence, the acceleration for body A is zero.

For body B: The graph is a straight line. So, the slope gives constant
velocity. Hence, the acceleration for body B is also zero.

For body C: The slope of the graph is decreasing with time. Hence,
the acceleration is negative.

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For body D: The slope of the graph is increasing with time. Hence,
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the acceleration is positive.
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15.Draw a graph for acceleration against time for a uniformly
accelerated motion. How can it be used to find the change in
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speed in a certain interval of time?

Solution
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The area enclosed between the straight line and time axis for each
interval of time gives the value of change in speed in that interval of
time.
16.Draw a velocity-time graph for the free fall of a body under
gravity starting from rest. Take g =10m s-2

Solution

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N A D
CO N
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17.How is the distance related with time for motion under
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uniform acceleration such as the motion of a freely falling body?

Solution
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For motion under uniform acceleration, such as the motion of a freely

falling body, distance is directly proportion to the square of the time.

18.A body falls freely from a certain height. Show graphically the
relation between the distance fallen and square of time. How will
you determine g from this graph?
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Solution
The value of acceleration due to gravity (g) can be obtained by
doubling the slope of the s-t2 graph for a freely falling body.

MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE :

1. The velocity-time graph of a body in motion is a straight line

inclined to the time axis. The correct statement is
1. Velocity is uniform

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2. Acceleration is uniform
3. Both velocity and acceleration are uniform
N A D
CO N
4. Neither velocity nor acceleration is uniform.
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Solution
B
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Acceleration is uniform.

2.For a uniformly retarded motion, the velocity-time graph is

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1. A curve
2. A straight line parallel to the time axis
3. A straight line perpendicular to the time axis.
4. A straight line inclined to the time axis.

Solution
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A straight line inclined to the time axis.

3. For uniform motion

1. The distance-time graph is a straight line parallel to the time axis.
2. The speed-time graph is a straight line inclined to the time axis.
3. The speed-time graph is a straight line parallel to the time axis.
4. The acceleration-time graph is a straight line parallel to the time
axis.
Solution
The solution is C.
The speed-time graph is a straight line parallel to the time axis.

NUMERICAL:

1.Fig. 2.37 (a) shows the displacement-time graph for the motion
of a body. Use it to calculate the velocity of body at t = 1 s, 2 s and

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3 s, and then draw the velocity-time graph in Fig. (b) for it.
N A D
CO N
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Solution
Velocity of body at t = 1s is 2 m/s
Velocity of body at t = 2s is 4 m/s
Velocity of body at t = 3s is 6 m/s
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2.The following table gives the displacement of a car at different
instants of time.
Time(s) 0 1 2 3 4
Displacement (m) 0 5 10 15 20
(a) Draw the displacement-time sketch and find the average velocity
of the car.
(b) What will be the displacement of the car at
(i) 2.5 s and (ii) 4.5 s?

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Solution
(a)
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Displacement-time graph
From the part AB of the graph,
, & ) 90 & ) :2
Average velocity =
$) *
, 0 2)
=
, 0 2
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= m/s
= 5 m/s
(b) (i) From the graph, the displacement of car at 2.5 s is 12.5 m.
(ii) From the graph, the displacement of car at 4.5 s is 22.5 m.
3. A body is moving in a straight line and its displacement at
various instants of time is given in the following table
Time (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Displacement (m) 2 6 12 12 12 18 22 24

Plot the displacement-time graph and calculate

(i) Total distance travelled in the interval 1 s to 5 s.
(ii) Average velocity in time interval 1 s to 5 s.

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Solution N A D
CO N
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(i) Total distance travelled in interval 1s to 5s = 18m - 6m = 12 m.

(ii) Average velocity = Total displacement in the given time
'( &
, i.e. 1 s to 5 s.
$) '( &
)
Or, Average velocity = = 3 m/s.
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4.In Fig. 2.38, the displacement of a body is shown at different
times.
(a) Calculate the velocity of the body as it moves for (i) 0 to 5 s, (ii)
5 s to 7 s and (iii) 7 s to 9 s.

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N A D
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(b) Calculate the average velocity during the time interval 5 s to 9 s.
[Hint : From 5 s to 9 s, displacement = 7 m - 3 m = 4 m]
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Solution
& )
(a) (i) Velocity from 0 to 5 s =
)
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= m/s
= 0.6 m/s-1

& )
(ii) Velocity from 5 s to 7 s =
)
= m/s
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= 0 m/s-1.

& )
(iii) Velocity from 7 s to 9 s =
)
, 0 2
= m/s
,; 0 2

= m/s
= 2 m/s-1
(b) From, 5 s to 9 s, displacement = 7m - 3m = 4m.
Time elapsed between 5 s to 9 s = 4 s
& )
Average velocity =
)
= m/s
= 1 m/s-1

5. From the displacement-time graph of a cyclist given below in

the Fig. 2.39, find

O T IS
(i) The average velocity in the first 4 s,
(ii) The displacement from the initial position at the end of 10 s,
N A D
CO N
(iii) The time after which he reaches the starting point.
O UC AA
T IO
PY
ED PR
©

Solution
(i) Displacement in first 4s = 10 m
& )
D

Therefore, the average velocity =

)
= m/s
= 2.5 m/s-1

(ii) Initial position = 0 m

Final position at the end of 10 s = -10m
Displacement = Final position - Initial position
= (-10) m - 0
= -10 m

(iii) At 7 s and 13 s, the cyclist reaches his starting point.

6. Fig. 2.40 below represents the displacement-time sketch of

motion of two cars A and B. Find
(i) The distance by which the car B was initially ahead of car A.
(ii) Velocities of car A and car B.
(iii) The time in which the car A catches car B.

O T IS
(iv) The distance from start when the car A will catch car B.
N A D
CO N
O UC AA
T IO
PY
ED PR
©

Solution
(i) Initially, the car B was 40 km ahead of car A.
(ii) Straight line depicts that cars A and B are moving with uniform
D

velocities.
For car A
Displacement at t = 1 h is 40 m
& )
Velocity =
)
= km/h
= 40 km/h-1
For car B
Displacement at t = 4 h is (120 - 40) km, i.e. 80 km
& )
Velocity =
)
= km/h
= 20 km/h-1
(iii) Car A catches car B in 2 hours.
(iv) After starting, car A will catch car B at 80 km.

O T IS
7. A body at rest is dropped from the top of a tower.
Draw a displacement-time graph and state whether the motion is
N A D
CO N
uniform or non-uniform.
O UC AA
T IO
PY
Solution
ED PR
©
D

The graph is curve therefore the motion is with non-uniform velocity.

8. Fig. 2.41 (a) shows the velocity-time graph for the motion of a
body. Use it to find the displacement of the body at t = 1 s, 2 s, 3 s
and 4 s, then draw on Fig. 4.39(b), the displacement-time graph
for it.
 O T IS
Solution
Velocity of the body at t = 1 s is 1 m/s.
N A D
CO N
Displacement of the body at t = 1 s is velocity × time = (1) × (1) m or
O UC AA
1 m. T IO
PY
Velocity of the body at t = 2s is 2 m/s.
Displacement of the body at t = 1 s is velocity × time = (2) × (2) m or
ED PR

4 m.
Velocity of the body at t = 3 s is 3 m/s.
Displacement of the body at t = 3 s is velocity × time = (3) × (3) m or
9m
©
D
9.given below shows a velocity-time graph for a car starting from
rest. The graph has three parts AB, BC and CD.

(i) State how the distance travelled in any part is determined from this

O T IS
graph.
(ii) Compare the distance travelled in part BC with the distance
N A D
CO N
travelled in part AB.
O UC AA
T IO
PY
(iii) Which part of graph shows motion with uniform (a) velocity (b)
acceleration (c) retardation?
(iv) (a) Is the magnitude of acceleration higher or lower than that of
ED PR

retardation? Give a reasons.

(b) Compare the magnitude of acceleration and retardation.
©

Solution
(i) Distance travelled in any part of the graph can be determined by
finding the area enclosed by the graph in that part with the time axis.
(ii) Distance travelled in part BC = Area of the rectangle tBC2t =
base × height.
= (2t - t) × vo
= v ot
D

Distance travelled in part AB = Area of the triangle ABt

= × base × height
= × t × vo
= vo t
Therefore, distance travelled in part BC:distance travelled in part AB
:: 2:1.
(iii)
(a) BC shows motion with uniform velocity.
(b) AB shows motion with uniform acceleration.
(c) CD shows motion with uniform retardation.

(iv)
(a) The magnitude of acceleration is lower as the slope of line AB is
less than that of line CD.
(<
(b) Slope of line AB =

O T IS
Slope of line CD =
(<
.
N A D
CO N
><

Slope of line AB/Slope of line CD = = ?

>< B
O UC AA
T IO
PY
@.A?
Slope of line AB:Slope of line CD :: 1:2.
ED PR

10.The velocity-time graph of a moving body is given below in

Fig. 2.43.
©
D

Find
(i) The acceleration in parts AB, BC and CD.
(ii) Displacement in each part AB, BC and CD.
(iii) Total displacement.
Solution
(i) Acceleration in the part AB = Slope of AB
= tan (∠BAD)
= ms-2
= 7.5 ms-2

Acceleration in the part BC = 0 ms-2

Acceleration in the part CD = slope of CD = -tan (∠CDA)

O T IS
=- ms-2
= -15 ms-2
N A D
CO N
O UC AA
T IO
PY
(ii) Displacement of part AB = Area of ΔAB4 = (4) (30)
= 60 m
Displacement of part BC = Area of rectangle 4BC8
ED PR

= (30) × (4) = 120 m

Displacement of part CD = Area of ΔC8D = (2) (30)
©

= 30 m

11. A ball moves on a smooth floor in a straight line with uniform

velocity 10 m s-1 for 6 s. At t = 6 s, the ball hits a wall and comes
back along the same line to the starting point with the same
speed. Draw the velocity-time graph and use it to find the total
distance travelled by the ball and its displacement.
D

Solution
Distance travelled in first 6 s = velocity × time
= 10 m/s × 6
= 60 m/s

Distance travelled in next 6 s = velocity × time

= 10 m/s × 6
= 60 m/s

Total distance travelled in 12 s = (60 + 60) m = 120 m

O T IS
Total displacement = 0, as the ball returns its starting point.
N A D
CO N
O UC AA
T IO
PY
12. Fig. 2.44 shows the velocity-time graph of a particle moving in
a straight line.
ED PR
©

(i) State the nature of motion of particle.

(ii) Find the displacement of particle at t = 6 s.
(iii) Does the particle change its direction of motion?
(iv) Compare the distance travelled by the particle from 0 to 4 s and
D

from 4 s to 6 s.
(v) Find the acceleration from 0 to 4 s and retardation from 4 s to 6 s

Solution
(i) From 0 to 4 seconds, the motion is uniformly accelerated and from
4 to 6 seconds, the motion is uniformly retarded.
(ii) Displacement of the particle at 6 s = (6) (2) = 6 m

(iii) The particle does not change its direction of motion.

(iv) Distance travelled by the particle from 0 to 4s (D1) = (4) (2)

=4m
Distance travelled by the particle from 4 to 6s (D2) = (2) (2) = 2

O T IS
m
D1:D2:: 4:2 N A D
CO N
D1:D2:: 2:1
O UC AA
T IO
PY
(v) Acceleration from 0 to 4 s = ms-2 or 0.5 ms-2
Retardation from 4 s to 6 s = ms-2 or 1 ms-2.
ED PR
©
D
 EXERCISE – C

1. Write three equations of uniformly accelerated motion relating

the initial velocity (u), final velocity (v), time (t), acceleration (a)
and displacement (S).

Solution
Three equations of a uniformly accelerated motion are
v = u + at
s = ut +
O T IS
at2
N A D
CO N
v2 = u2 + 2as
O UC AA
T IO
PY
2.Derive the following equations for uniformly accelerated
motion:
(i) v = u + at
ED PR

(ii) s= ut + at2
(iii) v2 = u2 + 2aS
©

where the symbols have their usual meanings.

Solution
Derivation of equations of motion
First equation of motion:
Consider a particle moving along a straight line with uniform
acceleration 'a'. At t = 0, let the particle be at A and u be its initial
D

velocity, and at t = t, let v be its final velocity.

D5 6 ( &% /
Acceleration =
$)
,E 0 F2
= at = v - u v = u+ at ... First equation of motion.
G
Second equation of motion: Average velocity =
HIGJK LM+GJNOP G#JEPKPL +
= ...(1)
HIGJK GM P GJ PN :( ' 6 ( &% / G
,F8E2 ,F8E2
Average velocity can be written as Average velocity =
...(2)
+ ,F8E2
From equations (1) and (2) = ...(3)
G
The first equation of motion is v = u + at.

O T IS
Substituting the value of v in equation (3), we get
+ ,F 8 F 8 JG2 G JG Q FG JG Q
= = (2u + at) = 2ut + = +
G
N A D
CO N
R
s = ut + at2 …Second equation of motion.
S
O UC AA
T IO
PY
Third equation of motion: The first equation of motion is v = u + at.
v - u = at ... (1)
+
Average velocity = ...(2)
ED PR

G
,F8E2
Average velocity = ...(3)
From equation (2) and equation (3) we get,
©

,F8E2 +
= ...(4)
G
Multiplying eq (1) and eq (4) we get,
+
(v - u)(v + u) = at × (v - u)(v + u) = 2as
G
[We make the use of the identity a2 - b2 = (a + b) (a - b)]
v2 - u2 = 2as ...Third equation of motion.
D

3. Write an expression for the distance S covered in time t by a

body which is initially at rest and starts moving with a constant
acceleration a.

Solution
Distance = s, time = t, initial velocity u = 0 and acceleration = a.
Using the second equation of motion and substituting the above
values we get,
s = ut + at2
s = at2

MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE :

1.The correct equation of motion is

O T IS
1. v = u + As
2. v = ut + a
N A D
CO N
3. s= ut + at
O UC AA
T IO
PY
4. v = u + at

Solution
ED PR

v = u + at

2. A car starting from rest accelerates uniformly to acquire a

©

speed 20 km h-1 in 30 min. The distance travelled by a car in this

time interval will be
1. 600 km
2. 5 km
3. 6 km
4. 10 km
D

Solution
5 km

NUMERICAL:

1.A body starts from rest with uniform acceleration 2 m s-2. Find
the distance covered by the body in 2 s.
Solution
Initial velocity u = 0
Acceleration a = 2 m/s2
Time t = 2 s
Let 'S' be the distance covered.
Using the second equation of motion,
S = ut + at2
S=0+ (2) (2) 2

O T IS
S=4m N A D
CO N
2. A body starts with an initial velocity of 10m s-1 and acceleration
O UC AA
T IO
5 m s-2. Find the distance covered by it in 5 s.

PY
Solution
ED PR

Initial velocity u = 10 m/s

Acceleration a = 5 m/s2
Time t = 5s
©

Let 'S' be the distance covered.

Using the second equation of motion,
S = ut + at2
S = (10)(5) + (5) (5) 2
S = 50 + 62.5
S = 112.5 m
D

3. A vehicle is accelerating on a straight road. Its velocity at any

instant is 30 km/h. After 2s, it is 33.6 km/h, and after further 2 s,
it is 37.2 km/h. Find the acceleration of the vehicle in m s-2. Is the
acceleration uniform?
Solution
D5 6 ( &% /
Acceleration =
) *
In the first two seconds,
, . 0 2
Acceleration = W X km/h2
= 1.8 km/h2
= 0.5 m/s2 …(i)

In the next two seconds,

O T IS
, . – . 2
Acceleration = W
N A D X km/h2
= 1.8 km/h2

CO N
= 0.5 m/s-2…(ii)
O UC AA
T IO
PY
From (i) and (ii), we can say that the acceleration is uniform.

4.A body, initially at rest, starts moving with a constant

ED PR

acceleration 2 m s-2. Calculate: (i) the velocity acquired and (ii)

the distance travelled in 5 s.
©

Solution
Initial velocity u = 0 m/s
Acceleration a = 2 m/s2
Time t = 5 s
(i) Let 'v' be the final velocity.
,( 0 72
Then, =2
D

v = 10 m/s-1

(ii) Let 's' be the distance travelled.

Using the third equation of motion,
v2 - u2 = 2as
We get,
(10) 2 - (0) 2 = 2(2) (s)
Thus, s = m = 25 m

5. A bullet initially moving with a velocity 20 m/s strikes a target

and comes to rest after penetrating a distance 10 cm into the
target. Calculate the retardation caused by the target.

Solution
Initial velocity u = 20 m/s
Final velocity v = 0

O T IS
Distance travelled s = 10 cm = 0.1 m
N A D
CO N
Let acceleration be 'a'.
Using the third equation of motion,
O UC AA
T IO
PY
v2 - u2 = 2as
We get,
(0) 2 - (20) 2 = 2(a) (0.1)
ED PR

a=- m/s2
.
a = -2000 m/s2
Thus, retardation = 2000 m/s-2
©

6. A train moving with a velocity of 20 m s-1 is brought to rest by

applying brakes in 5 s. Calculate the retardation.

Solution
Initial velocity u = 20 m/s
D

Final velocity v = 0
Time taken t = 5 s
Let acceleration be 'a'.
Using the first equation of motion,
v = u + at
0 = 20 + 5a
a = -4 m/s-2
Thus, retardation = 4 m/s-2
7.A train travels with a speed of 60 km h-1 from station A to
station B and then comes back with a speed 80 km h-1 from
station B to station A.
Find
(i) The average speed
(ii) The average velocity of the train.

Solution
Let 's' be the distance between stations A and B.

O T IS
$% &
(i) Average speed =
% & ) *
N A D
CO N
Here, total distance = s + s = 2s
Total time taken = Time taken to travel from A to B + Time taken to
O UC AA
T IO
PY
travel from B to A.
= + s
ED PR

=
+ ×
∴ average speed = Z[@ \ =
[]@@\
©

Average speed = 68.57 km/h-1

& )
(ii) Average velocity =
% & ) *
Because the train starts and ends at the same station, the displacement
is zero. Thus the average velocity is zero.
D

8. A train is moving with a velocity of 90 km h-1. When the brakes

are applied, retardation produced is 0.5 ms-2.
Find
(i) The velocity after 10 s
(ii) The time taken by the train to come to rest.

Solution
Initial velocity u = 90 km/h = 25 m/s
Final velocity v = 0 m/s
Acceleration a = -0.5 m/s2

(i) Let 'V' be the velocity after time t = 10 s

Using the first equation of motion,
v = u + at
We get,
V = 25 + (-0.5) (10) m/s
V = 25 - 5 = 20 m/s-1

O T IS
(ii) Let t' be the time taken by the train to come to rest.
Using the first equation of motion,
N A D
CO N
v = u + at
O UC AA
T IO
PY
We get,
, 0 2
t' = W Xs
,0 . 2
t' = 50 s
ED PR

9. A car travels a distance 100 m with constant acceleration and

average velocity of 20 ms-1. The final velocity acquired by the car
©

is 25 ms-1.
Find
(i) The initial velocity.
(ii) Acceleration of the car.

Solution
D

Distance travelled s = 100 m

Average velocity V = 20 m/s
Final velocity v = 25 m/s

(i) Let u be the initial velocity.

,1 & ( &% /8- & ( &% /2
Average velocity =
,7 8 (2
V=
 ,7 8 2
20 =
u = 40 - 25 = 15 m/s-1

(ii) Let 'a' be the acceleration of the car.

Using the third equation of motion,
v2 - u2 = 2as
We get,
(25) 2 - (15) 2 = 2 (a) (100)
625 - 225 = 200 a
a=
O T IS
m/s2 = 2 m/s-2
N A D
CO N
O UC AA
T IO
10. When brakes are applied to a bus, retardation produced is 25

PY
cm s-2 and the bus takes 20 s to stop.
Calculate
ED PR

(i) The initial velocity of the bus

(ii) The distance travelled by the bus during this time.
©

Solution
Final velocity v = 0
Acceleration = -25 cm/s2 or -0.25 m/s2
Time taken t = 20 s
(i) Let 'u' be the initial velocity.
Using the first equation of motion,
v = u + at
D

We get,
u = v - at
u = 0 - (-0.25)(20) = 5 m/s-1

(ii) Let 's' be the distance travelled.

Using the third equation of motion,
v2 - u2 = 2as
We get,
(0) 2 - (5)2 = 2 (-0.25) (s)
s= = 50 m.
.

11.A body moves from rest with uniform acceleration and travels
270 m in 3 s. Find the velocity of the body at 10 s after the start.

Solution
Initial velocity u = 0 m/s
Distance travelled s = 270 m

O T IS
Time taken to travel s distance = 3 s
N A D
CO N
Let 'a' be the uniform acceleration.
Using the second equation of motion,
O UC AA
T IO
PY
S = ut + at2
We get,
ED PR

270 = 0 + a (3)2
;
270 =
a = 60 m/s2
©

Let v be the velocity of the body 10 s after the start.

Using the first equation of motion, we get
v = u + at
v = 0 + (60)(10) = 600 m/s-1
D

12.A body moving with a constant acceleration travels the

distances 3 m and 8 m, respectively in 1 s and 2 s.
Calculate:
(i) The initial velocity.
(ii) The acceleration of body.
Solution
Let the constant acceleration with which the body moves be 'a'.
Given, the body travels distance S1 = 3 m in time t1 = 1 s.
Same body travels distance S2 = 8 m in time t2 = 2 s.

(i) Let 'u' be the initial velocity.

Using the second equation of motion,
S = ut + at2

O T IS
Substituting the value for S1 and S2, we get
S1= ut1+ ^_ .............(i)
N A D
CO N
S2 = ut2+ ^_ ............(ii)
O UC AA
T IO
PY
Subtracting (i)- from- (ii) we get :
S1- S2 = u(t1 – t2 ) + a(_ − _ )
∴(8-3)= u(2-1)+ a(4-1)
ED PR

∴5=u+ a
0 F
Or, a = W X
©

Substituting –the – value – of –‘a’ –in – equation(i), we get

0 F
S1= ut1+ W X_
0F
Or, 3 = u + (1)2
Or , 9 = 3u + 5 – u
Or, 9 = 2u+ 5
D

Or,u = 2m/s

(ii) Putting u = 2 m/s in the equation

0 F
a=
we get,
0 , 2
a= m/s2
a = m/s2
a= 2m/s2

13 A car travels with uniform velocity of 25 m s-1 for 5 s. The

brakes are then applied and the car is uniformly retarded and
comes to rest in further 10 s. Find: (i) The distance which the car
travels before the brakes are applied, (ii) Retardation and (iii)
The distance travelled by the car after applying the brakes.

Solution
O T IS
N A D
CO N
Initial velocity u = 25 m/s
Final velocity v = 0
O UC AA
T IO
PY
(i) Before the brakes are applied, let S be the distance travelled.
Distance = Speed × time
S = (25) × (5) m
ED PR

S = 125 m
,- & ( &% /01 & ( &% /2
(ii) Acceleration =
$) *
, 0 2
= W Xms-2
©

0
= ms-2
= -2.5 ms-2
Therefore, retardation = 2.5 ms-2

(iii) After applying brakes, the time taken to come to stop = 10 s

D

Let S' be the distance travelled after applying the brakes.

Initial velocity u = 25 m/s
Final velocity v = 0
Using the third equation of motion,
v2 - u2 = 2as
We get,
(0) 2 - (25)2 = 2 (-2.5) (S')
625 = 5(S')
S' = 125 m

14 .A space craft flying in a straight course with velocity of 75 km

s-1 fires its rocket motors for 6.0 s. At the end of this time its speed
is 120 km s-1 in the same direction.
Find
(i) The space craft's average acceleration while the motors were firing
(ii) The distance travelled by the space craft in the first 10 s after the
rocket motors were started, the motors being in action for only 6 s.

Solution
O T IS
N A D
CO N
Given, the initial velocity u = 75 km/s
O UC AA
T IO
PY
Final velocity v = 120 km/s
Time taken = 6 s

,- & ( &% /01 & ( &% /2

ED PR

(i) Acceleration =
) *
, 0 2
= kms-2
©

= kms-2
= 7.5 kms-2

(ii) Distance travelled by the aircraft in the first 10 s = Distance

travelled in the first 6 s + Distance travelled in the next 4 s.
Distance travelled in the first 6s (S1) = ut + at2
D

(S1) = ut + at2
(S1) = (75)(6) + (7.5)(6)2
(S1) = 450 + 135
(S1) = 585 km

Distance travelled in the next 4 s (S2) = Speed × time

Speed at the end of 6 s is 120 km/s.
(S2) = (120) (4)
(S2) = 480 km
Thus, the distance travelled by the aircraft in the first 10 s = (S1) +
(S2) = 585 + 480 = 1065 km.

15 .A train starts from rest and accelerates uniformly at a rate of

2 m s-2 for 10 s. It then maintains a constant speed for 200 s. The
brakes are then applied and the train is uniformly retarded and
comes to rest in 50 s. Find

O T IS
(i) The maximum velocity reached,
(ii) The retardation in the last 50 s,
N A D
CO N
(iii) The total distance travelled,
O UC AA
T IO
PY
(iv) The average velocity of the train.

Solution
ED PR

(i) For the first 10 s, initial velocity u = 0

Acceleration a = 2 m/s2
Time taken t = 10 s
©

Let 'v' be the maximum velocity reached.

Using the first equation of motion
v = u + at
We get
V = (0) + (2) (10) = 20 m/s-1

(ii) For the last 50 s: Final velocity = 0 m/s, initial velocity = 20 m/s.
D

,- & ( &% /01 & ( &% /2

Acceleration =
)
, 0 2
= = -0.4 m/s2
Retardation = 0.4 m/s-2

(iii) Total distance travelled = Distance travelled in the first 10 s +

Distance travelled in 200 s + Distance travelled in last 50 s
Distance travelled in first 10s (s1) = ut + at2
S1= (0) + (2) (10)2
S1= 100 m

Distance travelled in 200s (s2) = speed × time

S2 = (20) (200) = 4000 m

Distance travelled in last 50s (s3) = ut + at2

O T IS
Here, u = 20 m/s, t = 50 s and a = -0.4 m/s2
N A D
CO N
S3= (20)(50) + (-0.4) (50)2
O UC AA
S3= 1000 - 500T IO
PY
S3= 500 m
Therefore, total distance travelled = S1 + S2 + S3 = 100 + 4000 + 500
ED PR

= 4600 m

$% & ' ( &&

(iv) Average velocity =
% & ) *
©

= m/s
= 17.69 m/s-1
D
 ©
ED PR
D
O UC AA
N A D
O T IS
T IO
CO N
PY