09-Jul-22

Introduction
Project Implementationstageinvolves
transforming the project proposal into the
actual project or reality.
– Project implementation refers to the execution of all tasks that are necessary to
The project implementation stage brings the project from the feasibility

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• The responsibility for implementing the project

is usually entrusted with an implementation
team.
• The team comprises of a number of experts in
various fields such as finance, technology, law
and engineering, etc.

• Once the decision for implementing the project

is taken, it is necessary that the preparation for
starting the project is made.
• The preparation includes:
• Obtaining government approvals,
• Fulfilling legal processes,
• Collecting and planning finance,
• Construction and installation,
• Supply of materials,
• Making the organizational set up,
• Acquisition of land and technology and so on.

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Pre-requisites for successful project implementation

• Adequate formation
• sound project organization
• proper implementation planning
• timely available of funds
• judicious equipment
tendering and procurement
• efficient contract management
• effective monitoring, etc
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Project implementation planning

Comprehensive project planning covers the following:

•Planning the project work
•Planning the manpower and organization
•Planning the money
•Planning the information system

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Project objectives and policies

• Often the focus of project planning is on

questions like who does what and when.

• Before such operational planning is

done, the objectives and policies
guiding the project planning exercise
must be articulated.

Work breakdown structure (WBS)

• It represents a systematic and logical
breakdown of the project into its component
parts.
• It is constructed by dividing the project in to
its major parts, with each of these being
further divided in to sub parts.
• This is continued till a breakdown is done in
terms of manageable units of work for
which responsibility can be defined.

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Tools of planning
• Gantt chart
• Network Techniques

Bar or Gantt Chart

An illustrative Bar Chart

Activities
Time in weeks from project start
10 20 30 40

Design

Purchase of parts

Fabrication

Assembly

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•A Gantt chart is a graphical

representation of the duration of tasks
against the progression of time.
• A Gantt chart is a useful tool for planning,
scheduling and monitoring projects.
The advantages of the bar chart are:
• It is simple to understand
• It can be used to show progress
• It can be used for manpower planning

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Network Techniques
• In this technique, the
• activities,
• events, and
• their relationships
are presented by a network diagram, also
called an arrow diagram.

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The advantages of network technique:

• It can effectively handle inter relationships
among project activities
• It identify the activities which are critical to the
completion of the project on time ad indicate the
float (spare time ) for other activities
• It can handle very large and complex projects and
• It can be easily computerized and updated

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Basic Network terminologies

•An activity is a task or a job that
takes time and resources
• It is represented in a network by
an arrow.
• The arrow doesn’t have any
relationship with a scale.
• Example: Excavate the land, Dig
foundations, Lay foundations, Build a wall,
etc.

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• Activity: For project managers, an activity is an element of the

project that requires time. It may or may not require resources.

• Typically an activity consumes time—either while people work

or while people wait. Examples of the latter are time waiting
for contracts to be signed, materials to arrive, drug approval by
the government, budget clearance, etc.

• Activities usually represent one or more tasks from a work

package. Descriptions of activities should use verb/noun
format: for example, develop product specifications.

• Merge activity: This is an activity that has more than one

activity immediately preceding it (more than one dependency
arrow flowing to it).

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• Preceding and Succeeding Activities: Activities performed

before given events are known as preceding activities, and
activities performed after given events are known as
succeeding activities.

• Parallel activities: These are activities that can take place at

the same time, if the manager wishes. However, the manager
may choose to have parallel activities not occur
simultaneously.

• Path: A sequence of connected, dependent activities.

• Critical path: When this term is used, it means the path(s)
with the longest duration through the network; if an activity on
the path is delayed, the project is delayed the same amount of
time.

• Event: This term is used to represent a point in time when an

activity is started or completed. It does not consume time.

• Burst activity: This activity has more than one activity

immediately following it (more than one dependency arrow

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In a network analysis, it is important

to establish:
• The activities involved in the project,
• Their logical relationship, ex. Building
a wall comes after laying the
foundation.
• An estimate of the time that an activity
is going to take

An event is a point in time and indicates the start or finish of an a

An event is represented in a network by a circle.
The establishment of activities automatically determines events because th
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Dummyactivity:anactivitythat
does not consume time or resources.
It shows merely the dependencies or
proper relationship between
activities.
A dotted arrow represents dummy.

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Network: this is the combination of activities, dummy activities and events in logical

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Activity Identification
• Short description: example, Lay foundation,
erect frame, etc.
• Alphabetic or numeric code: example, A, B,
C, etc., or 100, 101, 108 etc.
• Using tail and head event numbers:
example, 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 3-6, etc

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Example,
A building project consists of the following
activities: A = Lay foundation
B = Erect
framework C =
install millwork D
= install wiring
E = install
plumbing F =
plaster walls
G = install siding
H = decorate the
interior I = finish the

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The interrelationship among

these activities is as follows:
• A should precede B
• B should precede C, D, E, F, and G
• C, D, E and F should precede H
• G should precede I

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Giventheaboveinterrelationshipthe
network diagram for the project is:
A Network Diagram
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H
1 A 2 3 7 9
B D
E
F 5

G 6
I

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Network exercise 1
Activity Preceding Activity
A -
B _
C A
D A
E A
F C
G C
H C
J B, D
K F, J
L E, H, G, K
M E, H
N L, M

Draw the network diagram?

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Answer 3
M

7
E
8

A H
1
L N
0 C
G
4 6
D

B F

J K
5

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The Critical Path Method (CPM)

• The Critical path of a network gives the
chain of activities and the shortest time
in which the whole project can be
completed;

• There may be two critical paths and the

critical path can pass through a dummy.

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Exercise
Activity Preceding Activity Activity durations (Weeks)
A - 9
B _ 3
C A 8
D A 2
E A 3
F C 2
G C 6
H C 1
J B, D 4
K F, J 1
L E, H, G, K 2
M E, H 3
N L, M 4

Required: Find the critical path and the duration for this project.

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Answer
3
M (3)

7
E (3) 8

N (4)
A (9) H (1)
1
L (2)
C (8)
G (6)
4 6
D (2)

B (3) F (2)

2
K (1)
J (4)
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Critical path : A, C, G, L and N

Project duration : 29 Weeks

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