12) LINEAR INEQUALITIES
29/10/
12.1 INTRODUCTION
In earlier classes we have learnt that all whole numbers and integers can be represented o
number line, and then their relative positos.
compared them based on
3 2
Fig. 12.1
For example,
-4 is the left of -2. Therefore, -4 is less than -2 and is denoted
on
by -4 <-2
3 is on the right of -1. Therefore, 3 is greater than -1 and is denoted by 3 >
For the comparison of two numbers a and b, we have the following relationship:
For any two numbers, a and b, one and only one of the following relationship holds:
a <bor a>bor a = b
12.2 INEQUALITY
An inequality is a mathematical statement in which the value on the left side is
the value on the right side using an inequality symbol (<, S,>, 2). compared w
For example, the inequality 5p +3 < 13 is a
comparison between the expression 5p +3 and b
value 13. The symbol < indicates that 5p + 3 is less than
13.
PRACTICE EXERCISE 12.1
1. If a<5, determine which of the
folowing inequalities are true.
(a) a< 10 lcue (b) a<2 False
(c) +2 <7
a
Taue (d) -a>-5
If
m >-3, determine which of the
following
(a) m>-1
inequalities are true.
(b) -m> -3 (c) m +2<-1
3. If p q, compare the values of the (d) 27m> -6
following pairs of numbers:
(a) 2p-5 and 2g-5 -2q (b) -1 -2p and -1
12.3 SOLVING LINEAR INEQUALITIES
The solution inequality 1s the set ot values for the
to an
vamnle, 2 is the solution to the
o < variable that make the
ineauality
than 2 is substituted into the inequaity bp +3<
inequality, the left side will 13 because; when any
lino be less than 13 numbe
an inequality, we can make use or the
1. When a number is added to or subtracted from both
following two properties of
sides of
numbers:
holds. an
Ifa<b,then a + c <b+c.
inequality, the
the inequ
ine
Ifasb,then a -d<b-d.
Linear Inequalities 115
2.When both sicdes ofan inequality are multiplied by a non-zero number c, the inequality holds;
the inequality holds for c>0, but the inequality sign is reversed for e < 0.
Ifa <b, then ac < bc, if c > 0.
If a< b, then ac > bc, if c < 0.
Thereare stmilar properties for the cases, a s b,a>b and a 2 b.
Using the properties of inequalities, we can solve inequalities in one unknown like
4x+3< 15 and 2y -3 2 5y +8.
Inequalities of these forms are called linear inequalities in one unknown.
Domain of the Variable
While solving a linear inequality, its domain is important. With the change of the domain, the
solution of the
inequality changes.
Examples: 1. Solution of x < 3,
(a) If x e N, then the solution of the inequality is x = 1, 2.
(6) If xe W, then the solution of the inequality
is x 0, 1,2. =
( f xE I (or 2), then the solution ofthe inequality is r = .. -5, 4,-3,-2,-1, 0, 1, 2.
2. Solution of
2x 2-5,
(a) If xe N, then the solution of the inequality is x 1,2, 3, . =
(b) If x e W, then the solution of the inequality is x =0, 1, 2, 3, ...
(c) If xe I (or Z), then the solution of the inequality is x = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,..
Observe carefully the following examples wherein some linear inequalities have been solved and
their solutions are represented on a number line.
Example 1. Solve 4x +3 < 19, x E N and represent the solution set on a number line.
Solution: Here, 4x+3< 19
or 4x +3-3 < 19-3
or 4x<16
10 1 2 3 4 56
Fig. 12.2
x<4
x = 1,2,3.
Thus,
Example 2. Solve x +62 13, xE W and represent the solution set on a number line.
Solution: Here, x +62 13
or x +6-62 13-6
10 1 23 4 5 67 8 9
x27
Fig. 12.3
Thus, x =
7,8, 9,.
EXample 3. Solve 0< 4x - 10< 10, x E I and representthe solution set on a number line.
Solution: Here, 0 <4r - 10 < 10
This gives, 0<4x-10 and 4x 10<10
or 4x> 10 and 4x <20
x> 2.5 and
-1
x< 5
2 3
Fig. 12.4
Thus, r=3 and 4.
ample 4. Solve-6 22x-42-12, x e Wand represent the solution set on a n u m b e rl i n e .
Solution: Here, 6 2 r -42-12
This gives, 6 2 r - 4 and 21-42-12
ICSE
undamen tals of Mathema
116
or 2r-2 and 21 2-8
r2-4
Itimplies S-1 and
whicn is
ess than-1 and.
is whole number
Solution set is p, as there no
than-4.
representation is possibie.
Hence, no graphical
PRACTICE EXERCISE 12.2
Write the solution set for each of
the following inequations: (c) 2x-3<7,xe Z
1.
3x-1 s 14, x E W
(a) x+7< 14, xe N (b) N
d) 12 2r<-6, x e Z e) 3x+ 5 <10-2x,xE on a
number line:
inequations
set of each of the following (c)-2<x -1 < 12, xeN
2. Represent the solution
Z xE
b2x +3< 10,
ta) 3x-4<5, xE W rS2x + 1 S9,xE
W ()-5< x -4 <9-2x,1s
xe W
<5, ()
Ad)4 <2x+1
value of r for which 3r
+ 15 6, where < 0.)
3. Find the minimum
then find the value of x.
2x +3< 15 and x is a perfect square,
4. If 9
<
SELF-ASsESSMENT EXERCISE
and represent the solution on a numbe=
inequalities (Q. Nos. 1 to 4)
Solve the following linear
1. 3x+5< 17, x EN
2. 2x+3< 15, xE N
3. 2x- 19 s 7x +6, xE W
4. 3x-8s 7x + 16, XEZ
value of x for which 3x 15 2 6, wherex E N.
+
5/Find the minimum
then find the value of x.
6. If 9x-2 4x+ 8 and x is a perfect square,
<
Write a linear inequality
in the form
ax +b< cx +d such that the solution is x>8, where
and d are constants.
Sharpen Your Skills!
1, Find the least value of x for which 2X- 19 s 7x + 6, x E I
The nroduct of 2,205 and m is a square number. What is the least value of m?
3. A
100.
Mathematics
A student scored
examination
57 in consists
Paper . of
If his
twototal
papers,
score
I and
hasII.toEach
be atpaper
least has
120maximum
in order ma
in orderto
the examination, what should be his score in Paper I12
