CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that
Anurag Raj a student of
class XII (B) Roll No:
has successfully
completed the research on
the below mentioned
project under the guidance
of Mr Deepak Tripathi
during the year 2024-2025
in partial fulfillment of
physics practical
conducted by as per CBSE
PHYSIC TEACHER : EXTERNAL EXAMNER:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special
thanks of gratitude to my physics
teacher Mr. Deepak Tripathi for
providing me with the opportunity
to work on this beautiful project.
Secondly, I would also like to
thank my parents and friends
who helped me to finish this
project within the limited time
frame.
Finally, I would like to thank
everyone without whose help I
could not have completed my
project successfully.
INDEX
Introduction
Objective
Materials Required
Theory
Procedure
Observation
Calculation
Results
Precautions
Sources of error
Introduction
In optics, the refractive index
(a.k.a. refraction index) of an
optical medium is a
dimensionless number that
indicates the light-bending ability
of that medium.
The refractive index
determines how
much the path of
light is bent, or
refracted when
entering a material.
This is described by
Snell's law of
refraction, n1 sin θ1
= n2 sin θ2, where
θ1 and θ2 are the
angles
of incidence and refraction,
respectively, of a ray crossing the
interface between two media with
refractive indices n1 and n2.
Objective
To find the refractive index of
water, oil using a plane mirror
and an equiconvex lens and an
adjustable object needle.
Materials Required
Convex lens
Plane mirror
Water
Oil
Clamp stand
An Optical needle
Plumb line
Knitting needle
Half meter scale
Glass slab
Spherometer
Theory
If f1 and f2 be the focal length
of glass convex lens and liquid
lens and F be the focal length
of their combination then
Liquid lens formed is a
planoconcave lens with R1= R
(radius of curvature of convex
lens surface), R2 =∞
Where n=Refractive index of the
liquid
R=The radius of the curvature
of the convex lens.
The radius of the lower surface of
the convex lens is given by:
Here, l is the average distance
between the legs of the
spherometer and h is the
difference in the reading of the
spherometer when placed first
on the convex lens and then on
plane mirror.
Fig: Focal length of glass convex
les and liquid lens combination
Procedure
For focal length of convex lens
1. Take any one convex lens and
find its rough focal length.
2. Take a plane mirror and
place it on the horizontal
base of the iron stand.
3. Place the convex lens on the
plane mirror.
4. Screw tight the optical needle
in the clamp of the stand and
hold it horizontally above the
lens at distance equal to its
rough focal length.
5. Move the needle up and
down and remove parallax
between tips of the needle
and its image.
6. Measure distance between tip
and upper surface of the lens
by using a plumb line and half
metre scale.
7. Also measure distance
between tip and the surface of
its plane mirror.
For focal length of the
combination
1. Take a few drops of
transparent liquid on the plane
mirror and put the convex lens
over it with its same face
above as before (A piano
concave liquid lens is formed
between plane mirror and
convex lens).
2. Repeat steps 6, 7 and 8.
3. Record your observations as
given below.
For radius of curvature of
convex lens surface:
1. Determine the pitch
and the least count of
the spherometer.
2. Remove the convex lens
and dry incompletely. Put
the spherometer on this
lens surface.
3. All the three legs of the
spherometer should be
placed symmetrically on
the lens and adjust the
central screw tip to touch
the surface of the lens.
4. Remove the spherometer
from the surface of the lens
and place on the plane mirror
surface and record the
reading.
5. Repeat the steps 10 and 11
three times.
6. Obtain the impressions of
the three legs of the
spherometer on a paper
and mark them and their
average distance.
Observation
Pitch of the spherometer = 1 cm
Least count of the spherometer = 0.01 cm
Distance between the legs:
(1) AB = 3 cm
(2) BC = 3 cm
7. CA = 3 cm
Calculation
Mean distance between two legs
Mean of h
= (0.555+0.6)/2 =0.5775 cm
To find the radius of the
curvature of the convex
lens:
R = l2 /6h + h/2 = 2.8861 cm
Measurement of refractive index of
water and oil
1) with
water between the
convex lens and the plane mirror:
2) With oil between the convex lens and
plane mirror
Results
The refractive index of
water is µ1 = 1.0831 The
refractive index of oil is
µ2 = 1.2886
Precautions
1. The plane mirror should be clean
and fully shining surface.
2. The liquid taken should be transparent.
3. The parallax should be removed tip to
tip.
4. The eye should be at a distance
about 30 cm from the needle while
removing the parallax.
5. Only few drops of liquid should be
taken so that its layer should be thick.
6. The legs of the spherometer should be
vertical.
7. The centre leg of the spherometer
should turn in one direction only.
Sources of error
1. Liquid
may not be quite
transparent.
2. The
parallax may not be fully
removed.
3. The
spherometer legs should be
placed symmetrical on the
surface of the convexlens.
4. Thetip of the central screw
should not just touch the surface
of lens or mirror.
Bibiliography
1) NCERT physics lab Manuel
2) INTERNET
3) www.yahoo.com
4) www.scribd.com
5) www.google.com
