MATH1013 Calculus IB Final Examination

L02–L09 (Fall 2024)

Part A: Multiple choice problems

2. Let 𝑎 and 𝑏 be real numbers and let 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ be the function

𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 if 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑓(𝑥) = { sin 𝑥 .
+ 2𝑥 if 𝑥 < 0
𝑥
If 𝑓 is differentiable at 0, what is the value of 𝑎?

A. 𝑎 = −1/2.
B. 𝑎 = 0.
C. 𝑎 = 1.
D. 𝑎 = 3/2.
E. 𝑎 = 2.

sin 𝑥
Solution: Firstly, 𝑓 is also continuous at 0, so 𝑓(0) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ ( + 2𝑥) = 1.
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥

Next, since 𝑓 is differentiable at 0, we have

sin 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(0) 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(0) ( 𝑥 + 2𝑥) − 1
𝑎 = lim+ = lim− = lim−
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
sin 𝑥 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 1 − sin 𝑥
= ( lim− 2
) + 2 = ( lim− ) + 2 = ( lim− )+2= 2
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 2𝑥 𝑥→0 2
according to ľHôpital’s rule.

3. Evaluate the integral

𝜋
4
∫ sec 2 𝑥 tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
0
A. 1/3.
B. 1 − 𝜋/4.
2√2−1
C. .
3

D. 2√2/3.
E. 2.

Solution: Let 𝑢 = tan 𝑥. Then we have 𝑑𝑢 = sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑢 = 0 when 𝑥 = 0, and 𝑢 = 1

when 𝑥 = 𝜋/4; so
𝜋
4
2 2
1 31 1
1
2
∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = [ 𝑢 ] = .
0 0 3 0 3

Page 1 of 18
MATH1013 Calculus IB Final Examination
L02–L09 (Fall 2024)

4. Evaluate the limit

𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 2 sin 𝑥
lim .
𝑥→0 𝑥3

A. 1/2.
B. 1/3.
C. 1/6.
D. 1/12.
E. The limit does not exist.

Solution: Easier way: For each 𝑥 ≠ 0, there exists 𝑡 between sin 𝑥 and 𝑥 such that
𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 2 sin 𝑥 = (2𝑒 2𝑡 )(𝑥 − sin 𝑥),
according to Mean Value Theorem. Therefore
𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 2 sin 𝑥 (2𝑒 2𝑡 )(𝑥 − sin 𝑥) 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
lim 3
= lim 3
= 2 (lim 𝑒 2𝑡 ) (lim )
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥3
= 2 ⋅ 1 ⋅ (1/6) = 1/3,
where the limit
𝑥 − sin 𝑥 1 − cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 1
lim 3
= lim 2
= lim =
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 3𝑥 𝑥→0 6𝑥 6
follows from ľHôpital’s rule. Tedious way: Directly apply ľHôpital’s rule 3 times.

5. To which of the following equations can we find an approximated real number solution using
Newton’s method with the initial trial 𝑥0 = 1?
(i) cos 𝑥 = 𝑥
(ii) 𝑒 𝑥−1 = 𝑥 + 1
(iii) 𝑥 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2

A. (i) only.
B. (i) and (ii) only.
C. (i) and (iii) only.
D. (ii) and (iii) only.
E. (i), (ii) and (iii).

𝑓(𝑥 )
Solution: Newton’s iteration formula 𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑓′ (𝑥𝑛 ) is valid only when 𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑛 ) ≠ 0. To
𝑛

solve equations (ii) and (iii) we use the functions

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥−1 − 𝑥 − 1 and 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 2;
′ (𝑥 ) ′ (1)
both of these functions have 𝑓 0 = 𝑓 = 0.

Page 2 of 18
MATH1013 Calculus IB Final Examination
L02–L09 (Fall 2024)

6. Let 𝑎 < 𝑐 < 𝑏 be real numbers and let 𝑓: (𝑎, 𝑏) → ℝ be a continuous function. If
>0 for 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑐 >0 for 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑐
′ (𝑥) ′′ (𝑥)
𝑓 {is undefined for 𝑥 = 𝑐 and 𝑓 {is undefined for 𝑥 = 𝑐 ,
>0 for 𝑐 < 𝑥 < 𝑏 <0 for 𝑐 < 𝑥 < 𝑏
which of the following is a correct description of the point with coordinates (𝑐, 𝑓(𝑐))?

A. It is a local maximum point of 𝑓.

B. It is a local minimum point of 𝑓.
C. It is a point of inflection of 𝑓.
D. It is not a point on the graph of 𝑓.
E. None of the previous is correct.

Solution: The concavity of 𝑓 changes before and after 𝑐; 𝑓 is concave upward on the
interval (𝑎, 𝑐) and is concave downward on the interval (𝑐, 𝑏).

7. Which of the following functions 𝐹 is/are an antiderivative of

𝑓(𝑥) = sec 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
on the interval (− 2 , 2 )?

(i) 𝐹(𝑥) = ln(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)

𝜋 𝑥
(ii) 𝐹(𝑥) = ln (tan ( − ))
4 2
1 1 + sin 𝑥
(iii) 𝐹(𝑥) = ln ( )
2 1 − sin 𝑥

A. None of them.
B. (i) only.
C. (i) and (ii) only.
D. (i) and (iii) only.
E. (i), (ii) and (iii).

Solution: The derivatives of the given functions are

1
(i) 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥 (sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + sec 2 𝑥) = sec 𝑥;

1 𝜋 𝑥 1 −1 −1
(ii) 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝜋 𝑥 sec 2 (4 − 2) (− 2) = 𝜋 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 = 𝜋 = − sec 𝑥;
tan( − ) 2 sin( − ) cos( − ) sin( −𝑥)
4 2 4 2 4 2 2

1 cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 1 2 cos 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥

(iii) 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 2 (1+sin 𝑥 − 1−sin 𝑥) = 2 1−sin2 𝑥 = 2 cos2 𝑥 = sec 𝑥.

Page 3 of 18
MATH1013 Calculus IB Final Examination
L02–L09 (Fall 2024)

8. Let 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ be a continuous function that is non-differentiable at 0. Let 𝑔: ℝ → ℝ be the

function
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑓(𝑥).
′ (0)
Compute 𝑔 if it exists.

A. 𝑔′ (0) = 0.
B. 𝑔′ (0) = 𝑓(0).
C. 𝑔′ (0) = 𝑓 ′ (0).
D. 𝑔′ (0) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑓 ′ (0).
E. 𝑔′ (0) does not exist.

Solution: By the definition of derivative, we have

𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑔(0) 𝑥𝑓(𝑥) − 0
𝑔′ (0) = lim = lim = lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0)
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0

as 𝑓 is continuous at 0.

9. Let 𝑓, 𝑔: [𝑎, 𝑏] → ℝ be continuous functions, both differentiable on (𝑎, 𝑏), such that
𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 𝑔(𝑥) for every 𝑥 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏].
Which of the following statements may not be true?
(i) For every 𝑐 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏), we always have

lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ lim 𝑔(𝑥).

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

(ii) For every 𝑥 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏), we always have

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ≤ 𝑔′ (𝑥).
(iii) For every 𝑛 numbers 𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , … , 𝑥𝑛 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏], we always have
𝑛 𝑛

∑ 𝑓(𝑥𝑘 ) ≤ ∑ 𝑔(𝑥𝑘 ).
𝑘=0 𝑘=0

(iv) We always have

𝑏 𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≤ ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
𝑎 𝑎

A. Only (i) may not be true.

B. Only (ii) may not be true.
C. Only (iii) may not be true.
D. Only (iv) may not be true.
E. All the four given statements must be true.

Page 4 of 18
MATH1013 Calculus IB Final Examination
L02–L09 (Fall 2024)

Solution: The truth of (i), (iii) and (iv) are bookwork. To see that (ii) may not be true, we let
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2. Then 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 𝑔(𝑥) for every 𝑥 ∈ [0, 1] but
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 1 > 0 = 𝑔′ (𝑥)
for every 𝑥 ∈ (0, 1).

10. Consider the following pairs of functions:

(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑒 −2𝑥 ;
(ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + cos 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − sin 𝑥;
(iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = ln 5𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 6𝑥 .
For which of these pairs of functions can we conclude that
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
lim = lim ′
𝑥→+∞ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥→+∞ 𝑔 (𝑥)

directly using ľHôpital’s rule?

A. None of them.
B. (i) only.
C. (iii) only.
D. (ii) and (iii) only.
E. (i), (ii) and (iii).

𝑓(𝑥)
Solution: In (i) we have lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 0; the limit lim is not in the
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥→+∞ 𝑥→+∞ 𝑔(𝑥)

0 ∗
indeterminate forms or , so ľHôpital’s rule is not applicable. In (ii) we have
0 ∞

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 3 − sin 𝑥
lim ′
= lim which does not exist,
𝑥→+∞ 𝑔 (𝑥) 𝑥→+∞ 4 − cos 𝑥

so ľHôpital’s rule is not applicable either. In (iii) we have lim 𝑔(𝑥) = +∞ and
𝑥→+∞

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 1/𝑥
lim ′
= lim 𝑥 = 0,
𝑥→+∞ 𝑔 (𝑥) 𝑥→+∞ 6 ln 6

𝑓(𝑥)
so ľHôpital’s rule can be applied to conclude that lim = 0 also.
𝑥→+∞ 𝑔(𝑥)

Page 5 of 18
MATH1013 Calculus IB Final Examination
L02–L09 (Fall 2024)

11. Let 𝑓 be a function whose graph is as shown below.

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

Vertical tangent line

How many local maximum point(s) does its derivative 𝑓 ′ have?

A. 5.
B. 4.
C. 3.
D. 2.
E. 1.

Solution: Local maximum of 𝑓 ′ occurs when 𝑓 ′ changes (continuously) from being increasing
to decreasing, i.e. when 𝑓 changes from being concave upward to concave
downward. According to the given graph of 𝑓, there are two places where 𝑓
changes from being concave upward to concave downward (indicated by the black
circles), but at the second place 𝑓 ′ does not exist (or is +∞). Therefore only the
first place corresponds to a local maximum point of 𝑓 ′ .

12. Let 𝑓 be a function whose derivative 𝑓 ′ has its graph as shown below.

𝑦 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)

Vertical tangent line

How many points of inflection does the function 𝑓 have?

A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 4.
D. 5.
E. 6.

Page 6 of 18
MATH1013 Calculus IB Final Examination
L02–L09 (Fall 2024)

Solution: Points of inflection of 𝑓 occur when the concavity of 𝑓 changes, i.e. when 𝑓 ′
changes from being increasing to decreasing or vice versa. There are five places
where 𝑓 ′ has such changes (indicated by the black circles).

13. Let 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ be a differentiable function. Which of the following statements are true?

(i) If lim 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0, then lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists as a real number.

𝑥→+∞ 𝑥→+∞

(ii) If lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists as a real number, then lim 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0.

𝑥→+∞ 𝑥→+∞

(iii) If lim 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑚 ≠ 0, then 𝑓 has a slant asymptote.

𝑥→+∞

A. None of them.
B. (i) only.
C. (ii) only.
D. (i) and (iii) only.
E. (i), (ii) and (iii).

1
Solution: To see that (i) is false, we may take 𝑓(𝑥) = ln 𝑥; then lim 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim =0
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥→+∞ 𝑥

sin(𝑥 2 )
but lim 𝑓(𝑥) = +∞. To see that (ii) is false, we may take 𝑓(𝑥) = ; then
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥

sin(𝑥 2 )
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 by Squeeze Theorem but lim 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim (2 cos(𝑥 2 ) − )
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥→+∞ 𝑥→+∞ 𝑥2

does not exist. To see that (iii) is false, we may take 𝑓(𝑥) = ln 𝑥 + 𝑚𝑥.

14. Which one of the following theorems should be applied in order to conclude that the solution to
the equation
cos 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
in the interval (− , ) is unique (i.e. there is no more than one solution in the interval)?
2 2

A. Intermediate Value Theorem.

B. Squeeze Theorem.
C. Newton’s method.
D. Rolle’s Theorem.
E. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

Page 7 of 18
MATH1013 Calculus IB Final Examination
L02–L09 (Fall 2024)

Solution: Let 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 − 𝑥. If there are more than one solution 𝑎 ≠ 𝑏 to the equation
in the interval, i.e. 𝑓(𝑎) = 0 = 𝑓(𝑏), then by Rolle’s Theorem we have 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0
for some 𝑐 between 𝑎 and 𝑏; but this is impossible because
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = − sin 𝑥 − 1 < 0 for every 𝑥 ∈ (−𝜋/2, 𝜋/2).

Remark: Note that Intermediate Value Theorem only helps to conclude the existence of
solution to the given equation (i.e. there is at least one solution in the interval).

15. Let 𝑎 and 𝑏 be a pair of real numbers. Which of the following inequalities must hold?
(i) |sin 𝑎 − sin 𝑏| ≤ |𝑎 − 𝑏|.
(ii) |tan 𝑎 − tan 𝑏| ≥ |𝑎 − 𝑏|.
(iii) |sec 𝑎 − sec 𝑏| ≥ |𝑎 − 𝑏|.

A. (i) only.
B. (i) and (ii) only.
C. (i) and (iii) only.
D. (ii) and (iii) only.
E. (i), (ii) and (iii).

Solution: (i) must hold by applying Mean Value Theorem to the function 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 on the
closed interval with end-points 𝑎 and 𝑏. (ii) and (iii) may not hold because
|tan 2𝜋 − tan 0| = 0 < 2𝜋 = |2𝜋 − 0| and
|sec 2𝜋 − sec 0| = 0 < 2𝜋 = |2𝜋 − 0|.

Remark: Note that if we require that 𝑎 and 𝑏 both belong to (−𝝅/𝟐, 𝝅/𝟐), then (ii) must
hold by applying Mean Value Theorem to 𝑓(𝑥) = tan 𝑥 on the closed interval with
end-points 𝑎 and 𝑏. For what kind of numbers 𝑎 and 𝑏 must (iii) hold?

16. Let 𝑓: [0, +∞) → ℝ be the function

𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑒 √𝑥𝑡 𝑑𝑡 .
0
′ (𝑥)
Compute the derivative of 𝑓, i.e. compute 𝑓 for 𝑥 > 0.

A. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 √𝑥 .
B. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 .
C. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 .
D. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (1/𝑥)𝑒 √𝑥 − (1/𝑥)𝑓(𝑥).
E. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑒 𝑥 − (1/𝑥)𝑓(𝑥).

Page 8 of 18
MATH1013 Calculus IB Final Examination
L02–L09 (Fall 2024)

𝑥 1 𝑥2
Solution: In the integral, we let 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑡. Then 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫0 𝑒 √𝑥𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑥 ∫0 𝑒 √𝑢 𝑑𝑢, so
𝑥 2 2
′ (𝑥)
1 1 𝑑 𝑥
𝑓 = (− 2 ) (∫ 𝑒 √𝑢 𝑑𝑢) + ( ) ( ∫ 𝑒 √𝑢 𝑑𝑢)
𝑥 0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 0
2
1 1 𝑥 1 2 1
= − ( ∫ 𝑒 √𝑢 𝑑𝑢) + (2𝑥𝑒 √𝑥 ) = − 𝑓(𝑥) + 2𝑒 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 0 𝑥 𝑥
for 𝑥 > 0.

17. Evaluate the integral

2
∫ (1 + 3𝑥)√4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥.
0
A. 𝜋/2 − 8.
B. 𝜋/2 + 8.
C. 8𝜋.
D. 𝜋 − 8.
E. 𝜋 + 8.

2
Solution: Note that ∫0 √4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 represents the area of a quarter circular disk of radius 2,
2
1
∫ √4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ⋅ 𝜋(22 ) = 𝜋;
0 4
and with the substitution 𝑢 = 4 − 𝑥 2 , we have 𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and so
2 0 3 0
3
∫ 3𝑥√4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ − √𝑢𝑑𝑢 = [−𝑢2 ] = 8.
0 4 2 4
Therefore
2 2 2
∫ (1 + 3𝑥)√4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 3𝑥 √4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 + 8.
0 0 0

18. Evaluate the limit

1 𝜋 1 2𝜋 1 3𝜋 1 (𝑛 − 1)𝜋 1 𝑛𝜋
lim ( cos + cos + cos + ⋯ + cos + cos ).
𝑛→+∞ 𝑛 2𝑛 𝑛 2𝑛 𝑛 2𝑛 𝑛 2𝑛 𝑛 2𝑛

A. 1.
B. sin 1.
C. 2/𝜋.
2
D. sin 1.
𝜋

E. 0.

Page 9 of 18
MATH1013 Calculus IB Final Examination
L02–L09 (Fall 2024)

Solution: The required limit is

1 𝜋 1 2𝜋 1 3𝜋 1 (𝑛 − 1)𝜋 1 𝑛𝜋
lim ( cos + cos + cos + ⋯ + cos + cos )
𝑛→+∞ 𝑛 2𝑛 𝑛 2𝑛 𝑛 2𝑛 𝑛 2𝑛 𝑛 2𝑛
1 1
𝜋 2 𝜋 2
= ∫ cos ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = [ sin ( 𝑥)] = .
0 2 𝜋 2 0 𝜋
Alternatively,
1 𝜋 1 2𝜋 1 3𝜋 1 (𝑛 − 1)𝜋 1 𝑛𝜋
lim ( cos + cos + cos + ⋯ + cos + cos )
𝑛→+∞ 𝑛 2𝑛 𝑛 2𝑛 𝑛 2𝑛 𝑛 2𝑛 𝑛 2𝑛
2 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 (𝑛 − 1)𝜋 𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= lim ( cos + cos + ⋯+ cos + cos )
𝑛→+∞ 𝜋 2𝑛 2𝑛 2𝑛 2𝑛 2𝑛 2𝑛 2𝑛 2𝑛
𝜋 𝜋
22 2 2 2
= ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [ sin 𝑥] = .
0 𝜋 𝜋 0 𝜋

19. Let 𝑓, 𝑚: [0, 24] → ℝ be functions whose graphs are 𝑦

as shown in the diagram on the right. 0.5

 𝑓(𝑡) (dashed graph, inches per hour) represents

0.4
the rate of snowfall and 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑡)
 𝑚(𝑡) (solid graph, inches per hour) represents 0.3

the rate of snow melt

0.2
at a location at time 𝑡 (in hours). If there was 15
𝑦 = 𝑚(𝑡)
inches of snow on the ground at 𝑡 = 0 hours, how 0.1

much snow was there on the ground at 𝑡 = 24

𝑡
hours? 0 8 16 24

A. 30 inches.
B. 23 inches.
C. 21 inches.
D. 13 inches.
E. 6 inches.

Solution: Let ℎ(𝑡) be the depth of the snow on the ground (in inches) at time 𝑡. Then its
rate of change is ℎ′ (𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑡) − 𝑚(𝑡), so
24 24 24
′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
ℎ(24) − ℎ(0) = ∫ ℎ = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 − ∫ 𝑚(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0 0
= (Area under the graph of 𝑓) − (Area under the graph of 𝑚)
= 8 − 2 = 6.
Therefore ℎ(24) = ℎ(0) + 6 = 15 + 6 = 21.

Page 10 of 18
MATH1013 Calculus IB Final Examination
L02–L09 (Fall 2024)

20. A water trough is 10 m long and its cross-section has the shape of an isosceles trapezium that
is 2 m wide at the bottom, 5 m wide at the top, and has height 3 m. If the trough is
being filled with water at a rate of 4 m3 per minute, how fast is the water level rising when
the depth of water is 2 m?

A. 1/40 m per minute. 10

B. 1/10 m per minute.
5
C. 1/5 m per minute.
3
D. 1 m per minute.
E. None of the previous. 2

Solution: Let the volume and depth of water be 𝑉 m3 and ℎ m. Then 5

(ℎ + 2)2 22 ℎ+2
𝑉 = 10 [ − ] = 5(ℎ + 2)2 − 20. 3
2 2 2 ℎ

𝑑𝑉 𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ 4 1 2
Thus 4 = = 10(ℎ + 2) 𝑑𝑡 , which gives | = 10(2+2) = 10.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ℎ=2

21. A particle is initially at rest. It then travels along a straight line, and its acceleration 𝑎(𝑡) (in
m/s2 ) after 𝑡 seconds is always given by
𝑎(𝑡) = 2𝑒 −𝑡 .
How far is the particle from its initial position at the time when its velocity is 1 m/s?

A. 1/2 m.
B. 2/𝑒 m.
C. (1/2)(ln 2)2 m.
D. (2 ln 2 − 1) m.
E. (1/2)(ln 2)(2 − ln 2) m.

Solution: The velocity function is

𝑣(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑎(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 2𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = −2𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝐶.

Since 𝑣(0) = 0, we have 𝐶 = 2; so 𝑣(𝑡) = 2 − 2𝑒 −𝑡 . The displacement is

𝑥(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑣(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫(2 − 2𝑒 −𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 = 2𝑡 + 2𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝐷.

Since 𝑥(0) = 0, we have 𝐷 = −2; so 𝑥(𝑡) = 2𝑡 + 2𝑒 −𝑡 − 2. The time when

𝑣(𝑡) = 1 is 𝑡 = ln 2, so at that time the displacement is
1
𝑥(ln 2) = 2(ln 2) + 2 ( ) − 2 = 2 ln 2 − 1.
2

Page 11 of 18
MATH1013 Calculus IB Final Examination
L02–L09 (Fall 2024)

Part B: Short written problems

22. Consider a fixed sphere of radius 3 units and a circular cone that
circumscribes the sphere, as illustrated in the diagram on the right.
3
(a) What is the smallest possible volume of the circular cone? Give
complete justification of your work in order to receive full credit.

By similar triangles we have

ℎ − 3 √𝑟 2 + ℎ2 ℎ−3 √𝑟 2 + ℎ 2
= .
3 𝑟 3
3
(ℎ−3)2 𝑟 2 +ℎ2 ℎ2 −6ℎ ℎ2
Squaring both sides, we obtain = , i.e. = . So 𝑟
9 𝑟2 9 𝑟2

9ℎ2 9ℎ
𝑟2 = 2
= .
ℎ − 6ℎ ℎ − 6
Thus the volume of the cone is given by
1 2 1 9ℎ 3𝜋ℎ2
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ = 𝜋 ℎ=
3 3 ℎ−6 ℎ−6
for ℎ > 6. Differentiating both sides with respect to ℎ, we get
𝑑𝑉 (2ℎ)(ℎ − 6) − (ℎ2 )(1) 3𝜋ℎ(ℎ − 12)
= 3𝜋 =
𝑑ℎ (ℎ − 6)2 (ℎ − 6)2
𝑑𝑉
for ℎ > 6; = 0 only when ℎ = 12. Since
𝑑ℎ

𝑑𝑉 < 0 for 6 < ℎ < 12

{ ,
𝑑ℎ > 0 for ℎ > 12
𝑉 attains global minimum (absolute minimum) when ℎ = 12. The smallest volume of
the cone is
3𝜋(12)2
𝑉= = 72𝜋.
12 − 6

Alternative solution: [If you prefer using trigonometry]

Let 𝜃 be half of the angle at the top of the cross-section. Then
𝜃
ℎ = 3 + 3 csc 𝜃 and 𝑟 = ℎ tan 𝜃.
Thus the volume of the cone is given by ℎ
3
3
1 1
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 𝜋ℎ3 tan2 𝜃 = 9𝜋(1 + csc 𝜃)3 tan2 𝜃 𝑟
3 3
𝜋
for 𝜃 ∈ (0, 2 ).

Page 12 of 18
MATH1013 Calculus IB Final Examination
L02–L09 (Fall 2024)

Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝜃, we get

𝑑𝑉
= 9𝜋[3(1 + csc 𝜃)2 (− csc 𝜃 cot 𝜃) tan2 𝜃 + (1 + csc 𝜃)3 (2 tan 𝜃)(sec 2 𝜃)]
𝑑𝜃
(sin 𝜃 + 1)3
= 9𝜋 2 (3 sin 𝜃 − 1)
⏟ sin 𝜃 cos3 𝜃
>0

𝜋 𝑑𝑉 1
for 𝜃 ∈ (0, 2 ); = 0 only when 3 sin 𝜃 − 1 = 0, i.e. sin 𝜃 = 3. Since
𝑑𝜃

𝑑𝑉 < 0 for 0 < sin 𝜃 < 1/3

{ ,
𝑑𝜃 > 0 for 1/3 < sin 𝜃 < 1
𝑉 attains global minimum (absolute minimum) when sin 𝜃 = 1/3. When sin 𝜃 = 1/3,
2
we have csc 𝜃 = 3 and tan 𝜃 = 1/8. So the smallest volume of the cone is
1
𝑉 = 9𝜋(1 + 3)3 ( ) = 72𝜋.
8

(b) Show that the total surface area of the circular cone is also the smallest when its volume
attains minimum as in (a). Also compute this smallest total surface area.

We have found in (a) using similar triangles that

ℎ−3 𝑙
= .
3 𝑟
Thus the total surface area of the cone is given by
𝑙 ℎ
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟𝑙 + 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ( + 1) = 𝜋𝑟 2 ( ) = 𝑉.
𝑟 3
Now 𝐴 is proportional to 𝑉, so 𝐴 also attains global minimum (absolute minimum) when
𝑉 does. The smallest surface area of the cone is
𝐴 = 72𝜋.

Alternative solution:
We have found in (a) that ℎ = 3 + 3 csc 𝜃. Since 𝑟 = ℎ tan 𝜃 and 𝑙 = ℎ sec 𝜃, the total
surface area of the cone is given by
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟𝑙 + 𝜋𝑟 2
= 𝜋ℎ2 (tan 𝜃 sec 𝜃 + tan2 𝜃)
= 9𝜋(1 + csc 𝜃)3 tan2 𝜃
= 𝑉.
Now 𝐴 is proportional to 𝑉, so 𝐴 also attains global minimum (absolute minimum) when
𝑉 does. The smallest surface area of the cone is
𝐴 = 72𝜋.

Page 13 of 18
MATH1013 Calculus IB Final Examination
L02–L09 (Fall 2024)

23. In the grid provided below, sketch the graph of a function 𝑓 which satisfies all the following
conditions:
(i) The domain of 𝑓 is ℝ.
(ii) 𝑓 is continuous on (0, +∞).
(iii) 𝑓 is an odd function.
>0 if 0 < 𝑥 < 2 or 𝑥 > 4
(iv) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) { .
<0 if 2 < 𝑥 < 4
> 0 if 0 < 𝑥 < 1
(v) 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) { .
< 0 if 1 < 𝑥 < 4
(vi) 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 0 if 𝑥 > 4.
𝑓(𝑥) − 1
(vii) lim+ = 0.
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(4) 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(4)
(viii) lim− = −∞ and lim+ = 1.
𝑥→4 𝑥−4 𝑥→4 𝑥−4
Please also annotate your graph by
 writing “max” next to every local maximum point,
 writing “min” next to every local minimum point and
 writing “infl” next to every point of inflection of the graph of 𝑓 in your sketch.

max

2
infl
max

−6 −3 0 3 6

min
infl
−2

min

−4

Page 14 of 18
MATH1013 Calculus IB Final Examination
L02–L09 (Fall 2024)

24. Let 𝑓, 𝑔: ℝ → ℝ be functions whose derivatives 𝑓 ′ and 𝑔′ are both continuous on ℝ. The
following table shows some values of the functions 𝑓, 𝑔, 𝑓 ′ and 𝑔′ .
𝑥 −2 0 1 3
𝑓(𝑥) 1 −2 2 1
𝑔(𝑥) 3 2 4 0
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 2 1 −1 −3
𝑔′ (𝑥) −1 3 0 −4

(a) For each of the following two statements, determine whether it is true or false by circling
your answer. Justify your choice with either a proof or a counter-example.

(i) There exists a number 𝑎 ∈ (−2, 0) such that 𝑓(𝑎) = 0. TRUE FALSE

Since
 𝑓 is continuous on [−2, 0],
 𝑓(−2) = 1 > 0 and 𝑓(0) = −2 < 0,
by Intermediate Value Theorem there exists 𝑎 ∈ (−2, 0) such that 𝑓(𝑎) = 0.

(ii) There exists a number 𝑏 ∈ (−2, 0) such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑏) = 0. TRUE FALSE

Since 𝑓 ′ (−2) > 0, there exists 𝑐 ∈ (−2, 0) such that 𝑓(𝑐) > 𝑓(−2). (Otherwise
≤0
⏞
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(−2)
𝑓+′ (−2) = lim + ≤ 0,
𝑥→−2 𝑥 − (−2)
⏟
>0

a contradiction.) Now 𝑓(𝑐) > 𝑓(−2) and 𝑓(0) < 𝑓(−2), so by Intermediate Value
Theorem there exists 𝑑 ∈ (𝑐, 0) such that 𝑓(𝑑) = 𝑓(−2).
Finally by Rolle’s Theorem there exists 𝑏 ∈ (−2, 𝑑) such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑏) = 0.

Alternative justification: By Mean Value Theorem, there exists 𝑐 ∈ (−2, 0) with

𝑓(0) − 𝑓(−2) 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = = − < 0.
0 − (−2) 2
[Or: Since 𝑓(0) < 𝑓(−2), the function 𝑓 cannot be increasing on [−2, 0]; so
there exists 𝑐 ∈ (−2, 0) such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) < 0.]
Now 𝑓 ′ is continuous, 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) < 0 and 𝑓 ′ (0) > 0 (or 𝑓 ′ (−2) > 0 ); so applying
Intermediate Value Theorem on 𝑓 ′ , there exists 𝑏 ∈ (𝑐, 0) (or 𝑏 ∈ (−2, 𝑐)) such
that 𝑓 ′ (𝑏) = 0.

Page 15 of 18
MATH1013 Calculus IB Final Examination
L02–L09 (Fall 2024)

(b) (i) Evaluate the integral

3
∫ 𝑓(𝑥 − 2)𝑓 ′ (𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑥.
0

Let 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 2) . Then we have 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑥 , 𝑢 = 1 when 𝑥 = 0 and

𝑢 = 2 when 𝑥 = 3; so
3
′ (𝑥
2
1 2 2 3
∫ 𝑓(𝑥 − 2)𝑓 − 2)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = [ 𝑢 ] = .
0 1 2 1 2

(ii) Evaluate the limit

𝑓(𝑥)
1
lim ∫ 𝑔(𝑡)𝑑𝑡.
𝑥→3 𝑥 − 3 1

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus gives

𝑑 𝑓(𝑥)
∫ 𝑔(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑓(𝑥));
𝑑𝑥 1
so by ľHôpital’s rule, we have
𝑓(𝑥)
1 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))
lim ∫ 𝑔(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = lim
𝑥→3 𝑥 − 3 1 𝑥→3 1
= 𝑓 ′ (3)𝑔(𝑓(3))
= 𝑓 ′ (3)𝑔(1)
= −3 ⋅ 4
= −12.

Page 16 of 18
MATH1013 Calculus IB Final Examination
L02–L09 (Fall 2024)

25. (a) By considering the global minimum (i.e. absolute minimum) of the function
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥,
prove that the inequality
𝑒𝑥 ≥ 1 + 𝑥
holds for every real number 𝑥.

Since
>0 for every 𝑥 > 0
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 − 1 { ,
<0 for every 𝑥 < 0
the function 𝑓 is strictly decreasing on (−∞, 0) and strictly increasing on (0, +∞), so 𝑓
attains global minimum at 0. Therefore 𝒇(𝒙) ≥ 𝒇(𝟎) for every real number 𝒙, i.e.
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 ≥ 𝑒0 − 0 = 1
for every real number 𝑥. ∎

(b) Using the result from (a), deduce that if 𝑥 ∈ (−1, 1), then
ln(1 + 𝑥) ≤ 𝑥 ≤ − ln(1 − 𝑥).

Suppose that 𝑥 ∈ (−1, 1).

 Since 𝑥 > −1, according to the result from (a) we have 𝑒 𝑥 ≥ 1 + 𝑥 > 0; since ln is
strictly increasing on (0, +∞), we have ln(𝑒 𝑥 ) ≥ ln(1 + 𝑥), i.e.
𝑥 ≥ ln(1 + 𝑥).
 Since 𝑥 < 1, according to the result from (a) we have 𝑒 −𝑥 ≥ 1 + (−𝑥) > 0; since ln
is strictly increasing on (0, +∞), we have ln(𝑒 −𝑥 ) ≥ ln(1 + (−𝑥)), i.e.
−𝑥 ≥ ln(1 − 𝑥) ,
which gives 𝑥 ≤ − ln(1 − 𝑥). ∎

Page 17 of 18
MATH1013 Calculus IB Final Examination
L02–L09 (Fall 2024)

(c) Let 𝑛 be a positive integer. Using the result from (b), deduce that
1 1 1 1
ln(2𝑛 + 1) − ln(𝑛 + 1) ≤ + + + ⋯+ ≤ ln(2𝑛) − ln 𝑛.
𝑛+1 𝑛+2 𝑛+3 𝑛+𝑛

1
For 𝑘 ∈ {1, 2, … , 𝑛}, applying the result from (b) with 𝑥 = 𝑛+𝑘 ∈ (−1, 1), we have

1 1 1
ln (1 +
)≤ ≤ − ln (1 − ).
𝑛+𝑘 𝑛+𝑘 𝑛+𝑘
Summing from 𝑘 = 1 to 𝑘 = 𝑛, we obtain
𝑛+2 𝑛+3 2𝑛 + 1 1 1 1
ln + ln + ⋯ + ln ≤ + +⋯+
𝑛+1 𝑛+2 2𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2 𝑛+𝑛
𝑛 𝑛+1 2𝑛 − 1
≤ − ln − ln − ⋯ − ln .
𝑛+1 𝑛+2 2𝑛
Since
𝑛+2 𝑛+3 2𝑛 + 1 𝑛 + 2 𝑛 + 3 2𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1
ln + ln + ⋯ + ln = ln ( ⋯ ) = ln
𝑛+1 𝑛+2 2𝑛 𝑛 + 1𝑛 + 2 2𝑛 𝑛+1
= ln(2𝑛 + 1) − ln(𝑛 + 1)
and
𝑛 𝑛+1 2𝑛 − 1 𝑛 𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 − 1 𝑛
− ln − ln − ⋯ − ln = − ln ( ⋯ ) = − ln
𝑛+1 𝑛+2 2𝑛 𝑛 +1𝑛 + 2 2𝑛 2𝑛
= ln(2𝑛) − ln 𝑛 .
the desired inequality holds. ∎

(d) Using the result from (c), compute the integral

2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
from the Riemann sum definition, without using Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

Since
2𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1 2𝑛
lim ln = ln lim = ln 2 and lim ln = ln 2 ,
𝑛→+∞ 𝑛+1 𝑛→+∞ 𝑛 + 1 𝑛→+∞ 𝑛
applying Squeeze Theorem to the result from (c), we have
𝑛
1
lim ∑ = ln 2 .
𝑛→+∞ 𝑛+𝑘
𝑘=1

Therefore
2 𝑛 𝑛
1 1 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = lim ∑ ⋅ = lim ∑ = ln 2.
1 𝑥 𝑛→+∞ 𝑘 𝑛 𝑛→+∞ 𝑛+𝑘
𝑘=1 1 + 𝑘=1
𝑛
Page 18 of 18