Operating System with Linux (PMCAC12)
Operating System with Linux laboratory Manual
(PMCAC12)
Steps to write and execute the Linux script:
Step 1: open the terminal and type “vi pgm_name.sh”
Step 2: when the vi editor is opened press “i” for write mode
Step 3: type the program, and at the end press “esc” key and then “:wq” to save and quit from vi
editor.
Step 4: then in the terminal type “chmod +x pgm_name.sh” to make the script executable.
Step 5: then at last type “./pgm_name.sh” and get the output.
Programs:
1. Write a script to find the factorial of a number using loops
Source code:
#!/bin/bash
echo -n "Enter a number: "
read num
factorial=1
# Check if the number is valid (non-negative)
if [ $num -lt 0 ]; then
echo "Factorial of a negative number is undefined."
exit 1
fi
# Calculate the factorial using a for loop
for (( i=1; i<=num; i++ ))
do
factorial=$((factorial * i))
done
echo "The factorial of $num is $factorial"
Output:
Case 1:
Enter a number: 4
The factorial of 4 is 24
Case 2:
Enter a number: -6
Factorial of a negative number is undefined.
Prof. Sheethal P P, Asst. Professor, Dept. of MCA, EWIT 1
Operating System with Linux (PMCAC12)
2. Write a script to check if a given year is a leap year.
Source code:
#!/bin/bash
echo -n "Enter a year: "
read year
# Check if the input is valid (positive integer)
if ! [[ "$year" =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]]; then
echo "Invalid input. Please enter a valid year."
exit 1
fi
# Check leap year conditions
if (( (year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) || year % 400 == 0 )); then
echo "$year is a leap year."
else
echo "$year is not a leap year."
fi
Output:
case 1:
Enter a year: 2026
2026 is not a leap year.
case 2:
Enter a year: 2016
2016 is a leap year.
Prof. Sheethal P P, Asst. Professor, Dept. of MCA, EWIT 2
Operating System with Linux (PMCAC12)
3. Write a script to sum the digits of a given number using a while loop
source code:
#!/bin/bash
echo -n "Enter a number: "
read num
# Check if the input is valid (non-negative integer)
if ! [[ "$num" =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]]; then
echo "Invalid input. Please enter a non-negative integer."
exit 1
fi
sum=0
# Loop to calculate the sum of digits
while [ $num -gt 0 ]; do
digit=$((num % 10)) # Extract the last digit
sum=$((sum + digit)) # Add the digit to the sum
num=$((num / 10)) # Remove the last digit
done
echo "The sum of the digits is $sum"
Output:
Enter a number: 123
The sum of the digits is 6
Prof. Sheethal P P, Asst. Professor, Dept. of MCA, EWIT 3
Operating System with Linux (PMCAC12)
4. Write a script to reverse a string using a for loop.
Source code:
#!/bin/bash
read -p "Enter a string: " input
reversed=""
# Get the length of the input string
length=${#input}
# Use a for loop to iterate through the string in reverse
for (( i=$length-1; i>=0; i-- ))
do
# Append each character to the reversed string
reversed="$reversed${input:$i:1}"
done
echo "Reversed string: $reversed"
Output:
Enter a string: demo
Reversed string: omed
Prof. Sheethal P P, Asst. Professor, Dept. of MCA, EWIT 4
Operating System with Linux (PMCAC12)
5. Write a script to count the number of lines, words, and characters in a file.
Source code:
#!/bin/bash
# Check if a file is provided as an argument
if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then
echo "Usage: $0 <filename>"
exit 1
fi
# Assign the filename from the first argument
filename=$1
# Check if the file exists
if [ ! -f "$filename" ]; then
echo "Error: File '$filename' not found."
exit 1
fi
# Use wc (word count) command to get the counts
lines=$(wc -l < "$filename")
words=$(wc -w < "$filename")
characters=$(wc -m < "$filename")
# Display the results
echo "File: $filename"
echo "Number of lines: $lines"
echo "Number of words: $words"
echo "Number of characters: $characters"
Steps to create and execute the file:
step 1 : create a file, for eg: filename.txt, using command “cat>filename.txt”
step 2: type a word or line or sentence in that file and click CTRL + C.
cat>demo1.txt
hello, welcome to linux programming
^C
step 3: now execute the script file by “ chmod +x pgm_name.sh”
step 4: run the script using “./pgm_name.sh filename.txt”
Output:
File: demo1.txt
Number of lines: 1
Number of words: 5
Number of characters: 36
Prof. Sheethal P P, Asst. Professor, Dept. of MCA, EWIT 5
Operating System with Linux (PMCAC12)
6. Write a script to check if a file exists and whether it is readable, writable, and executable.
Source code:
#!/bin/bash
# Check if a file is provided as an argument
if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then
echo "Usage: $0 <filename>"
exit 1
fi
filename=$1
# Check if the file exists
if [ -e "$filename" ]; then
echo "File '$filename' exists."
# Check if the file is readable
if [ -r "$filename" ]; then
echo "File '$filename' is readable."
else
echo "File '$filename' is not readable."
fi
# Check if the file is writable
if [ -w "$filename" ]; then
echo "File '$filename' is writable."
else
echo "File '$filename' is not writable."
fi
# Check if the file is executable
if [ -x "$filename" ]; then
echo "File '$filename' is executable."
else
echo "File '$filename' is not executable."
fi
else
echo "File '$filename' does not exist."
fi
Output:
File 'demo1.txt' exists.
File 'demo1.txt' is readable.
File 'demo1.txt' is writable.
File 'demo1.txt' is not executable.
Prof. Sheethal P P, Asst. Professor, Dept. of MCA, EWIT 6
Operating System with Linux (PMCAC12)
7. Write a script to display the current date, username, and hostname.
Source code:
#!/bin/bash
# Get the current date
current_date=$(date)
# Get the username
current_user=$(whoami)
# Get the hostname
current_host=$(hostname)
# Display the information
echo "Current Date: $current_date"
echo "Username: $current_user"
echo "Hostname: $current_host"
Output:
Current Date: Sunday 15 December 2024 09:40:49 AM IST
Username: user
Hostname: pp-s-ubuntu
Prof. Sheethal P P, Asst. Professor, Dept. of MCA, EWIT 7
Operating System with Linux (PMCAC12)
8. Write a script to search for a specific word in a file and print the line containing that word.
Source code:
#!/bin/bash
# Check if the correct number of arguments is provided
if [ $# -ne 2 ]; then
echo "Usage: $0 <filename> <word>"
exit 1
fi
# Assign arguments to variables
filename=$1
word=$2
# Check if the file exists
if [ ! -f "$filename" ]; then
echo "Error: File '$filename' not found."
exit 1
fi
# Search for the word in the file
grep -n "$word" "$filename"
# Check the exit status of grep to determine if the word was found
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
echo "Search complete."
else
echo "The word '$word' was not found in the file '$filename'."
fi
Steps to create and execute the file:
step 1 : create a file, for eg: filename.txt, using command “cat>filename.txt”
step 2: type a word or line or sentence in that file and click CTRL + C.
cat>demo1.txt
hello, welcome to linux programming
^C
step 3: now execute the script file by “ chmod +x pgm_name.sh”
step 4: un the script using “./pgm_name.sh filename.txt <word>”
Output:
1:hello, welcome to linux programming
Search complete.
Prof. Sheethal P P, Asst. Professor, Dept. of MCA, EWIT 8
