LESSON 1: BUREAUS -conservation of the country’s coral presidential Anti-organized crime DENR SO 2018-53 - Crackdown on illegal

EMB (EO 192. S16) resources. commission, headed by DENR secretary small-scale mining, Creating the National
-Sets environmental quality standards for Sanitation Code of 1975 (PD 856)- EO 774 (2008) – Reorganizing the Task Force on Mining Challenge (NTFMC)
air, water, etc. Placed the responsibility of managing the Presidential Task Force on Climate FISHERIES LAWS
-Implements impact assessment. solid wastes to the LGUs Change PD 704 (1974) – TO preserve the
-Solid waste, and hazardous substance REPUBLIC ACTS EO 23 (2011) – Logging Ban. Creation of productivity of fishery resources through
MGB (EO 192. S15) RA 7160 Local Government Code of anti-illegal logging task force wise utilization and proper conservation
-Manages conservation, development, 1991 – LGUs share responsibility wirh EO 26 (2011) – National Greening PD 1015 (1976) - Banning of
and use of mineral resources. national government in maintaining and Program. Increase the country’s forests commercial fishing within 7 KM from the
LMB (EO 192. S14) managing ecological balance with 1.5 billion trees between 2011-2016. shoreline.
-Administer and manage public lands RA 8749 Clean Air Act of 1999 - issued to plant 1.5 billion trees in 1.5 PD 1058 (1976) – Increased the penalties
-Issues guideline for land use Comprehensive policy for controlling air million hectares of lands of the public for illegal fishing
BMB (EO 192. S18) pollution. domain for a period of six (6) years PD 1219 (1977) – Protecting the coral
-Creates policies and guideline for RA 6969 Toxic Substances, Nuclear EO 193 (2015) – Expanded national ecosystem
management of protected areas Wastes Control Act of 1990 - Controls greening program. Expanded the RA 8550 (1998) – Fisheries code of the
FMB (EO 192. S13) toxic substances, hazardous, and nuclear coverage of NGP to cover the remaining PH detailing the policies to protect, and
-Manages protection & conservation of wastes, with penalties for violations. denuded, degraded, and unproductive manage fisheries
forests. Regulates forests resource RA 9003 Ecological Solid Waste estimated 7.1 million hectares forestlands POLLUTION CONTROL LAWS
utilization Management Act of 2000 - ecological extending form 2016-2028. Was signed on PD 984 (1976) – Revising the RA 3931
DENR ATTACHED AGENCIES solid waste management program, November 12, 2015. (Pollution Control Law), this sets policies
-Laguna Lake Development Authority including mechanisms, incentives, and ADMINISTRATIVE ORDERS on water, air and land pollution
(LLDA) penalties for prohibited acts. AO 1 (2010) – Directing the LGUs to use PD 1181 (1977) – Vehicular pollution
-Palawan Council for Sustainable RA 9147 Wildlife Resources the guidelines on mainstreaming disaster control law sets to maximum allowance
Development (PCSD) Conservation and Protection Act of risk reduction in their planning activities. emissions from all types of vehicles
-The National Water Resources Board 2001-conservation and protection of AO 29 (2012) – Name the West PH sea of PD 600 (1974) – Criminalizing the
(NWRB) wildlife resources and their habitats. the Republic of the PH discharge of harmful liquids and
-National Mapping and Resource RA 9513 Renewable Energy Act of 2008 AO 16 (2019) – Restoration and substances into the country’s waters
Information Authority (NAMRIA) - development, utilization, and rehabilitation of manila bay PD 1144 (1977) – Pesticides Control Law
-Philippine Mining Development commercialization of renewable energy AO 300 (1996) – Strengthening the EIS LESSON3:CORPORATE MANAGEMEN
Corporation (PMDC) resources. system, expounding the granting or Environmental Assessment evaluates
LESSON 2.1 PH LAWS RA 9729 Climate Change Act of 2009 - denying of ECCs the potential impacts of policies, plans,
1987 Constitution- fundamental laws of Establishes the Climate Change FORESTRY LAWS programs, and projects, requiring
the PH. Commission and integrates climate PD 705 (1975) – Revised Forestry Code of environmental permits and certification
ARTICLES RELATED TO ENVIRONMENT change into government policies. CCC an the PH. Bible of all PH forestry laws. from the DENR through the EMB to ensure
A2. S16-declaration of state policies independent and autonomous body that Contains provision on the management compliance with environmental laws and
-State shall protect and advance the right has the same status that of a national and conservation of the PH forests regulations.
of the people to a balanced and healthful government agency. Sole policy-making PD 330 (1973) – illegal logging from public The Environmental Impact Assessment
ecology body of the government which shall be forests and forests reserves as qualified (EIA) – process evaluates and predicts
A12.S2-National Economy and tasked to coordinate, and evaluate the theft project impacts throughout construction,
Patrimony - State shall protect the programs and action plans of the PD 953 (1976) – Required tree planting in commissioning, operation, and
nation’s marine wealth, territorial sea, and government relating to climate change certain places and penalized cutting, and abandonment. This process requires the
exclusive economic zone, and reserve its RA 10121 Disaster Risk Reduction and damaging trees, plants, and vegetation involvement of applicant, consultants,
use. Management Act of 2010- PD 1153 (1977) – Required people to plant EMB, review committee, communities,
A13.S7-Social Justice and Human Institutionalizes the national disaster risk one tree every month for 5 consecutive and stakeholders.
Rights (regarding agrarian reform and reduction and management plan. years. This law later repealed by EO 287 Environmental Compliance Certificates
natural resources) - State shall promote RA 7586 National Integrated Protected (1987) (ECC) - The EIA and EIS are essential for
comprehensive rural development and Areas System (NIPAS) Act of 1992- PD 331(1973) – Recognizes the need for securing the ECC, a DENR-EMB
agrarian reform. manages protected areas to preserve Registered foresters in managing of all document confirming a project's
A14.S10 - Education, Science and genetic diversity. public forests compliance with EIS (PD 1586)
Technology, Arts, Culture, and Sports -Tubbataha Reef _National Park DENR AO 24 (1991) – shift of logging from requirements and commitment to
-shall regulate the transfer and promote -Chocolate Hills_Natural Monument old-growth forests to secondary forests implementing an Environmental
the adaptation of technology from all -Northern Sierra Madre_Natural Parks EO 263 (1995) – National strategy to Management Plan (EMP)
sources for the national benefit. RA 11038 Expanded NIPAS Act of 2018 ensure sustainable development of PH Other Permits - Hazardous wastes
CUSTOMARY LAW- rights of IP’s -Expands the NIPAS to create 94 forest. Community-Based Forests production (RA 6969) - Air pollutants
Indigenous People’s Rights Act was additional national parks -Recognition of Management (CBFM). generation (RA 8749) - Wastewater
passed in 1997, also known as RA 8371. existing local communities, townships and EO 318 (2004) – Promoting sustainable discharge of businesses not connected to
BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT town centers, as well territories and areas forest management in the PH. An attempt sewer lines (RA 9275).
Legislative -Make law occupied by indigenous peoples. to revise PD 705 RA 11898 - The Extended Producer
Executive-Carries out -Revises/widens the coverage of RA 10176 (2012) – Requiring all Filipino at Responsibility Act (EPRA) of 2022. The
Judicial- Evaluates prohibited acts (including Treasure least 12 years old to plant one tree every Act institutionalizing extended producer
LAW MAKING POWERS Hunting) and updates the penalty year responsibility on plastic packaging waste
Constituent- establish fundamental laws provisions for easy evidence gathering MINING LAWS amends Republic Act No. 9003
Electoral- Citizens elect leaders. and prosecution PD 463 (1974) - Modernization of mining (ecological...), addressing single-use
Legislative-Congress enact envi. RA 9512 Environmental Education Act exploration development recognizing plastics production, importation, and
Statuses. Executive Pres. Issues envi. of 2008 -Promotes environmental mining as important for the national disposal by industries, establishing
education by integrating it into curricula development. extended producer responsibility on
EO. Judicial courts interpret envi laws
RA 837 Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act PD 1198 (1977) - Restoration of mined-out plastic packaging waste.
Administrative like DENR issue (IPRA) of 1997- Recognizes, protects, Montreal Protocol - Phasing out the
areas
regulation and promotes the rights of Indigenous PD 1251 (1977) - Mine wastes and tailing Ozone depleting substances
LESSON 2.2 ENVI LAWS Cultural Communities (ICCs) and fee to compensate for the damages Basel Convention - tackle on the
PD- created by Marcos Indigenous Peoples (IPs). -Under IPRA, incurred to the private landowners uncontrolled disposal of hazardous
Envi Code (PD 1152)-established indigenous peoples have the right to RA 7942 (1995) - Mining act of 1995. This wastes
comprehensive program for envi develop, control, and use lands and institutes a new system for exploration, Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety -
protection and management territories traditionally occupied, owned, or and conservation of mineral resources. ensure the safe handling, use and
EIS System (PD 1586)- framework for EIS used by them. RA 8749 (1999) - People’s Small-Scale transport of living modified organisms
of development projects RA 9003 Ecological Solid Waste Mining act (LMOs) which were a product modern
Resource Management (PD 1067)- Management Act of 2000 DENR AO 2010-21 - Implementing rules biotech
consolidated laws on water resources - comprehensive law in the Philippines that and regulation (IRR) for the PH Mining Act Ramsar Convention - protection of all
Revised Forestry Code (PD 705)- issued addresses the growing problem of solid of 1995 (RA 7942) wetland biodiversity
on May 19, 1975, by President waste management. Enacted on January DENR AO 2017-10 - Ban on open-pit Kyoto protocol - mitigating global climate
Ferdinand Marcos -sets guidelines for 26, 2001 mining change. Reducing CO2 levels by at least
the conservation, management, and use EXECUTIVE ORDERS EO 79 (2012) - Guidelines top ensure the 5%. First legally binding GHG emission
of forest resources EO 515 (2006) – Creation of National Anti- responsible mining commitments.
Coral Resources Development and Environment Crime task force under the
Conservation Decree of 1977 (PD 1219)
LARA ANGELICA A. DECENA Pollutants can be natural, such as volcanic 1998 (RA 8550) to address these issues, and loss of life and livelihoods. The
BSA 1A ash. They can also be created by human enforcement remains a challenge. country's high disaster risk was
activity, such as trash or runoff produced 6. Ecosystem degradation - refers to the recognized by the World Risk Index,
LESSON 1: ANTHROPOGENIC by factories. profound impacts on various ecosystems ranking the Philippines as the most
IMPACTS - refer to the environmental * Air pollution - Historically, the caused by human stressors vulnerable nation in 2022.
changes which are either caused or Philippines’ journey towards * Deforestation - Deforestation, the - In response to these challenges, the
influenced by people, either directly or industrialization has seen numerous clearing of forested land, is a significant Philippines has enacted the Climate
indirectly. Also refer to any impacts on the phases that have contributed to its air global issue, particularly in tropical Change Act of 2009, establishing the
natural environment that can be attributed quality issues. During the rapid industrial rainforests like the Amazon. In the Climate Change Commission to
to human activities. 2 Greek words expansion in the 20th century, factories Philippines, deforestation is driven by coordinate and oversee climate change-
anthropo- (has to do with humanity) and - and vehicles emitting harmful pollutants agricultural expansion and wood related policies and actions. The country's
genic (creation). Basically, it means began to saturate the air. extraction, with upland agriculture, Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)
anything created by humans. - Air quality in the Philippines remains a commercial logging, and timber poaching aligns with its national development goals,
-Anthropogenic impact on the critical issue. In 2019, the Philippines had being major contributors. While the focusing on sustainable industrial
environment leads to a number of an average PM2.5 concentration of 17.6 government has implemented policies like development, poverty eradication, energy
problems that can have serious micrograms per square m, which is above the REDD Plus strategy and the National security, and climate justice. The NDC sets
consequences for humanity and the safe level of 10 micrograms per square Greening Program to address an ambitious target of reducing emissions
ecosystems as a whole. E.g. Pollution of meter as recommended by the World deforestation, challenges remain. Illegal by 75% by 2030, one of the most
water, air and soil. Health Organization (WHO). logging, agricultural expansion for palm oil ambitious targets in Southeast Asia. To
LESSON 2: ENVI ISSUES - - Fossil fuels are the primary source of air and bananas, corruption, and lack of accelerate its transition to a green
Environmental issues result from a pollution in the Philippines. Transportation community involvement hinder efforts to economy, the Philippines aims to increase
combination of natural causes and human is the leading contributor, with a significant protect forests. Despite these challenges, the share of renewable energy in its power
impact. number of vehicles running on diesel and programs like the Community-Based generation mix to 35% by 2030 and 50%
1. Poverty - state or condition in which gasoline. Jeepneys alone account for 15% Forest Management Program have by 2040. These efforts are undertaken
people or communities lack the financial of transportation emissions and 48% of air successfully reduced deforestation in while prioritizing the rights of indigenous
resources and other essentials for a particulate matter in Manila. some areas and promoted sustainable peoples and safeguarding the country's
minimum standard of living. - The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (RA forest management practices. natural resources.
POVERTY & ENVIRONMENTAL 8749) is a step in the right direction, but it * Soil Degradation - Land degradation, 8. Global Warming - Global warming,
DEGRADATION had a vicious cyclical is largely outdated and needs defined as the deterioration of land quality, caused by the accumulation of
relationship - exogenous conditioning improvement. is a significant issue in the Philippines, greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide in
factors such as population growth rate, * Noise pollution - Noise pollution in affecting nearly half of the country's land the atmosphere, leads to heat being
education, industrialization, and income residential areas is regulated by local area and impacting the lives of millions of trapped and the planet getting hotter. This
inequality, as well as governance ordinances and national laws, with the Filipinos. This degradation is primarily phenomenon, known as the greenhouse
effectiveness, control of corruption, Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 being the caused by unsustainable agricultural effect, results in rising temperatures and
freedom and civil liberty, and democracy, primary legislation. It aims to maintain practices, deforestation, and mining sea levels, impacting the Philippines
influence both poverty and environmental clean air and address noise pollution. activities. Unsustainable farming methods significantly. Coastal areas face the risk of
degradation to determine the nexus. Additionally, specific cities and like monocropping lead to soil erosion and flooding, coral reefs suffer from bleaching
- endogenous factors such as fossil fuel municipalities have ordinances setting nutrient depletion, while the use of due to warming seas, and food insecurity
energy use, firewood energy use, permissible noise levels for different times chemical fertilizers and pesticides is exacerbated by effects on agriculture
household health expenditure, infant and zones. contribute to soil contamination. The and fisheries. Despite the country's
mortality rate, and agriculture productivity * Water pollution - The Philippines faces consequences of land degradation are far- commitment to reducing greenhouse gas
affect the nexus between poverty and a significant water pollution issue, reaching, including reduced food emissions under international agreements
environmental degradation. affecting its health, economy, and production, depleted water sources, and like the Paris Agreement, the Philippines
- study implies that low-income people environment. With 421 primary rivers and forced migration. In response, the still heavily relies on fossil fuels for energy.
may often engage in environmentally 221 lakes, 50% of the country's potable government and various organizations are Currently experiencing a heatwave with
degrading activities due to limited options. water comes from groundwater sources, promoting initiatives like organic farming temperatures reaching 42°C to 45°C, the
2. Overpopulation - state whereby the while the remaining 50% comes from and sustainable agriculture practices to Philippines has implemented
human population rises to an extent primary rivers and 221 lakes. The combat soil degradation. President asynchronous learning due to the extreme
exceeding the carrying capacity of the country's water availability and quality are Marcos Jr. has pledged to take significant heat, allowing students to study from
ecological setting. alarmingly low, with 43% of rivers and 56% action to protect and rehabilitate the home with online guidance from teachers.
- Increasing population levels lead to of major bodies polluted. country's soils, proposing a five-point This shift in education practices is a
increased consumption of resources, - The Philippines faces significant water agenda that includes the National Soil response to the unprecedented weather
resulting in greater greenhouse gas quality issues, with the Clean Water Act of Health Program and sustainable land conditions, as previously, students had to
emissions. This contributes to climate 2004 being the primary regulation. management initiatives. deal with inconveniences caused by the
change and can have a devastating effect However, enforcement is often weak due * Wildlife Degradation - Threats to rainy season. The Department of
on the environment. to limited resources and local biodiversity vary across different Education has adjusted the school
- With more people comes more waste enforcement. Strengthening enforcement ecosystems in the Philippines. In forest calendar, moving the start of classes to
and pollution, which can lead to water mechanisms by increasing funding for ecosystems, commercial exploitation, August and now considering a transition
contamination, air pollution, and other regulatory bodies and increasing penalties population growth, and the introduction of back to opening classes in June.
environmental issues. and environmental taxes could deter invasive species are key drivers of forest
3. Waste Management - The increasing industries from polluting. loss. Agricultural ecosystems face threats
amount of waste is somehow considered 5. Marine Habitat Destruction - The from habitat destruction due to land
as one of the root causes of solid waste Philippines, located in the heart of the conversion, the potential negative impacts
management problems resulting in other Coral Triangle, boasts a rich biodiversity, of biotechnology, climate change-related
problems such as lack of spaces for waste harboring 70% of the planet's plant and events, invasive species, pests, and
Disposal. animal species. Critical ecosystems like diseases, as well as institutional
- Philippines had produced 37,427.46 mangrove forests, coral reefs, and challenges in conserving agrobiodiversity.
tons in 2012 which increased to 40,087.45 seagrass beds contribute to this Wildlife degradation is primarily driven by
tons in 2016. biodiversity. However, the country faces habitat loss, poaching, and the illegal
- NCR, Region 4A, and Region were the significant threats to its marine wildlife trade, endangering species like the
largest contributors, all from Luzon, to the environment. Mangrove cover has Philippine eagle, tamaraw, and dugong.
production of solid waste. declined significantly, with the Philippines While conservation efforts exist, such as
- Republic Act No. 9003 or the ranking among the countries with the the Wildlife Resources Conservation and
Ecological Solid Waste highest mangrove loss globally. Plastic Protection Act (Republic Act No. 9147)
Management Act of 2000 provides the pollution, reaching 2.7 million metric tons enforcement challenges persist due to
necessary policy framework, Institutional annually, poses a major threat, causing limited resources and public awareness.
mechanisms and mandate to the local disease outbreaks and harming marine 7. Climate Change - The Philippines is
government unites (GUs) to achieve 25% species. Illegal fishing practices like highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate
waste reduction through establishing an dynamite and cyanide fishing further change, facing threats from rising sea
integrated solid waste management plan damage coral reefs and marine habitats. levels, increased temperatures, and more
based on 3Rs (reduce, reuse and These threats have resulted in a 29% frequent and intense typhoons. These
recycling). decline in fish stocks, affecting the impacts can lead to devastating
4. Pollution - the introduction of harmful livelihoods of millions of Filipinos who consequences such as floods, landslides,
materials into the environment. These depend on fishing. While the government erosion, water contamination,
harmful materials are called pollutants. has enacted laws like Fisheries Code of infrastructure damage, crop destruction,