COLÉGIO MUNDIAL

Inglês – 11a Classe

Ficha de Exercícios

Instruções:
1. Esta ficha deve ser resolvida exclusivamente na sala de aulas sob
orientação do professor da disciplina;
2. Caso algum aluno não termine a resolução dos exercícios indicados em
sala de aulas, deve resolvê-los em casa como T.P.C.;
3. Cada aluno deve imprimir e levá-la consigo para as aulas da disciplina;
4. Caso não consiga imprimir, pode copiar para o caderno, de forma
antecipada, todos exercícios que serão resolvidos na aula seguinte. Em
caso de dúvidas, contacte o professor da disciplina;
5. Não terá acesso à sala de aulas, o aluno que não cumprir com um dos itens
previstos nos nºs 3 e 4.

Tete, Abril de 2024

COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES
An adjective is a describing word. It tells you more about a noun. An adjective usually appears before a
noun it describes. Sometimes, though, the adjective appears after the noun, later in the sentence.
I have a smart dog. The cat lives in an old building. John’s handwrite is very neat.

We use comparative adjectives to show changes or make comparisons.

This car is certainly better, but it's much more expensive. I'm feeling happier now.

We use than when we want to compare one thing with another:

She is two years older than me. New York is much bigger than Boston.

When we want to describe how something or someone changes we can use two comparatives with and:
The balloon got bigger and bigger. Everything is getting more and more expensive.

We often use the with comparative adjectives to show that one thing depends on another:
The faster you drive, the more dangerous it is. (= When you drive faster, it is more dangerous.)
The higher they climbed, the colder it got. (= When they climbed higher, it got colder.)

We use the with superlative adjectives:

It was the happiest day of my life. Everest is the highest mountain in the world.

FORM: One-syllable adjectives

We usually add –er and –est to one-syllable words to make comparatives and superlatives.
If an adjective ends in –e, we add –r or –st.
If an adjective ends in a vowel and a consonant, we double the consonant.
Adjective Comparative Superlative Spelling rule
young younger the youngest most adjectives: + -er, the -est
nice nicer the nicest adjectives ends in -e: + -r, the -st
thin thinner the thinnest one vowel + one consonant: double the consonant

FORM: Two-syllable adjectives

We use more and most to make comparatives and superlatives for most two syllable adjectives.
serious more serious the most serious

FORM: Two-syllable adjectives ending in –y

If an adjective ends in a consonant and –y, we change –y to –i and add –er or –est:
heavy heavier the heaviest

FORM: Three and longer-syllable adjectives

We use more and most to make comparatives and superlatives for all adjectives with three or more syllables.
elegant more elegant the most elegant

FORM: Irregular forms

The adjectives good, bad and far have irregular comparatives and superlatives.
good better the best
bad worse the worst
far farther / further the farthest / furthest
A. Complete the following sentences with the correct comparative form of the following words:
bad; important; crowded; good; high; heavy; convenient; difficult; cheap; expensive; quiet; easy; thin;
healthy; dangerous; cold.
1. In Canada, January is _________________________ than March.
2. I think that good health is ___________________________ than money.
3. I can’t carry my suitcase. It’s much _________________________ than yours.
4. I can afford to buy a new bike but not a new car. A car is __________________________ than a bike.
5. You look _______________________ than the last time I saw you. Have you lost weight?
6. I couldn’t get a seat in the restaurant. It was ____________________________ than usual.
7. Mountains are __________________________ than hills.
8. He got a very good mark on his exam. The exam was ____________________ than he had expected.
9. You should go to the doctor. Your cold is _________________________ than it was a few days ago.
10. There is a lot of crime in the big cities. They are _____________________ than the small town
where I live.
11. I don’t understand this lesson. It is ______________________________ than the last one we did.
12. I can’t study in this room. It’s too noisy. I’m going to find a ___________________________ place.
13. Our apartment is far from everything. We want to move to a ________________________ location.
14. Orange juice is __________________________ than Coke.
15. The store is having a great sale today. Most televisions are 25% _____________________ than they
were yesterday.
16. The doctor told me that I can go back to work if I feel ______________________ tomorrow.

B. Make your own comparisons using the words provided and the structure as…as.
Ex. My apartment/ large/ yours My apartment is as large as yours.
My car /expensive/ your car My car isn’t as expensive as your car,

1. biology/ interesting/ history

2. train/ fast/ airplane
3. algebra/ difficult/ geometry
4. Batman / popular/ Superman
5. lemon/ sweet/ orange
6. morning/ warm/ afternoon
7. robin / big/ eagle
8. my neighbor/ friendly/ yours
9. tiger/ dangerous/ lion
10. bicycle/ expensive/ motorcycle
11. house/ tall/ skyscraper
12. France/ beautiful/ Switzerland
13. my old shoes/ comfortable/ new shoes
14. grammar/ difficult / spelling
15. Beethoven/ famous / Mozart
16. frozen yogurt/ fattening/ ice cream
17. Coke/ healthy/ fruit juice
18. my apartment/ convenient/ yours
19. big cities/ safe/ small towns
20. New York hotels/ expensive/ Tokyo hotels

C. Complete the following sentences with the correct superlative form of the following words:
funny; high; delicious; easy; cold; boring; lucky; smart; dirty; rich; valuable; bad; large; cheap; long;
scary.
1. Yesterday was _______________ day of the year. I almost froze to death walking home from school!
2. That was ____________________________ movie I’ve ever seen. I almost walked out in the middle.
3. Please give me your recipe. That is _________________________________ cake I’ve ever eaten.
4. Jerry is ___________________________ student in our class. He gets the top grades in every course.
5. Bob told _______________________________________ story last night. I couldn’t stop laughing.
6. Whales are ____________________________________________ animals in the world.
7. The Nile is _________________________________________ river in the world.
8. Marie is ________________________________ person I know. She has won the lottery four times!
9. He is ________________________________ speaker I have ever heard. Half the audience fell asleep
during his speech.
10. Mount Everest is __________________________________ mountain in the world.
11. That is _______________________________ painting in the art gallery. It’s worth a million dollars.
12. Bill Gates is one of ________________________________________ men in the world.
13. I finished the exercise in five minutes. It was _______________________________ homework the
teacher has ever given us.
14. Arthur hates to clean. He has __________________________________ apartment I’ve ever seen.
15. My dinner only cost $6.00. That must be ________________________________ restaurant in town.
16. I was afraid to turn off the lights last night. That was _____________________________________
show I’ve ever watched.

D. Complete the sentences with a superlative:

a. This building is very old. It’s the oldest building in the town.
b. It was a very happy day. It was of my life.
c. It’s a very good film. It’s I’ve seen.
d. It was a very bad mistake. It was in my life.
e. It was a very cold day. It was of the year.
f. She’s a popular singer. She’s in the country.
g. He’s a very boring person. He’s I know.
h. This house is very big. It is I’ve lived in.
i. My cousin is very tall. He is I have.
j. Laura is a very pretty girl. She is I know.

E. Choose the correct answer:

a. Tom’s car is as big as / the biggest his friend’s.
b. Who is shorter than / the shortest person in your family?
c. Who is more independent than / the most independent person you know?
d. These sofas are more comfortable than / the most comfortable ours.
e. My brother is taller than / the tallest in the class.
f. Is Jason’s dog older than / the oldest yours?
g. Who is the best / better than singer in the world?
h. We are younger than / the youngest the rest of the class.
i. My hair is the straightest / straighter than your hair.
j. He is more popular / the most popular singer in the world.

F. Write the sentences in the correct order:

a. taller / than / Gary / Rick / is.
Gary is taller than Rick.
b. trousers / John / got / has / new / light.
c. Mary / clothes / likes / bigger
d. an / expensive / Rick / wearing / coat / is
e. the / Carol / has / scarf / got / shortest
f. the / student / he / tallest / is
g. actress / Mary / the / was / popular / most
h. He / the / was / footballer / best
i. plays / than / better / you / Mary
j. father / is / your / than / stronger / mine

G. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the adjective in brackets:
a. Carol is as good (good) as you at sport.
b. We like wearing the (late) fashion.
c. These trousers are ____________________ (comfortable) than those jeans.
d. She is ______________________ (happy) now than he was last year.
e. You are the ________________________ (pretty) girl in class.
f. My grandma is _______________________ (old) than my grandpa.
g. The red dress is the ______________________ (attractive) in the shop.
h. I always tell the _______________________ (fun) jokes.
i. Your hair is ____________________ (curly) than my hair.
j. My hair is ______________________ (short) than yours.

H. Write questions using the words provided and the superlative form of the adjective.
Ex. what/ big mistake/ ever made → What is the biggest mistake you have ever made?
1. what /beautiful place to visit/ your country
2. who/ kind person/ you know
3. what/ good movie/ ever seen
4. what/ happy day/ in your life
5. what/ crazy thing/ ever done
6. what/ expensive thing/ ever bought
7. what/ good restaurant/ your city
8. what/ exciting place/ ever been
9. who/ interesting person/ ever met

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCES

In active voice sentences the subject does the action.
Example: Liz played the piano.
• In passive voice sentences the subject receives the action.
Example: The piano was played by Liz.
- The sentence that uses the active voice is stronger, uses fewer words, and clearly
shows who performs the action.
- The sentence that uses the passive voice is weaker and less direct. It is, however,
not incorrect to use the passive voice.
• Sometimes the doer of the action is omitted in passive voice sentences.
Example: The piano was played.

A. Decide whether the following sentences are written in the active or passive voice. Then write
the doer of the action on the line to the right. If the doer is unknown, write a question mark (?).
Example: We saw the game at the stadium. Active / Passive ____We_____
1. Thomas feeds his dog. Active / Passive ____________
2. The dog is fed by Thomas. Active / Passive ____________
3. The family went to the beach. Active / Passive ____________
4. The letter was written by Marshall. Active / Passive ____________
5. The game had been won by the blue team. Active / Passive ____________
6. The problem was solved. Active / Passive ____________
7. The stunt man risked his life. Active / Passive ____________
8. The fire was extinguished. Active / Passive ____________
9. The car was being cleaned by its owner. Active / Passive ____________
10. It gets cold here during the winter. Active / Passive ____________

B. Change the passive voice sentences in A to active voice sentences and the active voice sentences
to passive voice sentences.

C. Rewrite the passive voice sentences as active voice sentences.

Passive: The dog was hit by the car.
Active: _________________________________________________________________________

Passive: The house will be built by the construction crew in five months.
Active: _________________________________________________________________________

D. Rewrite the active voice sentences as passive voice sentences.

Active: Julie answered the question.
Passive: ________________________________________________________________________

Active: The dolphins have learned many tricks.

Passive: ________________________________________________________________________

E. Make passive sentences using the word parts and the given tense.
1. The window – open (present perfect simple)
2. Her room – paint (past progressive)
3. He – take – to the airport. (present perfect simple)
4. The bike – repair – at the moment (present progressive)
5. The cows – feed – every morning (present simple)
6. The novel – write – a hundred years ago (past simple)
7. The food – must put – in the fridge (present simple)
8. A press conference – hold – tomorrow afternoon (future simple)
9. Our new house – just – finish (present perfect simple)
10. The thief – see – by the policeman (past perfect simple)
11. The story – often tell – by grandmother (present simple)
12. The package – send – by a good friend (past simple)
13. He – not see – for ages (present perfect simple)
14. My dad – off – a new job – later this week (future simple)
15. The church – not renovate – for two hundred years (present perfect simple)
16. Breakfast – serve – from 7 to 10 (present simple)

F. Make sentences in passive voice using the tenses in brackets. Add words where
necessary.
1. Great motorcycles - make – Japan (PRESENT SIMPLE)
2. The lawn – not mow –last week (PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE)
3. The postman – not see – recently (PRESENT PERECT SIMPLE)
4. The Gothic cathedral – build – 10th century. (PAST SIMPLE)
5. Many languages – speak – in the EU (PRESENT SIMPLE)
6. The schoolhouse – repair – today (PRESENT PROGRESSIVE)
7. The prize – award – tomorrow (FUTURE SIMPLE)
8. After the accident – Harry – take – to a doctor (PAST SIMPLE)
9. When I came in – the fridge – repair (PAST PROGRESSIVE)
10. The jewels – find – in the basement. (PAST SIMPLE)
11. After the shop – close – it – sell (PAST PERFECT SIMPLE – PAST SIMPLE)
12. Special technology – use (PRESENT PROGRESSIVE)
13. The thief – not find – by the police (PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE)
14. The shop – close – next month (FUTURE SIMPLE)
15. The cat – call – Sissy (PRESENT SIMPLE)

G. Complete the sentences with the correct active or passive form of the verb in brackets.
1. At last night's ceremony, they _____________ the award to an unknown actress. (GIVE)
2. The survivors __________________ by a cruise ship that __________________ to be near them.
(RESCUE, HAPPEN)
3. Two hours after the accident the doctor __________________ him dead. (DECLARE)
4. I remember __________________ to the circus by my father. (BE TAKE)
5. The weather _____________________ in the next few days. (NOT IMPROVE)
6. Coffee _____________________ before you __________________ it. (MUST ROAST, SELL)
7. The bridge _______________________ at the moment so it _____________________. (REPAIR,
CANNOT USE)
8. The police __________________ the victim a picture of the suspect. (SHOW)
9. The new staff members _____________________ all the help they need. (GIVE)
10. That door _________________________ for ages. (NOT OPEN)
11. A few days ago, a judge ____________________ him to appear before court next month. (ORDER)
12. The Times __________________________ such a shocking letter before. (NEVER PUBLISH)
13. They _________________________ on what to do when the headmaster __________________ in.
(INSTRUCT, COME)
14. The vandals __________________ bottles into windows and __________________ a few cars.
(THROW, DESTROY)
15. The new teammates _______________________ more time to get accustomed to the practice
sessions. (SHOULD GIVE)
16. After dad __________________ me to the zoo, he __________________ me some new clothes at
the department store. (TAKE, BUY)
17. I __________________ to the party last Thursday because I ____________________. (NOT GO,
NOT INVITE)
18. I ______________________ so surprised by such an outstanding performance before. (NEVER BE)
19. When we __________________ out of the cinema, the bus __________________ to take us
home. (COME, WAIT)
20. All the papers _____________________ in by next Friday. (MUST HAND)

SEQUENCE MARKERS
We use sequence markers to link sentences together for a larger unit of discourse. It indicates the
sequential order of things (first, secondly, thirdly, to begin with, next, then, finally, after that, before, to
conclude, furthermore, in addition, likewise, similarly, ...)
To enrich the narrative, we can also use ‘first of all’ to replace ‘first’ in the beginning of a sentence.
We can use ‘before’ to switch up the order of the process.
Instead of using ‘then’ or ‘next’ or ‘lastly’. ‘afterwards’ and ‘after a while’ can be another options as
well.
‘As soon as’ can come in handy if we need another way to sequence the event. It has the same function
as ‘then’ and ‘next’.

A. Fill in the blanks by using the sequence markers, such as before, as soon as, after a while, after.
Tom has become a book lover____________________ he went to the bookfair with his mum.
__________________ the bookfair, Tom had no interest in reading. He found reading a boring activity.
He was walking with his mum in the bookfair, looking at other books. _____________________, he
passed by a booth that sold superheroes story books. _____________________ he picked the book up,
he couldn’t stop reading. He loved to read ever since then.

B. Underline the most suitable sequence connectors from the brackets to fill in the blanks.
1. My sister was in the dentist's office for ten minutes. ______, I sat in the waiting room with an old
magazine in my hands. (First, Meanwhile, Later)
2. An hour passed but there was no sign of Mike. ______, we decided to go home. (Until, Before,
Finally)
3. We bumped into Salsa during our trip to Lang Island. A few weeks ______, we met him again (after,
then, later)
4. The teacher had trouble telling the twins apart. ______ she realized one had a mole above her lips.
(Subsequently, Finally, Meanwhile)
5. The men went to a nearby restaurant for breakfast. ______, they drove off towards the Penang Bridge
(After, Afterwards, Meanwhile)
6. The football coach announced, "Today, we will begin practicing for the coming match." ______ he
added, "Let's warm up first." (Then, After, Eventually)
7. ______, heat the oil in the frying pan. Then put in all the marinated chicken pieces. (Before, After,
First)
8. Many customers bought the delicious chicken pies. ______ all the pies were sold out. (Eventually,
Afterwards, Next)
9. Many people wanted to buy the tickets. ______ a while, the queue was quite long. (Before, After,
Finally)
10. Zulina will be back in fifteen minutes. ______, make yourself at home. (Later, Subsequently,
Meanwhile)
MODAL VERBS
“May” is used to express permission or possibility. The negative of may is “may not”.
Example: I may become a doctor. [In this example “may” is used to express the possibility of me
becoming a doctor in the future].
Example: May I have a glass of water? [In this example “may” is used to ask permission to have a
glass of water].

“Might” is used to express possibility. It differs from “may” in that the possibility it expresses is
usually smaller. The negative of might is “might not”.
Example: I might become a doctor when I grow up, but I doubt it. [In this example “might” is used to
express the small possibility that I will become a doctor when I grow up].

“Must” has two functions. First it expresses a strong belief. This belief is not based on fact, but rather
on logic. Second, it expresses an obligation. The source of this obligation is internal (coming from
oneself). The negative of must is “must not” or the contraction “mustn’t”.
Example: My keys must be around here somewhere. [In this example “must” expresses a strong belief
that is based on logic.]
Example: I must climb Mount Everest. [In this example “must” expresses the obligation to climb Mount
Everest that comes from an internal source (no one external to me is forcing me to do it).]

“Have to” has several functions. First it expresses a strong belief. This belief is not based on fact, but
rather on logic. Second, it expresses an obligation. The source of this obligation is external (coming
from your boss, the law, an authority). The negative of have is “do not have to”.
Example: Yoko has to win this race to advance to the next round. [In this example “has to” expresses a
strong belief that is based on logic.]
Example: My mother says that I have to make my bed. [In this example “have to” expresses an
obligation coming from an external source (my mother).]

“Shall” is to express a future action. It is different than “will” in that it is used to express an order or
prophecy. The negative of shall is “shall not” or the contraction “shan’t”.
Example: I shall become a doctor. [In this example “shall” is used to express the prophecy of me
becoming a doctor in the future.]
Example: Tomorrow, you shall climb to the top of Mt. Everest. [In this example “shall” is used to order
or command a future action.]

“Should” is used to express the ideal (best) action which happens in the past, present, or future. The
negative of should is “should not” or the contraction “shouldn’t”.
Example: I think I should make chicken for dinner tonight. [In this example “should” is used to express
that making chicken is the best future action.]
Example: I should get paid more for the hard work that I do. [In this example “should” is used to
express that it would be ideal for me to get paid more for my present action.]

“Will” is used when you are volunteering to do something in the future, or when you are deciding at the
time of speaking to do something in the future. The negative of will is “will not” or the contraction
“won’t” (See “Using will and going” in the future tense folder of the advanced section of this website
for more information on “will”)
Example: I will cook dinner. [In this example “will” is used to volunteer to cook dinner in the future.]
Example: I think I will go to the beach this Sunday. [In this example “will” is used to express a future
action that is being decided upon at the time of speaking.]
“Would” has several functions. First, it functions as the past tense of “will”. Second, it functions as the
conditional mood of “will”. Third, it is used to be polite. The negative of would is “would not” or the
contraction “wouldn’t”.
Example: I would try to act like my father when I was young. [In this example “would” functions as the
past tense of “will”.]
Example: I would get a tan if I worked at the pool. [In this example “would” functions as the
conditional mood of “will”.]
Example: I would like more tea please. [In this example “would” is used to be polite.]

“Can” and “Be able to” are used to say that it is possible to do something, or that somebody/something
has an ability to do something:
Example: You can use this phone anywhere in the world.

To talk about what we can do in the future we use these modals:

- be able to for situations that are certain;
- can for future personal arrangements;
- could for situations that are possible but unlikely;
- could or would be able to for conditional situations;

“Can” and “Could” are used to make a request.

Example: Could you please give me the doctor’s telephone number?

“Can” and “Could” are used to ask permission.

Example: Could I use your pen, please?

To talk about past ability and possibility, we use could/couldn’t or was/were able to.
We use can for something that is generally possible.

I. Complete the sentences using: can, can’t, must, mustn’t, need, needn’t, should, shouldn’t
1. You ____________________ finish your work, because it’s late.
2. We ____________________ get up early, we ____________________ be late.
3. Don’t be nervous! You ____________________ be calm. You ____________________ be nervous.
4. John ____________________ translate the English text. He ____________________ learn more.
5. People ____________________ smoke in this building, because it’s forbidden.
6. These boys are too young, they ____________________ go to the disco.
7. The windows aren’t dirty, youe ____________________ clean them.
8. It’s very hot in summer. We ____________________ water the flowers twice a week.
9. The mother ____________________ go to the bank, because she hasn’t got any money.
10. Jim and jack have a lot of horses. They ____________________ ride a horse.
11. I ____________________ help you, because I don’t know the solution.
12. Before dinner people ____________________ wash their hands.
13. We ____________________ the meeting early, we ____________________ stay until the end.
14. This girl ____________________ drink so much cola. It’s not healthy.
15. Susan has a lot of free time, she ____________________ hurry.
16. It’s a fantastic movie. You ____________________ see it.
17. You ____________________ learn to ride a bike. It’s very useful.
18. We ____________________ forget to visit our grandparents at the weekend.
19. Jim ____________________ remember to feed his cat before he goes to work.
20. Children ____________________ eat a chocolate every day.
21. This family ____________________ buy a bigger house, because this house is too small for them.
22. My friend ____________________ relax more, because he is depressed.
23. Our mother is very old and ill, she ____________________ work in the garden.
24. This flat isn’t big enough, you ____________________ rent this.
25. These documents are very important, we ____________________ lose them.
26. This dog isn’t hungry, you ____________________ feed it.
27. I ____________________ speak German fluently, because I always learn hard.
28. Tom ____________________ forget to turn off the TV before he goes to bed.
29. Julia ____________________ remember to turn off the lights before she goes away.
30. You ____________________ go home. You ____________________ stay here if you want.
31. I ____________________ write an essay now. I ____________________ do it tomorrrow.
32. You ____________________ be afraid of my dog, because it’s very friendly.
33. Our children ____________________ sing well. They don’t have a good ear for music.
34. Children ____________________ watch TV so much. They ____________________ learn more.
35. I ____________________ forget to do the English homework.
36. Peter ____________________ work hard, but he is lazy.
37. We ____________________ eat less chocolate. We are very fat.
38. Children ____________________ go to school every day.
39. I feel bad, I ____________________ go to the doctor.
40. You ____________________ be late, this meeting is very important.

II. Circle the correct auxiliary modal verb in each sentence.

1. When I grow up, I (may, might) become an engineer.
2. There is a small chance that we (may, might) go to the beach this weekend.
3. There is a good change that we (might, may) have to postpone the meeting.
4. Billy and I (may, might) cook dinner tonight.
5. The airplane (might, may) crash.
6. You never know, I (may, might) become president one day.
7. (May, Might) I have a piece of bread please?
8. It (might, may) snow tonight, but I doubt it.
9. If Jane studied harder, she (might, may) have gotten a better grade on the test.
10. I (might, may) not be coming to your party tonight. I told my mother that I would stay home and
make cookies with her already. I’m sorry.

III. Put have to, don’t have to or mustn’t in the gaps.

1. You ________________________ wear white clothes, but you _______________________ wear sports shoes.
2. You _________________________ disturb other players, but you ____________________________ be silent.
3. You _________________________ finish on time, but you ______________________________ start on time.
4. You _______________________ play with club balls, but if you do, you __________________________ take
them home.
5. You _________________________ eat or drink outside the bar, but you _________________________ buy
your food in the bar if you don’t want to.
6. You _________________________ have a shower, and you ________________________ wear clean clothes.

IV. Look at the signs and complete the sentences with don’t have to or mustn’t.
ANTIQUES 1. You ______________________________ go in.
Please feel free to come in.
2. You ______________________________ eat inside.
(No eating inside.)

Entry possible 1. ______________________________ arrive half an hour early.

30 minutes before the concert.
2. You ______________________________ arrive late.
No late arrivals allowed.

All vehicles – slow. 1. Small vehicles______________________________ wait.

Drivers of large vehicles, wait for
2. Drivers of large vehicles _________________________ cross alone.
guard before crossing.

STUDENTS! 1. Students ______________________________ make a noise.

th
Please be quiet – 4 Year exam in 2. Third-year students ________________________ take the exam.
progress.

LIBRARY 1. You ______________________________ talk in the library.

No talking. 2. You ________________________ put the books back on the shelves.
Please leave books on tables.

SWIMMING POOL 1. Swimmers ______________________________ pay today.

Free swim today. No eating.
2. Swimmers ___________________________ eat or drink by the pool.
No drinking.
V. Put the words in the box in the gaps. Don’t add any other words: Does she; have to; has; she
has; must; mustn’t; have; does she.
Mark: We ________________ to get up early tomorrow.
Bob: Why?
Mark: Have you forgotten? Angela ________________ to move to a new flat tomorrow, and I
promised we would help her.
Bob: ________________ have to move out by a particular time?
Mark: No, there’s no rush. She doesn’t ________________ leave her old flat before the afternoon, but
there are lots of things that ________________ to pack, so we ________________ get there fairly early.
Bob: Why ________________ have to move, by the way?
Mark: She said that I ________________ tell you because she wants to tell you herself, when she sees
you tomorrow.

CLAUSES OF REASON
a) As, because, since: we start a clause with these connectors to give the reason for a particular
situation.
As he wasn’t well-dressed, they didn’t let him in.
It must be break time, because I see many people in the canteen.
Since you’re going to Great Britain for the whole year, you should buy an umbrella.

b) Because of, due to, owing to: Although they are prepositions, they can also be used to give a reason.
Because of is used before a noun or noun phrase. The difference between Due to and Owing to is that
we cannot use owing to after the verb to be.
There was no one in class because of the storm. [There was nobody in class because there was a
storm.]
We couldn’t stage the play due to budget cuts. / owing to budget cuts.
The school’s success is largely due to the new director.

c) For, with: For cannot be used at the beginning of a sentence. “Because of”.
With the meeting [being] at 14’00, I won’t have time to eat.
[Because the meeting is at 14’00, I won’t have time to eat.]
She couldn’t hear the teacher talking for all the noise of her classmates.
[She couldn’t hear the teacher talking because of all the noise of her classmates.]

d) For, in that, inasmuch as: used in literary and in formal English.

We must start planning next year course, for the future may bring unexpected changes.
The school is strange in that there are two directors.
Pepito and Manolita have an easy life, inasmuch as neither of them has to work too hard but they earn
a lot of money.
Rewrite the sentences.
1. Many parents worry because their children may have drugs abuse.
Due to ...

2. There's a big global economic crisis because there have been many capitalist speculators.
As ...

3. Japanese is very difficult since it's very different from European languages.
Owing to...

4. Some American teachers are using rap songs for their students. Therefore, they're getting very good
results.
Some students are getting ...

5. You ought to concentrate on your English so that you can improve it.
As ...

6. Many people think that things haven't changed very much because we have the same political
tensions as in the 70s.
Since ...

7. Pink Floyd combined commercial sounds with political involvement. As a result, they were very
popular.
Pink Floyd were very ...

8. Many music bands are well-known because they sing in English.

Due to ...

9. My friend Raúl can travel across the USA with no problems because he's got an excellent command
of English.
Owing to ...
As ...
GERUND
Gerunds are words that are formed with verbs but act as nouns. They’re very easy to spot, since every
gerund is a verb with ing tacked to its tail. There are no exceptions to this rule. To find gerunds in
sentences, just look for a verb + ing that is used as a noun. It’s that simple.

A. Complete the sentences with the gerund form of the verbs in parentheses.
1. She is good at ____________________. (dance)
2. He is crazy about ____________________. (sing)
3. I don't like ____________________ cards. (play)
4. They are afraid of ____________________ in the sea. (swim)
5. You should give up ____________________. (smoke)
6. Sam dreams of ____________________ a popstar. (be)
7. He is interested in ____________________ friends. (make)
8. My uncle is afraid of ____________________ by plane. (go)
9. We insist on ____________________ the dinner ourselves. (cook)

B. Complete with the correct Gerund or infinitive.

1. I don’t fancy ____________________ out tonight. (go)
2. She avoided ____________________ him about her plans. (tell)
3. I would like ____________________ to the party with you. (come)
4. He enjoys ____________________ a bath in the evening. (have)
5. She kept ____________________ during the film. (keep)
6. I am learning ____________________ English. (speak)
7. Do you mind ____________________ me a hand? (give)
8. She helped me ____________________ my suitcases. (carry)
9. I have finished ____________________ – come and eat! (cook)
10. He decided ____________________ biology. (study)
11. I dislike ____________________. (wait)
12. He asked ____________________ with us. (come)
13. I promise ____________________ you tomorrow. (help)
14. We discussed ____________________ to the cinema, but in the end we stayed at home. (go)
15. She agreed ____________________ the pudding to the dinner. (bring)
16. I don’t recommend ____________________ the bus – it takes forever! (take)
17. We hope ____________________ Amsterdam next month. (visit)
18. She suggested ____________________ to the museum. (go)
19. They plan ____________________ college in the autumn. (start)
20. I don’t want ____________________ yet. (leave)