Sampling
Basis of Sampling
Sampling in chemistry involves the process of selecting a portion from a larger quantity of material,
such as a batch of a chemical substance or a population of particles, to analyze. The goal is to obtain
a representative sample that accurately reflects the properties of the entire batch or population.
This is crucial because the accuracy of the analytical results depends on the quality of the sample
collected.
Sampling Procedure
In analytical chemistry, converting a gross sample to a representative sample is crucial to ensure
homogeneity, accuracy, reproducibility and efficiency of analysis and reflect the entire bulk
material. Here are some common methods used to achieve this:
1. Tabling:Utilizes gravity and mechanical vibration to separate particles based on density and
particle size.
A sample is spread on a flat, inclined surface (the table).The table is shaken or vibrated, causing
denser particles to move in one direction and lighter particles to move in another.Layers form, and
portions from these layers are collected to create a more uniform and representative sample.Widely
used in mineral processing and other industries where density differences are significant.
2. Quartering:Reduces sample size while maintaining its representative nature by systematically
dividing the sample.
Spread the sample uniformly on a flat surface.Divide the sample into four equal parts (quarters)
using a cross.Remove two opposite quarters, mix the remaining two quarters, and repeat the
process until the desired sample size is achieved.Commonly used in soil and grain sampling.
3. Coning and Quartering: Combines coning (creating a cone) and quartering to reduce sample size
and achieve homogeneity.
Pour the gross sample into a cone-shaped pile on a flat surface.Flatten the cone by spreading it out
into a circular, flat layer.Divide the flattened sample into four quarters using a cross.Discard two
opposite quarters, thoroughly mix the remaining two quarters, and repeat the process until the
sample is reduced to the desired size.Suitable for granular or powdered materials, such as ores,
minerals, and agricultural products.
Importance of representative sampling
Representative sampling is essential to ensure that the sample accurately reflects the characteristics
of the whole material. This is important for several reasons:
Accuracy: Ensures the analytical results are accurate and reliable.
Quality Control: Helps in maintaining the quality of products in industrial processes.
Compliance: Ensures compliance with regulatory standards and guidelines.
Cost Efficiency: Reduces the cost of analysis by avoiding the need for repeated sampling and testing.
Sample Preparation of Solid, Liquid, and Gas Analytes
Sampling
Solid Samples:
Crushing and Grinding: Break down the sample to a uniform particle size to ensure homogeneity.
Drying: Remove moisture to prevent interference in the analysis.
Sieving: Separate particles based on size if necessary.
Dissolution: Dissolve the sample in an appropriate solvent if the analysis requires a liquid phase.
Liquid Samples:
Mixing: Ensure the sample is homogeneous by thorough mixing.
Filtration: Remove particulate matter that might interfere with the analysis.
Dilution: Dilute the sample to the required concentration range for the analysis.
Gas Samples:
Collection: Use gas-tight syringes, canisters, or sampling bags.
Adsorption: Pass the gas through a sorbent material to concentrate the analytes if necessary.
Cryogenic Trapping: Cool the gas to condense the analytes for easier analysis.
Hazards in Sampling
Sampling in chemistry involves several potential hazards, which can pose risks to both personnel and
the integrity of the sample. Understanding and mitigating these hazards is crucial for safe and
effective sampling practices.
Chemical Hazards:
Toxicity: Exposure to harmful chemicals can cause acute or chronic health effects. Proper use of
personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves, goggles, and lab coats, is essential.
Flammability: Handling flammable substances requires precautions to prevent ignition. Work in well-
ventilated areas and avoid open flames or sparks.
Corrosiveness: Corrosive chemicals can damage skin, eyes, and respiratory systems. Use appropriate
containers and PPE, and ensure access to safety showers and eyewash stations.
Physical Hazards:
Cuts and Burns: Sharp tools and heated equipment can cause injuries. Use tools properly and wear
protective gear.
Sampling
Manual Handling: Lifting and transporting samples can lead to musculoskeletal injuries. Use correct
lifting techniques and appropriate containers.
Biological Hazards:
Pathogenic Exposure: Sampling biological materials may expose workers to infectious agents. Use
sterile techniques, PPE, and containment strategies like biosafety cabinets.
Environmental Hazards:
Contamination: Samples can be contaminated by environmental factors, compromising analysis. Use
clean tools and containers, and minimize sample exposure to the environment.
Pollution: Improper disposal of samples can harm the environment. Follow waste disposal
regulations and guidelines.
Operational Hazards:
Equipment Malfunction: Faulty equipment can cause accidents or sample loss. Regular maintenance
and calibration are necessary.
Handling Errors: Mishandling samples can lead to spills and exposure. Proper training and adherence
to protocols are crucial.
Mitigation Strategies:
Training: Ensure all personnel are trained in hazard recognition and safe handling procedures.
PPE: Always wear appropriate protective gear.
Safety Protocols: Follow established safety procedures and guidelines strictly.
Emergency Preparedness: Have plans and equipment in place for dealing with spills, exposures, and
accidents.
By recognizing and addressing these hazards, the sampling process can be conducted safely,
protecting both personnel and sample integrity.Attention to hazards during sampling is essential to
protect personnel, maintain sample integrity, and comply with safety regulations.
