EXPERIMENT 2a
gauge.
AIM: To mgasure diameter ofa given wire using screw
APrÁRATUS
Screw gauge, wire, half-metre scale and magnifying lens.
THEORY Ms-R + C-SR -Ze)XLLC
and B, the edge of the cap lies ahead of Nth division of
If with the wire between plane faces A
linear scale, then, linear scale reading (L.S.R.) = N.
If nth division of circular scale lies over reference line, then, circular scale reading
(C.S.R.) =nx(L.C.) (L.C. is least count of screw gauge)
Total reading (T.R.) = L.S.R. + C.S.R. - N+nx (L.C.).
2. IfD be the mean diameter and l be the mean length of the wire,
volume of the wire, V=
DIAGRAM
-Wire
N
H
5 K
Fig. Serew gauge measuring diameter of the wire,
MeasuremgptfLength 41
PROCEDURE
1 Eind the value of one linear scale division (L.S.D.).
Deteminethe pitch and the least count of the screw gauge and record it stepwise.
3. Bring the plane face Bin contact with plane face Aand find the zero error. Do it three times
and record them. If there is nozero error, then recordzero error as nil.
4 Move the face Baway from face A. Place the wire lengthwise over face Aand move the face B
towards face A
using the ratchet headR. Stop when Rturns (slips) without moving the screw.
6 Note the number of divisions of the linear scale visible and uncovered by the edge of the cap.
The reading (N) is called linear scale reading (L.S.R.).
A Note the number (n) of the division of the circular scale lying over reference line.
7. Repeat steps 5and 6after rotating the wire by 90° for measuring diameter in aperpendicular
direction.
8. Repeat steps 4, 5, 6 and 7 for five different positions separated equally throughout the length
of the wire. Record the observations in each set ina tabular form.
9. Find total reading and apply zero correction in each case.
10. Take mean of different values of diamete.
11. Measure the length of the wire by stretching it along a half-metre scale. Keeping one end of
wire at a known mark, note the position of other end. Difference in position of the two ends
of the wire gives the length of the wire. Do it three times and record them.
OBSERVATIONS
Determination of Least Count of the Screw Gauge
1L.S.D, = 1 mm
Number of full rotations given to screw =4
Distance moved by the screw = 4 mm
d 4 mm
Hence, pitch p= n 4
=1 mm
Number of divisions on circular scale = 100
1mm
Hence, least count, = =0.01 mm = 0.001 cm.
100
2.Zero Error, (i) ..mm, (ii) ..... mm, (iii) ... mm,
Mean zero error (e) =...... mim
Mean zero correction (c)=-e= *.. nm.
Taleto
le
dyaum
42 Comprekenslve Practical Physics
3. Table for diameter (D)
Circular Scale Reading Total Reading
Linear Scale
Serial No. of No. of Circular Value Observed
Dbservatiens Reading (N)
(mm)
Scale division on [nx(L.C.)] D,=N+n Corrected
reference line x L.C. D=D,+e
(n) (mm) (mm)
(mm)
(a) A B
D, ()=
D, )=
(a) AB D, (a) =
D, (6) =
(a) AOB D, () =
3
D, (b) =
CALCULATIONS
Length of the wire, l= () ....cm, (ii) ...... cm, (i) ..... cm.
Mean diameter of the wire,
D= D,(a) + D, (b) +....
6
D, (a) + D,(b)
=...... mn = o...e. CM
Mean length of the wire,
4+4+, =..... Cm
3
Volume of the wire,
RESULT
dimtr
The yalumeof the given wire is . . .cm,
PRECAUTKONS
Moavoid undue pressure; the screw should always be rotated by ratchet Rand not by
2. The screw should move freely without friction.
43
MeasurementofLength
a The rerocorrection, with proper sign should be notedvery carefully and added algebraically.
a For same set of observations, the screw should be movedin the samedirection to avoid back
Jash error of the screw.
5 Ateach place, the diameter of the wire should be measured in two perpendicular directions
andthenthe mean of the two be taken.
6. Readings should be taken atleast for five different places equally spaced along the whole length
of the wire.
7. Error due to parallax should be avoided.
SOURÇS OF ERROR
1. The srew may have friction.
2. The screw gauge may have back-lash error.
3. Circular scale divisions may not be of equal size.
4. The wire may not be uniform.
EXPERIMENT 2*
AIM: measure thickness of agiven sheet using screw gauge.
APPARATUS
Screw gauge, sheet (it must be rigid) and magnifying lens.
THEORY
Sane as in Experiment 2.
PROCEDÉ
Steps 1 to6 are same as in Experiment 2.
throughout the surface ofthesheet.
Repeat steps 4, 5,6for 5different positions spread equally
Record obseryation in tabular form.
case.
Find total reading and apply zerocorrection in each
Take mean of different values of thickness.
OBSERVATIONS
Aterninationn of least count of the screw gauge.
Sane as in Experiment 2.
2. Zero Error.
ane as in Experiment 2.
