Line Codes
• The digital information must first be converted into a physical signal.
• The physical signal is called a line code.
Analog
Input
Signal
Sample
X
Quantize ADC
XQ
Encode
Digital (PCM) output Xk = 111 111 001 010 011 111 011
Line
Code
x(t) Digital signal (PCM signal)
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Unipolar NRZ Line Code (On-Off Keying)
• The unipolar nonreturn-to-zero line code is defined by the
unipolar mapping:
A when X k 1
ak
0 when X k 0
– where Xk is the kth data bit.
– In addition, the pulse shape for unipolar NRZ is:
t
p (t ) NRZ pulse shape
Tb
– Where Tb is the bit period.
1 0 1 1 0 1
A x(t ) a
k
k p (t kTb )
0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb
Notes for Unipolar NRZ: Hard to recover symbol timing (when it starts and finishes )
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when long strings of 0’s or 1’s are present.
Unipolar RZ Line Code
• The unipolar return-to-zero line code has the same symbol
mapping but a different pulse shape than unipolar NRZ:
A when X k 1 t
ak p(t ) RZ pulse shape
0 when X k 0 Tb / 2
1 0 1 1 0 1
A
x(t ) a
k
k p (t kTb )
0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb
Notes for Unipolar RZ: No timing problem with long strings of 1’s. However, strings of 0’s still
problem. Pulse of the half the duration of NRZ requires twice the bandwidth.
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Unipolar RZ Line Code
Notes for Unipolar RZ: Pulse of the half the duration of NRZ requires twice the bandwidth.
t
p (t ) NRZ pulse shape
Tb
t
p(t ) RZ pulse shape
Tb / 2
2 times more BW 8
Polar Line Codes
• Polar line codes use the antipodal mapping:
A when X k 1
ak
A when X k 0
A 1 0 1 1 0 1
Polar NRZ
A
A
Polar RZ
A
Notes for Polar Line Code: Increases the distance between two amplitude levels. So more
accurate detection at the receiver side. However, more energy is required in comparison to
Unipolar line code. Because, there is a pulse to represent 0’s as well in Polar line code. In
Unipolar line code, there is no pulse transmitted.
9
Manchester Line Codes
• Manchester line codes use the antipodal mapping
and the following split-phase pulse shape:
p (t )
t Tb / 4 t Tb / 4
p (t )
b T / 2 b T / 2
1 0 1 1 0 1
A
A
Notes for Manchester Line Code: Easy synchronization (can handle symbol timing). More
complex generation. 10
Bipolar Line Codes
• With bipolar line codes a space is mapped to zero and a mark
is alternately mapped to -A and +A:
0 when X k 0
ak A when X k 1 and last mark A
A when X k 1 and last mark A
• Either RZ or NRZ pulse shape can be used.
1 0 1 1 0 1
A
Bipolar (RZ)
A
Notes for Bipolar Line Code: It can handle symbol timing. More complex generation.
11
Multilevel Signaling
code word
+A
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Multilevel Signaling
• We can increase the number of levels in the signal using a
Digital to Analog Converter (DAC)
data
13
Multilevel Signaling (Example)
• PCM: Sampling, quantizing and encoding
• Lets say after PCM each sample is represented with 8 bits
• Example binary code word for a sample can be 01001110
Encoding Scheme: A 2-Bit Digital-to-Analog Converter
Binary Input Output Level
(l=2 bits) (V)
11 +3
10 +1
00 -1
01 -3
Binary code word: 01 00 11 10
w1= -3 w2= -1 w3= +3 w4= +1 => Symbols
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Multilevel Signaling (Example)
For this example:
Tb (Bit period) = 1ms
Ts (Symbol period) = 2ms
To (Codeword) = 8ms
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k
16
17
18
19
