Systems

Engineering
ESI 6551
Dr. Gulsah
Hancerliogullari Koksalmis
Introduction &
Chapter 1 - System Science and
Engineering

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 Welcome to ESI 6551

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• Include:

• What is your name?

• Area of concentration?

• Career? (Current? Future? Desired? Imaginary?)

• Fun Activities?

• What do you think are your strengths?

• What do you think you need to improve on?

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 Project

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Project

• The project for this class is in the form of a 12-page paper (+1 cover page) which will be expanded
progressively.

• All project submissions must be double spaced using Arial 11-point font.

• Charts, tables, and graphs do not count against your page count (you can have as many of those as
you want)

• The paper will be developed in 4 parts, and each section will be turned in on its assigned due date.

• There will also be an associated video report.

• Please add your team number to the filename for everything you submit.

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How are you graded?

• Consistency

• Thoroughness

• Outside the box thinking

• Implementation of the teachings from this courses

• Creativity

• Going above and beyond

• EFFORT, EFFORT, EFFORT!

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Project Scope

It’s time for a change!

• Society needs to listen more to our most educated students –

That’s YOU!
• For this project, you are being asked to identify something (a system) at UCF,
in Orlando, or in Florida… that you think could be better and attempt to
improve it!

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Project Scope

It’s time for a change!

• Take all the steps needed to make a change.

• Get in contact with the people in charge (the stakeholders)

• Learn about the system and how it functions

• Understand from users and controllers what they struggle with and what they would
like changed.

• Share your proposal and get their buy-in

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Project Scope

It’s time for a change!

• Plan for and propose a change

• Design (re-design?) the system

• Identify the system constraints

• Attempt to develop (or explain how it will be developed)

• Attempt to test (or explain how it would be tested)

• Deploy (if approved – by the stakeholders)

• Propose a maintenance plan

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Project Scope

It’s time for a change!

• Plan for and propose a change
• Design (re-design?) the system
• Identify the system constraints
• Attempt to develop (or explain how it will be developed)

• Attempt to test (or explain how it would be tested)

• Deploy (if approved – by the stakeholders)
• Propose a maintenance plan

• All change proposals must be legal and ethical.

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Project Scope

It’s time for a change!

• Plan for and propose a change
• Design (re-design?) the system
• Identify the system constraints
• Attempt to develop (or explain how it will be developed)

• Attempt to test (or explain how it would be tested)

• Deploy (if approved – by the stakeholders)
• Propose a maintenance plan

• All change proposals must be legal and ethical.

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 Project Scope
Project Assignment Length Points Due Date Scope
Abstract/Proposal 2 Pages 10 6-Feb • What is the system you want to change?
• Why do you want to change it?
• What change are you proposing?
• What challenges do you THINK you will face?
Check-In Report 1 3 Pages 15 27-Feb • Who are the stakeholders you will be communicating with (or have started to communicate with?)
• What are the identified constraints?
• Present a Work Breakdown Structure?
• How are you going to implement this change?
Video Report 10 – 12 minutes 10 12-Mar • What has the team dynamics been like?
• What is everyone’s role?
• What challenges have you been faced with up to this point (expected or unexpected)
• Is there a need to make any modifications to your original plan? Why or why not?
Check-In Report 2 3 Pages 15 26-Mar • Has your system been developed? Walk through the development process (whether actual or proposed).
• What testing needs to take place? Walk through the testing process (whether actual or proposed).
• Have you attempted any tests? If so, what was the outcome?
Final Report 4 Pages 25 16-Apr • Has your change been implemented? Why or why not?
• What is the maintenance needed for this system?
• What are the lessons learned?
• What would you do differently if you were to do it again?

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 Final Exam

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Final Exam (20% of final grade)

• Will be online on WebCourses for all students.

• Students will have about a week to complete it.

• Exam is open book / open notes (Although I typically structure my exams around the lectures and slides
presented).

• Once started, exam is on a timer and students will have certain amount of time to get through it.

• No exceptions will be made if you miss the examination period.

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 Systems Engineering in a nutshell

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Tree Swing Example

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 This sounds like Project Management

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Close but...

• There is a lot of overlap between project management and Systems Engineering.

• Systems Engineering covers a wider scope than project management

• Project Management can be seen as one important component of Systems Engineering

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Close but...

• There is a lot of overlap between project management and Systems Engineering.

• Systems Engineering covers a wider scope than project management

• Project Management can be seen as one important component of Systems Engineering

• Project management is the use of specific knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to deliver something of value to
people. The development of software for an improved business process, the construction of a building, the relief
effort after a natural disaster, the expansion of sales into a new geographic market... these are all examples of
projects. - Project Management Institute

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Close but...

• Projects are temporary efforts to create value through unique products, services, and processes. Some projects are
engineered to quickly resolve problems. Others require extended timelines to produce outcomes that will not need major
improvements outside of projected maintenance—like public highways—for example.

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Close but...

• Projects are temporary efforts to create value through unique products, services, and processes. Some projects are
engineered to quickly resolve problems. Others require extended timelines to produce outcomes that will not need major
improvements outside of projected maintenance—like public highways—for example.

• The nine elements of successful Project Management:

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Close but... I decided to ask ChatGPT
10 Main components of Project Management:
1.Initiation
2.Planning
3.Execution
4.Monitoring and Control
5.Risk Management
6.Communication
7.Quality Management
8.Closing
9.Integration Management
10.Stakeholder Management

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Close but... According to ChatGPT
10 Main components of Project Management: 10 Main components of Systems Engineering:
1.Initiation 1.Requirements Analysis
2.Planning 2.Systems Architecture
3.Execution 3.System Design
4.Monitoring and Control 4.Integration
5.Risk Management 5.Verification and Validation
6.Communication 6.Risk Management
7.Quality Management 7.Configuration Management
8.Closing 8.Lifecycle Management
9.Integration Management 9.Decision Analysis
10.Stakeholder Management 10.Trade-off Analysis

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OBJECTIVES
AFTER STUDYING THIS CHAPTER,
YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

Define systems engineering.

Identify the elements of a system.
LEARNING

Classify natural and human-made systems.

Specify the components of systems.
Understand the impact of technology (magic)
Appreciate the complexity of systems engineering.
Become familiar with INCOSE.

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 What is the difference between Aeronautical Engineers
and Civil Engineers?

Aeronautical Engineers build the weapons;

Civil Engineers build the targets.

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 What is “Engineering”?
Knowledge of mathematical and natural sciences applied to utilize
limited resources economically for the benefit of people
Scientific approach
Optimize resources
User/customer in focus

Classical Engineering focused mainly on product design.

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 Systems Engineering (SE)
SE is an interdisciplinary approach and means to enable
realization of successful systems
It is quantitative including tradeoff, optimization, selection and
integration of products from various engineering disciplines
It is more of an engineering discipline.

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 What is a System?
A system is any process that converts inputs to outputs.

A group of components that work together for a specified purpose

Components - products (hardware, software, firmware), processes, people,

information, techniques, facilities, services and other support elements

Together – integration of many

Purpose – is achieved by implementing many functions

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 Three+ Viewpoints
Customer and User ~ the Needs of the System

Project Manager ~ time and money constraints

Chief Systems Engineer – cost effective solutions

available, dependable, capable

Engineering specialist ~ Capabilities and ambitions, technology to build the system

(scientist, engineer, mathematician, physicist)

Thus a need for a common language exists among them.

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 What is a System?
A group of elements arranged to act on the whole in order to
achieve a common goal.

Composite of equipment, skills and techniques capable of supporting an

operational goal.

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 What is a System? (Definition I prefer)
A set of different elements connected to
perform a unique function not performable
by the elements alone.

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 Elements of a System
Components -- structural, operating and flow:

Input Processes Output

System Inputs Processes Outputs

Auto assembly auto parts, Manipulation, Assembled autos
energy Joining, Finishing

Attributes -- properties of components like color, strength, mph

Relationships -- links between components and attributes, each car has id #

System – a set of interrelated components

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 The Elements of a System

1. Components – operating parts, inputs, processes, output

2. Attributes – component properties

3. Relationships – links components and attributes

A system is characterized by the dependent behavior of its

components.

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 Why does it matter?
• More systematic way of development
• Better control of System Development incl. management of risk,
changes, configuration
• Traceability at all levels
• Operational & supportability aspects
• Effectiveness Analysis
• Risk management
• Operational - Maintainability, Availability, Safety etc

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 What is a System?
Here are some examples:

Orlando International Airport Baggage System

Uber dispatch system

Hubble Space Telescope

New York Subway system

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 What is a System?
Here are some examples:

Orlando International Airport Baggage System

Uber dispatch system

Hubble Space Telescope

New York Subway system

People from different disciplines have different perspectives of what a "system" is.

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 Software System

An integrated set of computer programs.

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 Electrical Engineering
System
Complex integrated circuits or an integrated set of
electrical units

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 Ecosystem
“…a community made up of living

organisms and nonliving components

such as air, water and mineral soil.

Ecosystems can be studied in two

different ways. They can be thought

of as interdependent collections of

plants and animals, or as structured

systems and communities governed

by general rules.”

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 Political System
“…a system of politics and

government. It is usually compared

to other….social systems. However

this is a very simplified view of a

more complex system of categories

involving the questions of who

should have authority and what the

government’s influence on it’s

people and economy should be.”

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 Systems Thinking
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 Systems Thinking
An introduction to Systems Thinking

“…systems thinking is the fifth discipline…that integrates

the disciplines, fusing them into a coherent body of theory

and practice. It keeps them from being separate gimmicks

or the latest organizational fad. Without a systemic

orientation, there is no motivation to look at how the

disciplines interrelate. By enhancing each of the other

disciplines, it continually reminds us that the whole can

exceed the sum of its parts.”

- Peter Senge, The Fifth Discipline: The Art & Practice of the Learning Organization

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 1. Personal mastery: Continually clarifying and
deepening our personal vision, of focusing our
energies, of developing patience, and of seeing
reality objectively.
Systems Thinking 2. Mental models: Deeply ingrained assumptions,
generalizations, or even pictures of images that
An introduction to Systems Thinking
influence how we understand the world and
“…systems thinking is the fifth discipline…that integrates how we take action.
3. Building shared vision: Unearthing shared
the disciplines, fusing them into a coherent body of theory pictures of the future that foster genuine
and practice. It keeps them from being separate gimmicks commitment and enrollment rather than
compliance.
or the latest organizational fad. Without a systemic 4. Team learning starts with 'dialogue’: The
orientation, there is no motivation to look at how the capacity of members of a team to suspend
assumptions and enter into genuine 'thinking
disciplines interrelate. By enhancing each of the other together'."
disciplines, it continually reminds us that the whole can
5. Systems thinking: The Fifth Discipline that
integrates the other four.
exceed the sum of its parts.”

- Peter Senge, The Fifth Discipline: The Art & Practice of the Learning Organization

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 Reductionist vs Holistic System View
Reductionist
– Complex systems are broken down into components, and those into sub-components

– Components are analyzed, with requirements and functionality defined and developed

– Later they are integrated into an aggregate system

Holistic
– Systems thinking looks at the whole system and its aggregate behavior

– The output is the behavior that “emerges” from the system as a whole
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 MD vs DO

•An MD is a Doctor of Medicine

•DO is a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine

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 MD vs DO

•An MD is a Doctor of Medicine

•DO is a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine

•Practice a more holistic, whole-person type of care
•Most DOs choose primary care

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 The Importance of Systems Thinking
In today’s complex environment, traditional systems

engineering methods are not enough to understand the

systems we are developing

Understanding the emergent behaviors of systems is

critical for system development

– The result can be exactly as planned…..or devastating wrong

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 The Importance of Systems Thinking
In today’s complex environment, traditional systems

engineering methods are not enough to understand the

systems we are developing Emergent behavior

is behavior of a system
that does not depend on
its individual parts, but on
Understanding the emergent behaviors of systems is their relationships to one
another.

critical for system development

– The result can be exactly as planned…..or devastating wrong

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 Things that did not go as planned…
Corexit solution after the Deep Water Horizon explosion

– 210 million gallons of crude oil

– 1.8 million gallons of dispersant

– What are the long term health impacts?

• China’s plans to reduce air pollution from coal

– Washing coal to limit air pollution – dirties the water

– Converting the coal to synthetic natural gas – would increase the

amount of greenhouse gases emitted

• Pesticides use and the impact on plant and other animals

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 “Shifting the Burden” Archetype

A problem is recognized

– Two solutions at work

Top is the “quick fix”

Bottom is the more fundamental

response

The quick fix could have side effects that

could delay addressing the fundamental
problem

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 We are solving Wicked Problems…

Here is a creative approach to addressing a wicked problem beginning with

one that seems simple.

https://youtu.be/_vS_b7cJn2A

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Tree Swing Example

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 Concept of Operations
Documents the characteristics of a
proposed system from the viewpoint of the
individual who will be using the system

Statement of the goals and objectives of the

system

Relates a narrative of the process to be

followed in implementing the system

Also denoted as CONOPS, CONOPs, or

ConOps
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 Requirement and Architecture
Defining the correct requirements can
have a major impact on all aspects in
designing the architecture and ultimately
in the finished system.

Example of an architectural
requirements

The system will run seven days a

week, twenty-four hours per day.
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 Detailed Design
The task where an engineer can
completely describe a product through
modeling and drawings.

The last design phase before

implementation begins

– The design is depicted at a very high

level and contains details of collaboration,
sequence and activity of a system

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 Structural Chart
– Detailed Design
for a Microwave
Oven

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 Implementation
Throughout the system implementation phase communication and
documentation are very important

Involves two primary efforts:

1. Design

Modeling and simulation, experiments, and prototypes through which

competing systems can be assessed

2. Realization
The process of building the system elements using specified
materials and production tools/procedures identified during design

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 Integration, Test and Verification
The purpose of integration and testing (I&T) is to verify functional, performance, and
reliability requirements placed on major system modules.

Individual system modules are combined and tested as a group

Test cases are constructed to test whether all the modules within system interact
correctly

Types of integration testing:

• big bang (whole system)

• top-down (highest level)

• bottom-up (lowest level)

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 System Verification and Validation
Independent procedures that are used together for checking that a
system meets requirements and specifications and that it fulfills its
intended purpose.

Validation

“Are you building the right thing?”

Verification

“Are you building it right?”

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 Operations and Maintenance
The actual system is being used and scrutinized
to ensure that it meets the needs initially stated
during the planning phase

Problems are detected and new needs arise.

– This may require modification to the existing

system, new system to be developed and/or
hardware configuration changes.

Note: This process will continue as long as the

system is in use.
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 The Cost of Defects that go Undetected

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 System Development Models

Waterfall Spiral

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 More Systems Engineering…

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 Elements of a System
Components -- structural, operating and flow:

Input Processes Output

System Inputs Processes Outputs

Auto assembly auto parts, Manipulation, Assembled autos
energy Joining, Finishing

Attributes -- properties of components like color, strength, mph

Relationships -- links between components and attributes, each car has id #

System – a set of interrelated components

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 Three Basic Input/Output Entities
Information (signal and data elements)

Material – substance of all physical objects

Energy – for operating and moving

Throughput – Enters system in one form and exits system in another form
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 Four Classes of Functional Elements
Signal → sense and communicate information

Data → interpret, organize, and manipulate information

Material → provide structure and transformation of materials

Energy → provide energy and motive power.

Each has significance (performing a distinct function)

singularity (falls within a single engineering class)

commonality (can be found in many systems)

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System Functional Elements

Class Element Function

Signal Input, transmit, transduce, receive, process,
output
Data Input, process, control system, control
processing, store, output
Material Support, store, react, form, join, control, position
Energy Generate thrust, generate torque, generate
electricity, control electricity, control motion

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 Examples

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 System Errors
Type I Rejecting a true hypothesis

Radar detection (failing to react to detected targets)

Type II Accepting a false hypothesis

Car alarm goes off without intrusion at 3 am

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 Causes of System Error
• Inadequate articulation of requirements

• Poor planning (not thinking ahead enough)

• Inadequate technical skills and continuity

• Lack of teamwork

• Poor communications and coordination

• Insufficient monitoring of progress

• Inferior corporate support

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 Systems Approach
• Follow a systematic and repeatable process

• Emphasize interoperability and harmonious operations

• Provide cost effective solution to customer's problem

• Assure the consideration of alternatives

• Use iterations as a means of refinement and convergence

• Satisfy all user and customer requirements

• Create a robust system

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 Systems Engineering (SE)
Emphasis on
• Top-down approach
• Interdisciplinary approach
• Effort on more complete definition of system requirements
• Life cycle engineering approach

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 Emphasis in SE
– Top-down approach
• Look at system from top
• Decide inputs/outputs taking into account the
supersystem
• Decide subsystems allocated
… down to lower levels
– Interdisciplinary approach
• Analytical approach is inadequate
• Capture the interactions between disciplines
• Exploit the synergism of these interactions

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 Emphasis in SE
– More complete definition of needs
• Complete definition of needs facilitates verification of system
performance
• Minimize surprises at later stages

– Life cycle engineering approach

• Initial approach was Design cycle
• Later with Design for Manufacture (DFM) approach
Manufacturing cycle also included
• Present thinking is to consider three life cycles i.e. Design,
Manufacturing and Supportability concurrently
- Leading to Concurrent Engineering (CE)

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 Emphasis in SE
– More complete definition of needs
• Complete definition of needs facilitates verification of system
performance
• Minimize surprises at later stages

– Life cycle engineering approach

• Initial approach was Design cycle
• Later with Design for Manufacture (DFM) approach
Manufacturing cycle also included
• Present thinking is to consider three life cycles i.e. Design,
Manufacturing and Supportability concurrently
- Leading to Concurrent Engineering (CE)

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 Emphasis in SE
– More complete definition of needs
• Complete definition of needs facilitates verification of system
performance
• Minimize surprises at later stages

– Life cycle engineering approach

• Initial approach was Design cycle
• Later with Design for Manufacture (DFM) approach
Manufacturing cycle also included
• Present thinking is to consider three life cycles i.e. Design,
Manufacturing and Supportability concurrently
- Leading to Concurrent Engineering (CE)

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 Emphasis in SE
– More complete definition of needs
• Complete definition of needs facilitates verification of system
performance
• Minimize surprises at later stages

– Life cycle engineering approach

• Initial approach was Design cycle
• Later with Design for Manufacture (DFM) approach
Manufacturing cycle also included
• Present thinking is to consider three life cycles i.e. Design,
Manufacturing and Supportability concurrently
- Leading to Concurrent Engineering (CE)

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 Product life cycle

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 Life-cycle engineering approach
Acquisition phase Utilization phase

NEED

Conceptual & Detail Design Production Product use

Design Preliminary & and/or Phase out and
Design Development Construction Disposal

Manufacturing Manufacturing
Manufacture Configuration Operations
Design

Product support Product support

Deployment configuration design and maintenance
and development

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 Basic steps

1. Define system objectives (user’s needs)

2. Establish performance requirements (requirements analysis)
3. Establish functionality (functional analysis)
4. Evolve design and operation concepts (design synthesis)
5. Select a baseline (through trade-off studies)
6. Verify the baseline meets requirements
7. Iterate the process through lower level trades (decomposition)

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 Product life cycle
Identification of need Research Input

Conceptual design
System concept
Preliminary Design
Subsystem design
Detailed Design & Development
Component design
Production/Construction

Utilization & Support

Phase-out and Disposal

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 Product life cycle

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 INPUT Requirements Functional
analysis R analysis

V D
Design Synthesis

System Analysis &

OUTPUT Control

Concept studies
System studies
Prelim. Design
Detailed Design

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 Conceptual design
Requirement analysis Preliminary design
Functional analysis Detailed design &
Design Synthesis Development
System analysis and
control
Development
phasing

Development
System Production
Engineering Deployment
Management Operation
System Support
Engineering Life cycle approach Training
process Verification
Disposal

This interaction shows how to apply SE process to develop systems in life cycle
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 Aids to SE Management
Functional baseline
Allocated baseline (‘Design
to’ specs.)
Product baseline (‘Build to’ Drawing inputs from all the
specs.) life cycle activities for various
Development development phases
phasing

Lifecycle planning
Baselines
System
Engineering
Management
System
Engineering Life cycle approach
Integrated
process
approach

Integrated team from Systems

engineering and discipline
specialists
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 Classification of Systems

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 Other

Systems

Natural Man made

Technical Non – Technical

Aircraft Economic system

Missile Societal systems
… …

Emphasis on Technical systems

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 Technical Systems
Human-made artifacts

Result of engineering activities with the processes of engineering

design
Difficult to classify systems based on technology like electrical system,
mechanical system

Most present day systems are hybrids of simple systems of the past

An indication of the need to use inter-disciplinary approach

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 Cybernetics – The study of systems control and communication
Explores how information flows and feedback mechanisms regulate and influence these systems – aiming to understand
manage their behavior.

Norbert Weiner coined the word Flow of information

From the Greek meaning governor or steersman

Feedback control

Regulation and Control

Generalize control mechanisms

Mathematical modeling

Homeostasis of biological organisms

Self-regulating, automation; snakes and mammals

Sought to understand biological systems analogized to electrical systems

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 Boulding Hierarchy – Classifies system complexity
Frameworks – static, 3D universe, electrons & nucleus, gene, solar system Basis structure of a system
Dynamic (Clockwork) – time arrow (4th D), generators, lever and pulley motion
Mechanistic – predictable relationships
Thermostat (cybernetics) – Radar, c & c flow of information. Seeking stability

Open Systems – self-maintained & producing environment; How did cell life begin? Feedback loop self-regulating
Plants (flora, botany) -- Systems of differentiated but dependent genetic-
Complex and adaptable to environment
social parts with blueprint for growth (arm, leg, organ)

Animal – fauna, (can learn) mobility, teleological behavior, AI, (Is universe designed by a Designer? Who designed the Designer?
Ad infinitum, infinite regress, behavior, self-awareness, spiritual vs. religious

Humans – (self-consciousness, awareness, read and write culture evolution)

Social Organization – (preserve culture, dynamic evolution; values, norms)

No person is an island

Transcendental ~ Unknowable (God) systems not yet knowing all the answers

What can science do to improve the human condition? Not my field.

*** Advanced Technology is indistinguishable from magic ***.

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 Emergence of life Communities

Atom

Organisms

Molecule
Tissue

Cell

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Organs
 Holon (Whole)
Holon is simultaneously a whole and a part in that systems
are embedded (nested) in other systems.

Doctrine of the fundamental and the significant

Letters are more fundamental than words, but words are
more significant than letters. Hydrogen atom vs. an ant

Remove all molecules; atoms still exist.

Remove all atoms; molecules cease to exist.

Holarchy – hierarchy of holons.

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 Open systems are:

• goal seeking,
• holistic, (more than sum of parts)
• hierarchical, (holons)
• have inputs and outputs,
• transform inputs into outputs,
• consume or generate energy,
• are subject to the effects of entropy,
• have equi-finality (all roads lead to Rome), and
• have feedback. (bet 64 '(1 0 0 1 1 0) 1/2)

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 Natural Systems (e.g. ecological systems, human body)

Physically Designed Systems (e.g. subways, machines)

Abstract Design Systems (e.g. languages, mathematics)

Human Activity Systems (e.g. politics, banking, libraries)

Transcendental Systems (e.g. beyond knowledge or

comprehension)

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 Definitions of Systems Engineering
An interdisciplinary approach and means to enable the realization of
successful systems. INCOSE

An interdisciplinary, collaborative approach to derive, evolve, and verify a life-

cycle balanced system solution to satisfy customer needs

Top down hierarchy, concurrent, life-cycle, interdisciplinary, complex, well-

planned, highly disciplinary approach to problem solving.

Systems engineering integrates all the disciplines and specialty groups into a
team effort forming a structured development process that proceeds from
concept to production to operation.

Systems engineering considers both the business and the technical needs of
all customers with the goal of providing a quality product that meets the user
needs.

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 Systems Engineering
Systems Engineering integrates all the disciplines and specialty groups
into a team effort forming a structured development process that
proceeds from concept to production to operation.

Systems Engineering considers both the business and the technical

needs of all customers with the goal of providing a quality product that
meets the user needs.

INCOSE International Council on Systems Engineering

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 System Life-Cycle
The system life cycle has seven (varies) phases:

discovering system requirements,

evaluate alternatives,

full-scale engineering design,

implementation,

integration and system test,

operation, maintenance and evaluation

retirement, disposal and replacement

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 Optimal
The word optimal should not appear in the
statement of the problem, because there is no
single optimal solution to complex systems
problems. Most SE solutions are unique to
situations.

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The "Best" System
The word optimal should not appear in the statement of the problem, because
there is no single optimal solution to complex systems problems.

"the best is the enemy of the good" gain little at higher cost

"systems engineering is the art of the good enough"

Balanced View
Desired

Minimum acceptable

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 Interrelated and Constrained
Performance Product Capability

Better

Decisions

Cheaper Faster

Cost Time

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 Reduction vs. Whole
The theory of everything (TOE)

Seeking the smallest particle of matter

Expansionism -- all is part of larger whole

Analytical : Reduction :: Synthesis : Expansionism

Top-Down : Bottom-up :: inside-out thinking : outside-in
thinking

Analytical is taking apart; synthesis is putting together

Decompositon

Electro-magnetism (Synergy)

Growth (size and expansion) vs. Development (capacity and competence)

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 World Wars

WW I -- Fought with chemistry, mustard gas

WW II -- Fought with physics, operations research,

radar, atom bomb

WW III

WW IV -- Is being fought with Information and Knowledge

Internet and computer; Predator

Technology and Society

Machine Age -- Grand old man (GOM)

Systems Age -- too complex for the GOM

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 Six Basic Machines

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 Ages
Stone Age (didn't end because of running out of stones)

Copper, Bronze, and Iron Ages

Silicon Age

System Age of more complicated engineering feats

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 The Systems Age
Operations Research -- Military operations

Analytic Thinking – outside-in thinking

today
Synthetic Thinking – inside-out
future
Evaluation

Scenario Thinking

Synthetic mode of thought – systems approach

Example – a pair of scissors evokes synergy

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 Systems Engineering
Is it different from good engineering?

Interdisciplinary

Life cycle complexity

Integrating and Iterating demands of Science & Technology

Goals – use the materials and forces of nature to satisfy needs of the people (Technology)

Tradeoffs with hindsight and foresight

Disciplined and Planned

Science and Technology (old and new)

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 The Atlas Project
Produced the first Intercontinental Ballistic Missle

18,000 scientists and engineers

17 contractors

200 subcontractors

200,000 suppliers

Coordinated by the Ramo-Woodridge Corporation

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 Engineering

The process of devising a system, component, or process to

meet desired needs. It is a decision-making process (often
iterative) in which the basic sciences, mathematics, and
engineering sciences are applied to convert resources
optimally to meet a stated objective

–Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology

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 Systems Engineering

Systems Engineering integrates all the disciplines and specialty

groups into a team effort forming a structured development
process that proceeds from concept to production to operation.

Systems Engineering considers both the business and the

technical needs of all customers with the goal of providing a
quality product that meets the user needs.

INCOSE International Council on Systems Engineering

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 PMTE Paradigm
Processes -- defines WHAT to do to accomplish task

Methods – defines HOW to do (deals with ideas)

Tools – enhances WHAT & HOW

Environment – enables WHAT & HOW

Processes
Methods
Science – Why? How? Tools
Mathematics – If, then
Environment
Engineering – Voila! If it works, it's true.

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 PMTE
Processes – logical sequence of tasks to achieve objective

Methods -- Observe, analyze, synthesize, conceptualize,

characterize, optimize, document, communicate, simulate

Tools – computer or software related

Environments – computing, communicating, personal,

organizational, managerial, physical, life cycle

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 Falsifiability

The capacity for some proposition, statement, theory or

hypothesis to be proven wrong

The strength of a theory can be measured by the breadth

of experimental results that it precludes.
–Sir Karl Popper (1902-1994), LogikderForschung
All life is problem-solving.

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 Propositions

TRUTH Knowledge Beliefs

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 Teleology vs. Naturalism
Teleology the philosophical study of design and purpose.
All things should be designed for or directed toward an inherent purpose or final cause.
Form is defined by function. Intelligent Design

Naturalism – Is how Nature is designed; Function is defined by form.

Teleology implies that a person has eyes because of the need to see; (form follows function or eyes
follow need to see)

Naturalism implies that a person has sight simply because of eyes, or that function follows form
(eyesight follows from having eyes).

Nature adapts the organ to the function, and not the function to the organ ~
Aristotle
Nothing in the body is made in order that we may use it. What happens to exist is the cause of its
use. ~ Lucretius
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 Design Principles
Decouple coupled designs

Minimize functional requirements and constraints

Integrate physical parts

Standardize for interchangeability

Use symmetry

Specify largest tolerance in functional requirements

Uncouple Design with less information

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 Functional
Metal
removal Domain
device

Power Workpiece Speed Workpiece Support Tool

supply rotation changing support and structure positioner
source device toolholder

Tool holder
Support
Positioner structure

Longitudinal Rotation Tool holder

clamp shop

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 Physical
Lathe Domain

Motor drive Head stock

Gear box Tailstock Bed Carriage

Spindle Feed screw

assembly
Frame

Tapered
Clamp Handle Bolt Pin bore

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 Functional Requirements
FR1: Provide access to the food in the refrigerator

FR2: Minimize the energy loss

Door opened and cold air escapes conflicting with FR2.

Decouple with a horizontally hinged door, which when lifted the heavier cold air
remains.

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 Coupling

Functional Coupling vs. Physical Coupling

Just because a single physical entity carries out

multiple functions, it does not imply functional
coupling!
Consider a wrench with open and closed ends or
the Swiss Army Knife

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 Disadvantages of high coupling include
A change in one component forces a ripple of changes
in other components.

Difficult to understand a component in isolation.

Difficult to reuse or test a component because

dependent components must also be included.

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 Benefits of Uncoupling
Simpler operation

More transparent design

Simpler to change the design

More parallelism in the design process

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 Information in Axiomatic Design

The probability that a product can satisfy all of its FRs is

called the probability of success P(S)

The Information Axiom

– Minimize information content
– (thereby maximizing probability of success)
-- logical content is inversely proportional to probability

The Information Axiom provides a theoretical

foundation for robust design Info = 1/ log2 P(event)

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 Decision Based Design

Engineering design is a decision making process in

which the designer must, in the presence of
uncertainty, make choices among alternatives
(subjective)

Decision making has an axiomatic basis in

vN-M utility theory etc.

Designers should try to maximize E(u), i.e.,

satisficing.

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 Risk Aversion
We give someone a choice between two wagers.

WAGER I: A 100% chance of losing $50

WAGER II: A 25% chance of losing $200 and a 75%

chance of losing nothing

Most people will pick Wager II, even though the two wagers have
identical expected utilities.

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 We give someone a choice between two wagers

WAGER I: A 25% chance of winning $200

WAGER II: A 100% chance of winning $50.

Most people will pick Wager II, even though the two wagers have
identical expected utilities.

The phrase "A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush" comes
to mind

1/10/2024
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 Prospecting in Perspectives
with Deep in Thoughts
Patron: Waitress, I'll have a cup of coffee with no cream.
Waitress: You'll have to have it with no milk 'cause we ain't got
no cream.
How do you pronounce the 50th state, Hawaii or Havaii?
Havaii
Thank you.
You're Velcome!
Patron: I'd like a round trip ticket.
Ticket Agent (a bit annoyed) To where? To where?
Patron: (a bit annoyed) To here! To here!

OB5
–
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 Prospecting in Perspectives
Prospecting in Perspectives (continuing)
Tourist 1: (yelling to Tourist 2 on the other side of the Seine in
Paris) Hey, how do I get on the other side?
Tourist 2: You already are on the other side.

1st Umpire: Some are balls; some are strikes. I call

them as they are.
2nd Umpire: Some are balls; some are strikes. I call
them as I see them.
3rd Umpire: Some are balls; some are strikes. But they
ain't nothing 'til I calls them.
Costello: Well then who is on first?
Abbott: Yes. OB5
–
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 Ignorant or Apathetic

1st person: I don't know whether you are ignorant or apathetic?

2nd person: I don't know and I don't care.

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 Definitions

Decision – a choice among alternatives, an irrevocable

allocation of resources

Outcome – the result of a decision

Expectation – One’s knowledge about the outcome prior to

making a decision

Uncertainty – a lack of precise knowledge

Risk –The result of uncertainty on the outcome of a decision

Information –The basis on which good decisions are made

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 People prefer a certain gain over an uncertain gain even if
the uncertain gain would be larger AND
People prefer an uncertain loss over a certain loss even if the
uncertain loss would be larger.

These two opposing tendencies can be used to produce a

form of irrational behavior known as a preference reversal.

Save $5 on a $10 battery vs. save $5 on a $1000 suit.

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 Preferences and Pie

You are presented with two pies

Banana Cream and Cherry
You select Banana Cream

You are presented with two pies

Apple and Banana Cream
You select Apple

You are presented with two pies

Cherry and Apple
You select Cherry

Anything problematic in this situation? Not transitive

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 Transitivity
You see three pies: Apple, Berry, and Cherry. Suppose you are asked your
preference between A and C. You answer C. May I not also statistically infer
that you prefer B to A with probability 2/3? Show why or deny.

Assuming transitivity of C over A, the remaining permutations of A, B and C are

ABC ACB BAC BCA CAB CBA, and B is preferred over A in 2 of the 3 cases.

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 Pugh Matrix
The Pugh Matrix is a tool that is used to help select the best
design concept from among alternatives. During the process,
new concepts may also be generated.

Inputs & Outputs:

Used to find the most effective design concept among

alternatives and generate even better concepts during the
process. The strength of the Pugh Matrix is in the way it
supports team discussions.

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 Consider the Pugh Matrix below. The matrix contains 4 criteria, 3
alternatives, and a set of weights for each criteria. The rating system used
is the score approach on a scale of 1 to 10.

Weight Alternative A Alternative B Alternative C

Criteria

Number 1 20 8 4 7

Number 2 30 4 7 5

Number 3 10 5 6 2

Number 4 40 2 4 6

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 Consider the Pugh Matrix below. The matrix contains 4 criteria, 3
alternatives, and a set of weights for each criteria. The rating system used
is the score approach on a scale of 1 to 10.

​Criteria​ Weight​ Alternative A​ A weighted Alternative B​ B weighted Alternative C​ C Weighted

Number 1​ 20% 8 1.6 4 0.8 7 1.4

Number 2​ 30% 4 1.2 7 2.1 5 1.5

Number 3​ 10% 5 0.5 6 0.6 2 0.2

Number 4​ 40% 2 0.8 4 1.6 6 2.4

Total 100%19 4.1 21 5.1 20 5.5

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 Consider the Pugh Matrix below. The matrix contains 4 criteria, 3
alternatives, and a set of weights for each criteria. The rating system used
is the score approach on a scale of 1 to 10.

​Criteria​ Weight​ Alternative A​ A weighted Alternative B​ B weighted Alternative C​ C Weighted

Number 1​ 20% 8 1.6 4 0.8 7 1.4

Number 2​ 30% 4 1.2 7 2.1 5 1.5

Number 3​ 10% 5 0.5 6 0.6 2 0.2

Number 4​ 40% 2 0.8 4 1.6 6 2.4

Total 100%19 4.1 21 5.1 20 5.5

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 Systems
Natural vs. human

Static vs. dynamic

Discrete vs. continuous

Homogeneous vs. heterogeneous

Separable vs. interactive

Linear vs. nonlinear

Sequential vs. simultaneous

Regular vs. irregular

Single vs. multiple perspectives (elephant)

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 Why “SE”?
% Commitment to technology,
configuration, cost etc
100

75
Cost incurred

System specific knowledge

50

25
Ease of change

Concept & prelim. Detail design & Production Use, phase-out

design development disposal

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Systems Engineering

• Systems Engineering is a transdisciplinary and integrative approach to enable the successful

realization, use, and retirement of engineered systems, using systems principles and concepts, and
scientific, technological, and management methods. - INCOSE

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Systems Engineering

• Systems Engineering is a transdisciplinary and integrative approach to enable the successful

realization, use, and retirement of engineered systems, using systems principles and concepts, and
scientific, technological, and management methods. - INCOSE

• Systems engineering is an interdisciplinary field of engineering and engineering management that

focuses on how to design, integrate, and manage complex systems over their life cycles. At its core,
systems engineering utilizes systems thinking principles to organize this body of knowledge. The
individual outcome of such efforts, an engineered system, can be defined as a combination of
components that work in synergy to collectively perform a useful function. - Wikipedia said it better!

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 Q&A

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