UNIVERSAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

BASIC CIVIL & MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING
UNIT -4
Introduction to Mechanical
Engineering & Engineering Materials
WINNY DASARI
ASST.PROFESSOR
 SYLLABUS

Introduction to Mechanical Engineering

 Role of Mechanical Engineering in Industries and Society- Technologies in different
sectors such as Energy, Manufacturing, Automotive, Aerospace, and Marine sectors.

Engineering Materials
 Metals-Ferrous and Non-ferrous,
 Ceramics
 Composites,
 Smart materials.
Introduction to Mechanical Engineering
The field of mechanical engineering encompasses the properties of forces, materials,
energy, fluids, and motion, as well as the application of those elements to devise
products that advance society and improve people’s lives.
Role of Mechanical Engineering in Industries and Society

1. Product Design and Development:

Innovation: Mechanical engineers contribute to the creation of new products by
designing innovative solutions.
Prototyping: They develop prototypes, ensuring feasibility, functionality, and efficiency of
products before mass production.
CAD and Simulation: Utilizing Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and simulations to
optimize designs and assess performance.
2. Manufacturing and Production:
Process Optimization: Mechanical engineers enhance manufacturing processes,
improving efficiency and reducing production costs.
Quality Assurance: Ensuring the quality of manufactured goods through the
development and implementation of quality control measures.
Automation: Integrating automation and robotics to streamline manufacturing
processes and increase productivity.
3. Energy Systems:
Renewable Energy: Contribution to the design and development of renewable energy
systems, such as wind turbines and solar panels.
Energy Conversion: Working on efficient energy conversion systems, such as engines
and power plants, to meet growing energy demands.
4. Transportation:
Vehicle Design: Designing and improving vehicles for various modes of transportation,
including cars, trains, and aircraft.
Fuel Efficiency: Developing technologies to enhance fuel efficiency and reduce
environmental impact in the transportation sector.
5. Aerospace Engineering:
Aircraft Design: Contribution to the design and development of aircraft, including
structural components and propulsion systems.
Space Exploration: Involvement in the design of spacecraft and technologies for space
exploration.
6. Infrastructure Development:
Civil Engineering Collaboration: Collaborating with civil engineers in the design of
infrastructure projects like bridges, tunnels, and buildings.
Materials Engineering: Selecting and designing materials for construction to ensure
durability and safety.
7. Healthcare Industry:
Medical Devices: Designing and developing medical devices such as prosthetics,
imaging equipment, and surgical tools.
Biomechanics: Applying mechanical engineering principles to understand and improve
the mechanics of the human body.
8. Environmental Impact:
Sustainability: Developing sustainable technologies and practices to reduce the
environmental impact of industrial processes.
Waste Management: Designing systems for efficient waste management and recycling.
9. Research and Development:
Innovation and Advancements: Conducting research to push the boundaries of
technology and contribute to advancements in various fields.
Problem Solving: Addressing complex challenges through scientific and engineering
approaches.
10. Societal Impact:
Improving Quality of Life: Through advancements in medical technology,
transportation, and infrastructure, mechanical engineering contributes to an improved
quality of life.
Job Creation: The mechanical engineering sector creates job opportunities, supporting
economic growth and development.
Metals & Alloys
Metals and alloys are a category of material that is made up of two or more metals. The
combination of metals makes them stronger than individual metals. Metals and alloys
are usually used in construction, manufacturing, electronics, appliances, etc.

 Metals and alloys can be divided into a precious metal group which includes gold,
silver, platinum, and palladium, etc., a non-precious metal group which includes
aluminum, copper, and zinc, etc.,
 Metals and alloys are made up of different metals combined with other materials to
form a solid mass. The most common metals used in the manufacturing of products
are Aluminium, Copper, Iron, Steel, and Stainless steel. Alloys are often more
effective than pure metal because they have a better strength-to-weight ratio and can
be formed into a wide variety of shapes using casting or forging techniques.

Ferrous metals:
Ferrous metals are those that contain iron. This includes iron, steel, and some alloys of
iron.
 Ferrous metals are metals that have iron in them. The most common ferrous metal is
Iron. It can be found in our everyday life, for example, it is used to make a lot of things
like steel, and many more.
 Other examples of ferrous metals are Ferrochromium, Ferrotitanium, and Cerium also
known as the rare earth elements. These materials play an important role in many
industries including electronics, optics, and energy production.
 Ferrous metals are the ones that contain iron or steel. The most common ones are
Iron, Steel, and Cobalt.
 Most Ferrous metals are used in manufacturing alloys, while some of them can be
found in natural resources like ores. These metals can be further classified into
groupings based on their atomic structure and composition:
 Group 1: Metallic elements with low to moderate magnetic permeability (compared to
other groups) – These include ferrite, pyrite, magnetite, hematite, etc.
 Group 2: Metallic elements with high magnetic permeability (compared to other
groups) – These include chromium(III), vanadium(V), manganese(II), nickel(II),
cobalt(II).
 Group 3: Non-metallic elements with high magnetic permeability (compared to other
groups) – They include antimony(III), arsenic(III), bismuth(III).

Non-Ferrous Metals:
Non-ferrous metals are those metals that do not contain iron. The only major non-
ferrous metal is silver which has a high value in jewelry and coins. Other ferrous metals
include copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, and gold. These are all considered precious
metals.
There are two types of non-ferrous metals, Precious and Base Metal.
Precious metals have a high value and include gold, silver, platinum, palladium, and
rhodium, etc.
Base Metal contains no or very little quantity of iron but it is still regarded as a valuable
metal. Base metals include copper, aluminum, zinc, etc.
Both the categories have their properties and each type has its uses in industries like
construction material manufacturing automobiles engineering machinery industry
electrical equipment industrial instrumentation and electronics manufacturing fabrication
of parts for machines etc.
 Non-ferrous metals are a type of metal that is not used in the manufacture of steel.
They are commonly known as base metals. Base metals include copper, aluminum,
nickel, and zinc.
 Base metals can be alloyed with other elements to produce new materials that have
properties more desirable than those of pure base metal alone. For example, silver is
added to copper or brass to make sterling silver and stainless steel respectively; zinc
and nickel are added to iron to produce aluminum and titanium respectively; bismuth
is added to lead or tin for use in X-ray imaging (see radiology).
 Some forms of non-ferrous alloys are considered specialized types of steels: gold–
nickel alloys such as Inconel and Monel may be formed by adding small amounts of
gold or nickel but otherwise behave like regular steels.
Non-metals:
Non-metals are used in different fields. Non-metals include petroleum, coal, natural gas,
and uranium.
Non-metals are things that cannot be easily melted or beaten by physical forces like
friction. These include Biological materials, chemical compounds, and metallic alloys.
NON-FERROUS METALS
 It is also important to note that non-metals do not have any significant electrical
properties and therefore do not conduct electricity. Non-metals can only form covalent
bonds with other elements which are classified as metals. This means that non-
metals can form compounds with each other but cannot bond directly with another
element in the periodic table of elements.
 Non-metals are those elements that cannot be found in the earth’s crust.
 Non-Metals is that they are very portable and cheap compared to other materials
used for making jewelry. In addition, they have a better way of bonding with other
things which can help us develop more products in future! Hope you find this useful.
Thanks for reading!
 Non-metals are not metals at all. They are different materials that have the properties
of metals and are also used in the production of other products.
Ceramics:
Ceramics is a family of related materials that are used in building and decorative
purposes. They can be made from different materials like clay, shale, plastic, plaster or
glass, etc.
Ceramic tiles are mostly used for covering the floor of our houses and some ceramic
wall panels are also available in the market. Ceramic is also used to make different
types of decorative objects such as vases, bowls, figurines, etc.
Ceramics is a material used to make beautiful art pieces. Ceramic is the most common
clay in the world and it is also one of the oldest materials on earth. There are many
ways to use ceramics for making artistic pieces such as vases, statues, decorative
items, and tiles among others.
Ceramics is the general term for a group of ceramic materials that are derived from
natural clay and processed by firing at temperatures of about 1200-1400 degrees
Celsius.
Ceramic tiles can be found in any color, shape, or design. You can also choose
between plain, patterned, or colored tiles as per your preference.
Composites:
Composites are the combination of two or more materials. These materials can be
synthetic, natural, or even plastic. It can also be mixed with other substances to make it
harder and more durable.
 The most common composite material is fiberglass which is used in a lot of industries
like construction, automotive, marine, and aerospace.
 Composites are a mixture of two or more materials in different proportions. They can
be made from metals, plastics, ceramics, and other materials. Composite
components are also used in aircraft as well as vehicles and boats to provide
strength, stiffness, and durability that is not found in any one of the individual
materials.
 Composite components may contain fibers such as glass or carbon-fiber-reinforced
plastic which are the basic building blocks for composites. They have been developed
to improve performance over time by being able to maintain their strength while being
lighter than similar but single component materials.
 Composites offer great benefits over conventional materials but they come with
higher costs because they need to be manufactured using specialized technology.
Polymers:
Polymers are long-chain molecules that can be made of many different monomers.
These chains can contain thousands of repeating units and are composed of organic
compounds called monomers. Polymers are generally insoluble in water, but they do
dissolve in organic solvents such as alcohols, oils, and ketones.
Polymers have a broad range of uses: they’re used to make packaging materials like
plastics or resin films, they’re used to create adhesives and coatings, they’re the basis
for fiber optics, they play an important role in many industrial processes like paper
making or textile manufacturing; and more recently, researchers have been exploring
their potential applications as medicines and biodegradable materials.
Polymers are long chains of molecules that can be made from many different types of
monomers
Synthetic Polymers: Synthetic polymers are of Two types, they are as follows:
I. Thermoplastics
II. Thermosetting plastics
 POLYMERS

Plastics Elastomers

Thermoplastics Thermosetting Rubber

The polymer plastics can be divided into two classes,

 Thermoplastics and Thermosetting plastics,depending on how they are structurally

and chemically bonded.

 The term ‘thermoplastic’ indicates that these materials melt on heating and may be

processed by a variety of molding and extrusion techniques.

 Alternately, ‘thermosetting’ polymers can not be melted or remelted.

 Rubber is a natural occurring polymer.

 However, most polymers are created by engineering the combination of hydrogen

and carbon atoms and the arrangement of the chains they form.

 The polymer molecule is a long chain of covalent-bonded atoms and secondary

bonds then hold groups of polymer chains together to form the polymeric material.
 ADVANCED/ SMART MATERIALS
 Materials that are utilized in high-technology (or high-tech) applications are termed
advanced materials
 Examples: electronic equipment (camcorders, CD/DVD players, etc.), computers,
fiber-optic systems, spacecraft, aircraft, and military.
 Advanced materials are typically traditional materials whose properties have been
enhanced, and, also newly developed, high-performance materials.
Advanced materials include semiconductors & biomaterials
 Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical
conductors (viz. metals and metal alloys) and insulators (viz. ceramics and polymers)
 Biomaterials are employed in components implanted into the human body for
replacement of diseased or damaged body parts.
 These materials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with
body tissues