The three-age system -introduced in the early

19th century by Christian Jurgensen Thomsen, an

archaeologist and a curator of the National
Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen,
This system was originally formulated to
classify artifacts in the possession of the museum
based on the materials to which they were made
of.
This gave birth to the three chronologically
successive prehistorical periods, namely Stone,
Bronze and Iron Ages, whose dating is very
approximate (Murray, 2007)
Mesolithic Period
Late Paleolithic to early Neolithic period
was later on termed as Mesolithic by John Allen
Brown in 1892. These Stone periods are based
mainly on technological advancement and not
on actual date ranges, (Pettitt & White, 2013).
➢ known to be the longest phase of human history
➢ began approximately two million years ago and
ended between 40,000 to 10,000 years ago.
➢ when humans were suggested to evolve from an
ape-like creature to a true Homo sapiens.
➢ hunter-gatherers who used to hunt wild animals
and 'harvest wild plants for survival.
➢ tools made of stones, flints, bones and even
antlers
➢ people used to live in small bands and were
either nomadic or semi- nomadic
This period of early human development was
further given three successive divisions,
namely:
1. Lower
2. Middle
3. Upper Palaeolithic periods,

each representing a distinguishable cultural

feature.
➢ marked the age of human evolution
➢ was characterized by the development
of simple tools.
➢a. Stone choppers believed to be made
more than a million year ago by one of our
earliest ancestors, Australopithecus,
➢In addition, 100,000- to 600,000-year old
stone tools made by our Homo erectus
ancestors such as those discovered from
various African, Asian and European sites.
➢tools being used in hunting and food
gathering were either of core or flake types.
➢ Neanderthal man, who existed
40,000-100,000 years ago.
➢ were cavemen known to use fire,
stone tools of flake types for
hunting,
➢ bone implements such as needles
for sewing body coverings made of
animal furs and skins.
➢ evidence of painting the dead
before burial also suggested the
religious practice during this
period.
➢ Homo sapiens groups was
dominated
➢ This period was known for
▪ communal hunting
▪ extensive fishing
▪ supernatural beliefs
▪ cloth sewing
▪ Sculpture
▪ painting
▪ making personal ornaments out
of bones, horns and ivory.
➢ The first manmade dwellings
called pit houses
➢ tools were discovered
including flint and obsidian
projectile points and blades
and other highly refined
weapons.
➢ It was during this period as
well when Palaeolithic art
arose after cave walls were
decorated with carvings and
paintings
 Occurring between the end of
Palaeolithic period and the
beginning of Neolithic period,
 Mesolithic period involved the
gradual change in the way
humans lived that could be
attributed to the retreat of
glaciers and growth of forests and
deserts in different parts of the
world
 People began to learn fishing
along rivers and lake shores,
make pottery and use bow
 There was also a gradual
transition from food
gathering to agriculture or
food production.
 they made use of stone tools
known as microliths which
were comparatively smaller
and more delicate than those
of Palaeoliths (The Columbia
Encyclopedia, n.d.).
➢ Period agriculture.
➢by wide domestication
of plants (e.g. rice, corn,
beans, etc.)
➢animals (e.g. goats,
cattles, sheeps, pigs,
etc.),
➢use of stone tools, and pottery
and weaving in numerous
settled villages.
➢Agriculture continued to
expand across most of the
inhabited regions of the world
giving rise to a variety of
urban civilizations.
➢The end of this period waş
marked by the introduction of
metal tools in these cultures.
➢ tools and weapons were already widely made
with copper or bronze.
➢ This was achieved through metal extraction
from ore (a process known as smelting) and
melting and pouring it into a mold for
shaping.
➢ Smelting was originally done with copper, a
soft metal.
➢ Sumerians of Mesopotamia
discovered a harder and
stronger one by blending
copper and tin (bronze).This
technological knowledge then
slowly moved from place to
place.
➢ It began in Southwest Asia and
radiated in different parts of
the world. It took a thousand
years before it covered the
entire mainland Eurasia
(Poroszlai, 1999).
 Iron Age, tools are made of iron.
 smelting pits made sufficient advancement to
produce higher temperatures that could smelt
iron ore (Reardon, 2011).
 Iron age diffused in different regions slowly
to North Africa, and then to sub-Saharan
Africa
China’s Agriculture and Economy
➢ Farming largely began in Huang Ho
and Yangtze Rivers.
➢ Large-scale silk production started.
➢ Bronze production became more
sophisticated.
Science 2500 B.C.
Physics
 Motion is caused by force and stops by
obstruction.
 Convex and concave mirrors give virtual and
an inverted image,
 Weight is force.
 Studies on magnetism arose.
Science 2500 B.C.
Astronomy
➢ Calendars with 365 and 1/4 days in a year
were developed. a Astronomy •
➢ Circle was divided into 365 and 4 degrees.
➢ Stars, planets, comets, meteors and eclipses
were catalogued and
➢ Various models of the universe were
presented.
China’s Science 2500 B.C.
Mathematics
 Numbers were expressed in decimals.
 Knowledge on determining square roots
was introduced.
 Sliding calipers were widely used in
artisan works.
 Solutions on cubic, quadratic and
intermediate equations were presented.
China’s Science 2500 B.C.
Medical Biology
 Diseases were believed to be caused by
excess of: heat, cold, light darkness, wind
and rain.
 Exercise, water therapy and wine anesthesia
were usually - prescribed by physicians to
patients.
 Diagnoses involved observations,
auscultation, questioning and pulse counting.
 Acupuncture began to effectively cure the
most known body illnesses.
China’s Technology
1. Paper
2. Seismograph
3. Animal harness
4. Water-power
5. Mechanical clock
6. Hydraulic engineering works Include
waterway controls, irrigation and tax
grain transport
7. Wheel barrow
8. Gun powder, guns and cannon
9. Printing press
10. Magnetic compass and stern-post
rudder -Made of loadstones, a naturally
occurring magnetic iron
Europe’s Economy
➢ Feudal system fully developed in Europe and had
defined its economic history. It depended on
local agricultural and handicraft production and
was characterized by having the following
hierarchical ranks in the society:
➢Peasant
➢Lord
➢Lay or clerical
➢Overlords
➢Kings and bishops •
➢Pope or emperor
The Church provided the intellectual and administrative
expression of the feudal system.
Europe’s Education
Cathedral schools, which then became universities,
were established to address the societal need for
intellectual advancement. Some of these universities
arose in the following European areas:
 Paris (1160)
 Oxford (1167)
 Cambridge (1209)
 Padua (1221)
 St. Andrew (1410)
 Napples (1224) Salamanca (1227)
 Prague (1347)
 Vienna (1367)
Europe’s Technology
 The major discoveries and inventions in
Europe during the middle ages:
1.Horse-collar for ploughing and for wagon;
2.Clock/watch- European development to
mechanical clock
3. Magnetic compass- showed direction for
European mariners
4. Water-mill and windmill- used a rotary
motion converted to reciprocal motion to
generate power.
Europe’s Technology
5. Lenses with spectacles -Helped in optical
studies by aiding in focusing light rays
in magnification.
6. Gunpowder and cannon- Originally from
China; aided in various military activities
7. Paper and printing-writing materials and
book production
Europe’s Medicine
 Superstition and dogmatism flourished.
 Diagnosis was generally limited for urine
inspection.
 Medical therapy involved magic, prayer,
charms, faith healing There was poor hygiene
and sanitation in general. use of different
herbs.
India’s Science
 Information on diseases and drugs, and
astronomical bodies were gathered
 A year was divided into 12 months with a total of
360 days.
 Knowledge on solving square root and linear
equations and the use of zero and decimal place
values was practiced.
 Medicine was naturally based and not
supernatural, in which diagnoe were based on
symptoms and appearance.
 Metallurgy was developed.
This was thrives as per three
groups:
1.Mayan- ancient natives of
America
2. Aztec- Pre-Columbian
Indians of Mexico
3. Incas-Pre-Columbian of Peru
Mayan Civilization
Infrastructure
1. Pyramids made of lime stones.
2. houses were made of poles and leaves of
palms.
3. Large sculptures served for recording of
significant Mayan events.

Economy
1. Cocoa beans were used as monetary units.
Mayan Civilization
Astronomy
1. Mayans used decimal notations with zero
represented by an oval shape, while other
numbers with dots and dashes.
2. Mayan solar calendar was developed
consisting of 365 days in a year, comprising 18
months of 20 days.
3. Position of heavenly bodies were observed
and recorded
Aztec Civilization
Infrastructure
1. High temples were built for their deities.
2. Decimal notations were used, in which zero
was similarly represented by an oval shape and
other numbers by dots and dashes.
3. A social calendar was developed with 365
days of a total of 18 months.
Incas Civilization
Agriculture
1. Farming was practiced in terraced field with
canals for irrigation.
2. Chili and avocado were widely cultivated.
3. Clothes from llama and alpaca wools were
made.
Astronomy.
1. Decimal system of counting was used.
2. A calendar of 365 days was developed.
This period refers to the great scientific
intellectual achievements that led to radical
changes in scientific inquiries.
1. Universe Model (by Nicholas Copernicus)-
Heliocentric
This suggests that the distance from the sun
determines the arrangement of planets and
starts Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter,
Saturn and Stars.
2. Law of Planetary Motion (by Johannes Kepler)
This states that all planets revolve around the
sun in elliptic circular, orbits; and that closer
planets to the sun move faster than the others
 3. Work of Motion (by Galileo Galilei) This
involves the discovery of the relations among
distance, acceleration and the law of inertia
using a new scientific approach as
a. Definition of concepts
b. Expression of the relationship of concepts
c. Giving precise hypothesis
d. Deduction of consequences from hypothesis
e. Experimentation to test the consequences
f. Analysis in terms of abstract and ideal
situation
4. Law of Motion (by Isaac Newton)
a. Ist Law of Motion (Law of Inertia) - It states that
an object at rest will remain at rest and a moving
object will remain moving with the same speed and
direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced
force.
b. 2nd Law of Motion -It states that acceleration is
produced when a force acts on a mass.
c. 3rd Law of motion (Action and reaction)
In every action there is equal and opposite
reaction.
 This Industrial Revolution generally covers
the complex technological innovations that led
to the substitution of machines and inanimate
power for human skill and human and animal
forces, respectively.
Product and Invention Description
Classification
Fly shuttle Spinning machine for
weaving speed
Water-frame Strong spun thread for ward
Rude power For mechanized weaving
loom operations
Textile

Cotton gin For separation of cotton

from seeds
Product and Invention Description
Classification
Use of coke for iron Non-malleability
smelting
Blust Furnace For cheaper and faster
smelting of iron iron
smelting
Coal, iron
Puddling Furnace For maintenance of low
and steel
temperature
Manufacturing For construction of iron
cylinder methods bridge and ship
Open-heart process Finer steel
Product and Invention Description
Classification
Mile long Marked the beginning of canal-
Canal building era in England
Steam boat Could travel a 20-mile long
distance

Transportation Macadamizing More durable model of roads

Puffing Billy Could pull 8 coal wagons at 5
mph
Steam Could run at a speed of 29 mph
locomotive
with steam
blast
Steam ship Was able to cross the Atlantic
Product and Invention Description
Classification
Electric For sending or receiving
telegraph messages
Telephon For long-distance
e communication wire and
radio signals
Communicati
Radio For wireless
on
communication using
electromagnetic waves
Product and Invention Description
Classification
Gas lighting Lighting by burning gas

Bunsen Uses gas and air for an

burner intensely hot flame
Electric light Made used of bulb
Lightning lightning
Product and Invention Description
Classification
Seed drill For even spacing of seeds
in soils
Marling For increased soil fertility
practice

Agriculture Stock Widely adopted by the

breeding agricultural sector
 During this era, the connection between
science and technology was very minimal.
This gradually shifted to developmental stage
during the 19th century when science,
technology and industry united at a common
ground and cause. Signilicant scientifie
advances during this period are summarized
as follows:
Physics
 Charles-Augustine de Coloumb- Law on
electrostatic interaction and frictional
electrostatic instrumentation
 Alessandro Volta -Cell or battery
➢ Hans Christian Oersted -Idea that electricity
generates magnetism
 Andre-Marie Ampere- Ampere's Law to tell
how electric current produces magnetism
 Paul Erman -Made first measurement of
earth's magnetism
 Michael Faraday -Magnetism generates
electricity
 James Maxwell - Unification theory of
electricity and magnetism
 Heinrich Hertz -Discovery, detection and
production of radio waves
 Wilhelm Roentgen- Discovery of X-rays
Chemistry
 Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit - First mercury
thermometer
 Benjamin Franklin -Distinguished negative
and positive charges
 Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier- Made
chemistry a science; performed combustion
experiments
 Henry Cavendish -Idea that oxygen
combustion produces water Chemistry
Chemistry
 John Dalton Atomic theory
 Joseph John Thomson- Discovery of electron
 Auguste Laurent and Charles Gerhardt and
others- Discovery of new elements
 Auguste Laurent and Charles Gerhardt -
Pioneered organic chemistry
BIOLOGY
 Robert Hooke -Discovery of cell
 Anton van Leeuwenhoek -Observation and
discovery of microorganisms
 Carolus Linnaeus -Introduced binonmial
nomenclature of classifying species
 Mary Anning -Discovered first Ichthyosaur
fossils
 Georges Cuvier -Founded comparative
anatomy as a science
BIOLOGY
 Robert Brown -Discovered cell nucleus
 Crawford Long -Biology Use of ether in surgical
operations
 Wilhelmn Wundt -Introduction of experimental
psychology
 Charles Darwin -Theory of evolution; presented
in his book Origin of Species
 Louis Pasteur -Vaccine against rabies
 Daniel Hale Williams - Performed the first open
heart Surgery
 Martinus Beijerinck Discovered first known virus
During the 20th century, science and
technology had structurally and
methodologically changed. A number of
scientific theories were introduced and had
influenced technological works in this century.
The following summarizes the significant
advances in scientific knowledge during the
20th century.
PHYSICS
 Albert Einstein -Theory of Relativity
 Ernest Rutherford- Discovery of proton
 Wolfgahg Pauli - Principle on arrangement of
electrons in an atom
 Werner Heisenberg -Matrix version of
quantum mechanics Uncertainty principle
 Erwin Shrodinger-wave version of quatum
mechanics
PHYSICS
 Paul Dirac- relativistic quantum mechanics of
electrons
 James Chadwick -Discovery of neutron
 Otto Hahn -Discovery of nuclear fission
 John Bardeen -Theory to explain
superconductivity
 Murray Gell-Mann Quark -Heavy subatomic
particle classification and Quark concept
 Karl Alexander, Muller & Johannes Georg Bednorz
- Discovery of high temperature conductor
Astronomy
 Edwin Hubble -Presentation of galaxies as huge
aggregation of stars and Idea of the expansion of
universe
 Clyde Tombaugh -Discovery of Pluto
 Karl Guthe Jansky- Radio wave discovery from space
 Georges Lemaitre - Publication of the original Big Bang
Theory
 Jocelyn Bell Burnell - Discovery of pulsars
 George Gamow, Ralph Alpher & Robert Herman- New
version of the Big Bang Theory
 Neil Armstrong & Buzz Aldrin - First walk on the moon
 Alan Guth- Inflationary universe theory
 Fritz Zwicky - Detection of possible dark matter evidence
CHEMISTRY
 Mikhail Tsvet - Paper chromatography
 Jaroslav Heyrovsky -Polarography
 Phoebus Levene -Discovery of deoxyribose
sugars of DNA
 Neil Bartlett Idea that noble gases can make
compounds
BIOLOGY
 Hugo de Vries- Idea of occurrence of
mutation
 James Watson & Francis Crick - DNA Structure
 Stanley Cohen & Herbert Boy -Beginning of
genetic engineering
BIOLOGY
 Martin Cline -Transferring of functional gene
between mice
 Allan Wilson & Russell Higuchi- Production of the
first gene cloned from an extinct species
 Ian Wilmut- Sheep (named Dolly) cloning using
somatic nuclear transfer
 Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns & Erich von
Tschermak -Rediscovery of the Law of Genetics
 Dmitry Ivanovsky & Martinus Benjerick-
Discovery of viruses
 Rudolf Jaenisch -Introduction of DNA into a
mouse
EARTH SCIENCE
 Leon Philippe Teisserệnc de Bort -Discovery of
stratosphere
 Andrija Mohorovicic -Discovery of earth's crust and
mantle boundery
 Alfred Wegener -Continental drift theory
 Motonori Matuyama – presentation of the reversal of
earth's magnetic field every 100 million years
 Charles Francis Richter -Earthquake intensity scale
 Harry Hess -Theory of seafloor spreading
 Walter Alvarez-Idea that dinosaur extinction was
caused by the large comet striking of earth
BIOTECHNOLOGY COMMUNICATION
 biogas  Am radio;
 biosensor;  cellular phone;
 DNA
 communication
fingerprinting;
satellite;
 gene cloning;
 fiber optics
 synthetic skin
DEFENSE ENERGY
 biogas;
 army tank;
 neon light;
 atomic
 nuclear fusion;
bomb;  nuclear power
 neutron plant:
bomb;  nuclear reactor;
 tear gas  solar power
ENTERTAINMENT
 animated cartoon film;  motion picture
 Betamax video sound;
system:  video cassette;
 cassette tapes:  video disk:
 colored television;  video game;
 compact disc (CD)  video home system
player: (VHS)
INFORMATION
AND COMPUTER
TECHNOLOGY  laser printer:
 calculator;  micro computer;
 computer
 mini computer;
 floppy disk;
 pocket calculator
 internet;
MEDICINE MEDICINE
 artificial heart;  Magnetic resonance

 artificial kidney:
imaging MRI;
 mammography;
 blood bank electron
 pacemaker,
microscope,
 scanning electron
 fluorescence
microscope;
bronchoscope;
 test tube baby
 hemopump;
 ultrasound or
 laser,
sonography,
 Xray
TRANSPORTATION
 airplane diesel locomotive;
 helicopter;
 jet engine:
 jumbo jetliner;
 spacecraft;
 monoplane and seaplane;
 space shuttle,
 Transportation supersonic aircraft
1. Describe each of the three stages of the ancient
age based on tool development and societal
characteristics
2. Differentiate scientific revolution from
industrial revolution
3. Enumerate at least three advancement in
science and technology during each of the
following periods in history.
a. Middles ages
b. Scientific revolution
c. Industrial revolution
d. 18th to 19th century
e. 20th century to date