STARTER

Your teacher will show pictures of the

planets found in the Solar System.
Identify them correctly to gain high
points in the recitation.
 Lesson 1
The Origin &
Structure of the Solar
System & the Earth
System
John Myles D. Canuto, EcT, LPT
 TARGET
At the end of the lesson, the students should be
able to:
1. Enumerate and analyze the different hypotheses
explaining the origin of the universe;
2.Enumerate and analyze the different hypotheses
explaining the formation of the solar system; and
3.Gather information on recent astronomical
research.
 NAVIGATE
01 03 Early Beliefs on The Fate of the The Route to the
the Origin of the Universe Big Bang
Universe 02 04
The Formation of
the Solar System
 01
Early Beliefs on the
Origin of the
Universe
The early civilizations observed the
night sky and were able to prepare
star charts and models of the
 universe. Early creation myths
described the nature and origin of
the universe. The Egyptians,
Chinese, and other early
civilizations forwarded the idea of
chaotic rivers or oceans interacting
from the skies or from
singularities that started to grow
or expand in the dark space.

Classification
 of Beliefs THEISM ATHEISM
Belief on a divine creator Belief on a
who random origin of the
created the
universe
universe
GEOCENTRISM
More than 2,000 years ago, Euxodus,
Aristotle, Ptolemy, and other Greek
natural philosophers, believed that
Earth is located at the center of a
constant universe. Celestial objects
that can be observed from Earth like
the planets, satellites, or the stars
are perfect orbs. They move in
uniform circular motions as the
spheres in which thy are attached
revolve around the Earth. This is
called geocentrism.
 HELIOCENTRIC
With the Italian astronomer,
mathematician, and philosopher
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) and the
Polish astronomer and mathematician
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), the
geocentric model of the solar system
was replaced by the heliocentric model.
Here, the celestial objects and planets
including Earth are moving around the
Sun. Further refinements of the idea
came after the ideas of other
astronomers such as the German
astronomer, Johannes Kepler (1571-
1630).

02
THE ROUTE
TO THE BIG
 BANG

Edwin Hubble
in fact, expanding.
Vesto Slipher(1875-
(1889-1953) William Huggins 1969)
American Astronomer who argued (1824-1910) American Astronomer who was
that more distant objects are allowed to show that most
moving away at greater rates inferred English Astronomer who in
nebulae were moving away from
that the universe was not static, and 1968 discovered the redshift.
 the Milky Way galaxy.

The Route to the Big

Bang
The steady-state theory of
the expanding universe
proposed by the British
scientists
Hermann Bondi (1919-2005)
and Thomas Gold (1920-2004)
in 1948 explains that the
universe is expanding although
it does not account for the
origin of the universe.
The steady state theory argues
that even if the universe is
expanding, it has always existed in its
present state such that when galaxies move
apart and the new matter is formed. In this
theory, there is a continuous creation of
matter rather than an origin. Eventually, it
was falsified due to observations that
universe evolved.
Father George Lemaitre (1894-1966)
In 1927, he proposed that the
universe began as a single
“primeval atom” that exploded
and eventually caused an
expanding universe. This
theory was based on
Einstein’s theory of relativity
and redshift data available
during his time.
George Gamow (1904-1968)
A Russian-American
physicist who refined
Lemaitre’s idea and
postulated that there is
measurable cosmic
microwave background
radiation that are remnants
of the initial explosion.
Arno Allan Penzias & Robert Woodrow Wilson

In 1965, German-American
astrophysicist Penzias and
American radio astronomer
Wilson measured the 2.7 Kelvin
radiation that confirmed
Gamow’s theory. This now
forms
 part of the most comprehensive
theory on the origin of the
universe we call the big bang.
BIG BANG THEORY
According to the big bang theory, initially, there was no space and matter.
Then about 13.8 billion years ago, a big bang moment occurred from a
singularity, and space came into existence; energy that would be converted to
matter filled this space. This formation of matter and expansion of space
continued until today. The pieces of evidence that support this theory include
the current data on the expansion, the relative abundance of elements, and
the cosmic microwave background radiation.
Presently, it is assumed that our
universe is about 70% dark
energy, 25% dark matter, and
5% radiation and visible matter.
 Hydrogen, deuterium, and
helium atoms comprising the
matter of the initial universe
are believed to have been
formed about 13.8 billion years
ago in the big bang.
These initial components
created the first stars, and
 nucleosynthesis in the stars
created the other elements
including carbon (C), silicon (Si),
calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg),
potassium (K), and iron (Fe).
Heavy stars collapsed, bursted,
and exploded in a phenomenon
known as a supernova.
During a supernova, the heavier elements from iron
to as heavy as Uranium (U)
were created. Across galaxies,
clusters of gas started to rotate
and accrete to form stars and
their systems. This mechanism
is highly attributed to the
gravitational force – “the great
architect of the universe”.

03
 The Fate of
the
Universe
Since the universe is evolving and
expanding, what will happen to it
in the future? The fate of the
universe depends on its mass and
 the rate of expansion. There are
at least three possible outcomes
for the universe. It may collapse,
stop expanding, or continue to
expand. Recent data support the
claim that the universe is
accelerating and thus will expand
further.
04
THE FORMATION
OF THE SOLAR
SYSTEM
 The most accepted theory of the
origin and formation of any stellar
system such as our solar system is
the proto-planet nebular model
or hypothesis. About 5 billion
years ago, our solar system
started to form a very hot dense
ball and nuclear reactions that
 formed the Sun.
Pierre Simon
Laplace (1749-1827)
Laplace, who is a French
astronomer, proposed the
nebular hypothesis in
1976
 that explains that the
concentration of gas and dust
that surround and orbit the
early Sun eventually
coalesced to form
planetesimals.
 In 1905, the planetesimal
hypothesis of US Geologist
Thomas Chamberlin (1843-
1928) and American
astronomer Forest Moulton
(1872-1952) stated that a
star was close enough to the
Sun and this interaction
allowed for the
ejection of materials from the
Sun that eventually cooled and
condensed into planetesimals
and protoplanets.
 The Chamberlin and Moulton theory
is no longer accepted, but the concept
of planetesimals forming planets and
other objects in the solar system
remains. On the other hand, from
1974 to about 1977, John R. Dormand
and the British physicist Michael Mark
Woolfson (1927-2019) proposed a
capture and planetary condensation
theory that states that fast
encounters allow the Sun to capture
 materials that may condense to
planets.
The recent model of the protoplanet
hypothesis integrates many ideas from
the previous theories. It states that
planets formed and grew in size by the
accretion of planetesimals. It is
believed that our Sun and the planets
in the Solar System were formed
about the same time. Early Earth was
very hot and was a ball of molten
materials. Gravity eventually gathered
and organized materials that allowed
it to achieve its spherical nature. The
force of gravity also created the
layers of Earth due to their varying
densities.
Recent astronomical
research include
understanding the
heliosphere,
 extraterrestrial life, and
other bodies like comets
that are in the Kuiper belt
and farther out the Solar
System in a region referred
to as the Oort cloud.

OPTIMIZE
What process allowed
the formation of the
planets in the solar
system?
 TARGET
At the end of the lesson, the students
should be able to:
1.Describe Earth as the life-supporting and
life-sustaining planet in the solar system;
2.Identify the interactions of Earth’s
 subsystems; and
3.Identify and differentiate the layers of
Earth.
Table of contents

01 02 The Earth as a
Living Planet The Earth as a System

01
The Earth
as a Living
Planet
Do you think there
are living organisms
on the other
planets? Why or why
not?
 Whatever your answer
is to this question, one
idea is certain –Earth is
a host of life.
Humans are much interested to
know if there are life forms beyond
Earth. But presently, we still do not
have evidence that there is life in
other regions of space.
On the other hand, Earth is a unique
planet because of its ability to
 support and
sustain life.
There are many reasons
why there is life on Earth
and the following are the
most notable:
a. The appropriate
 distance from the Sun
that provides energy for
plants and that drives
circulation in the oceans
and the atmosphere
There are many reasons
why there is life on Earth
and the following are the
 most notable:

b. The presence of
adequate amounts
of oxygen in the
atmosphere
There are many reasons
why there is life on Earth
and the following are the
most notable:
c. The presence of Earth’s
magnetic field allows for
water to be retained on
Earth as well as protects us
from solar winds, keeping
 the planet habitable
There are many reasons
why there is life on Earth
and the following are the
most notable:

d. The abundance
of the soil allows
 vegetation to
grow
There are many reasons
why there is life on Earth
and the following are the
most notable:
 e. The
presence of
liquid water
02
 The Earth
as a
System
A system is a collection of
elements or components that
are organized and work as a
whole. It is made up of
subsets or subsystems. Earth
is essentially a closed
thermodynamic system,
where only energy is
exchanged between Earth
and its surroundings.
The Earth’s
interacting
subsystems are the
lithosphere or
geosphere, the
hydrosphere, the
atmosphere, and the
sphere that accounts
for the totality of life
called the biosphere.

GEOSPHERE
 The geosphere is composed of the
rock and mineral-rich solid regions
of Earth including its plastic mantle
and
the iron-nickel core. The outer layer
of Earth is its continental and
oceanic
crusts. The density of oceanic crust
is about 3.0 g/cm3, and the density
of
continental crust is about 2.7g/cm3.
The thicker continental crust that is
granitic is less dense than the thinner
 oceanic crust, which is basaltic in
nature.

GEOSPHERE
The mantle of Earth is about
2,900 km thick and
separates the crust from the
core. Most of the volume
and mass of
Earth are attributed to the
 mantle. Recent research on
lava ejected by volcanoes
revealed that the mantle is
composed of iron,
magnesium, and calcium.

GEOSPHERE
The innermost layer of Earth is
the core. Seismological data and
studies on meteorites revealed
 that the core is composed of
iron and nickel and is further
divided into the liquid outer
core and the solid inner core.
The movement of the outer
core over the inner core
generates Earth’s magnetic
field.

HYDROSPHERE
 The hydrosphere of Earth is
composed of all the bodies
of
water of Earth; the majority
of
which are in the oceans, and
the remainder are in
freshwater
reservoirs and frozen in ice.
The
total amount of water
 evaporated and precipitated
over Earth is maintained by the
water cycle.

ATMOSPHERE
The atmosphere of Earth is
the layer of gases that
surround it.
The numerous gas particles
rapidly move and collide
 with
one another. There are more
gas particles near the surface
than at higher altitudes. The
atmosphere is made of about
78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen,
and the rest are trace gases.

ATMOSPHERE
 The troposphere,
the
lowest region of the
atmosphere is where
most of the weather
patterns
occur. The
atmosphere
 interacts with the
hydrosphere as water is
cycled through it.
BIOSPHERE
Another sphere or subsystem
is the biosphere. The term
was coined by Russian
scientist Vladimir Vernadsky
 (1863-1945) because he
thought that life on Earth is an
agent that helps it evolve. The
biosphere in essence sums
up all the life and living
conditions on Earth.
In 1983, NASA’s advisory
council created the Earth
Systems Science
Committee and, in 1988,
published the report,
“Earth System Science: A
Program for Global
Change.” This report is
 significant since it
highlighted the
interactions of Earth’s
subsystems.

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